S PKN 1200292 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
PERNYATAAN................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................ ii
KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................... iv
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .............................................................................................. v
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................................... xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................ 1
A. Latar Belakang Penelitian ..................................................................................... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ................................................................................ 4
C. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................................. 4
D. Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................................ 5
E. Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ................................................................................... 6
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 7
A. Tinjauan tentang Model ......................................................................................... 7
1. Pengertian dan tujuan model pembelajaran .......................................................... 7
2. Model – model pembelajaran .................................................................................. 9
3. Prinsip-prinsip Memilih model pembelajaran....................................................... 10
B. Tinjauan tentang Discovery Learning ................................................................. 11
1. Pengertian discovery learning .............................................................................. 11
2. Tujuan Discovery Learning.................................................................................. 12
vii
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3. Manfaat discovery learning.................................................................................. 13
4. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan dari discovery learning ............................................ 13
5. Langkah-Langkah Pelaksanaan Model discovery learning ................................ 14
C. Berpikir Kreatif ................................................................................................... 15
1. Pengertian berpikir kreatif.................................................................................... 15
2. Ciri-ciri kepribadian kreatif................................................................................. 16
3. Kendala dalam pengembangan kreativitas ........................................................... 18
4. Membangkitkan kreatifitas di sekolah ................................................................. 21
5. Teori-Teori tentang kreativitas............................................................................. 22
D. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ............................................................................. 23
1. Pengertian dan Tujuan Pendidikan Kewarganegraan .......................................... 23
2. Ruang lingkup materi pendidikan kewarganegaraan ........................................... 27
3. Dimensi-Dimensi Kompetensi dalam PKn ......................................................... 28
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................................. 30
A. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................................. 30
1. Pendekatan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 30
2. Metode Penelitian ................................................................................................ 30
B. Partisipan dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................................................ 31
1. Tempat Penelitian ................................................................................................ 31
2. Partisipan .............................................................................................................. 32
C. Prosedur Pelaksanaan Penelitian ......................................................................... 32
1. Prosedur penyelesaian administrasi ..................................................................... 32
2. Tahap Pelaksanaan Penelitian .............................................................................. 33
viii
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
D. Prosedur Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ................................................................... 34
1. Setting Penelitian ................................................................................................. 34
2. Prosedur penelitian PTK ...................................................................................... 34
E. Instrumen ............................................................................................................. 35
1. Lembar Observasi ................................................................................................ 35
2. Pedoman wawancara ............................................................................................ 35
3. Lembar Angket .................................................................................................... 35
4. Kisi-Kisi Instrumen Penelitian ............................................................................. 35
5. Catatan Lapangan ................................................................................................. 36
F. Teknik Pengumpulan Data................................................................................... 36
1. Observasi .............................................................................................................. 36
2. Wawancara ........................................................................................................... 36
3. Angket .................................................................................................................. 37
4. Dokumentasi ........................................................................................................ 37
5. Studi Kepustakaan................................................................................................ 37
6. Catatan Lapangan ................................................................................................. 37
G. Teknik Analisis Data ........................................................................................... 38
H. Validitas Data ...................................................................................................... 39
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................................... 41
A. Deskripsi Umum Lokasi dan Subjek Penelitian .................................................. 41
1. Profil Sekolah ....................................................................................................... 41
2. Visi dan Misi Sekolah .......................................................................................... 42
3. Jumlah Guru ......................................................................................................... 43
ix
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4. Subjek Penelitian.................................................................................................. 43
a. Profil Guru Mitra ............................................................................................. 43
b. Profil Peserta Didik ........................................................................................ 43
B. Deskripsi Umum Pembelajaran ........................................................................... 44
1. Observasi Awal Pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ............................ 44
a. Pelaksanaan Observasi Awal Pembelajaran PKn............................................. 44
b. Refleksi dan Rencana Penerapan Pembelajaran .............................................. 45
c. Rencana Tindakan ............................................................................................ 45
2. Penelitian Siklus I ................................................................................................ 46
a. Perencanaan .................................................................................................... 46
b. Pelaksanaan .................................................................................................... 47
c. Observasi ........................................................................................................ 49
d. Refleksi .......................................................................................................... 49
3. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siklus I dan Temuan Penelitian ....................... 50
a. Hasil Observasi............................................................................................... 50
b. Hasil Refleksi ................................................................................................. 67
c. Persepsi Guru dan Peserta didik ..................................................................... 69
d. Temun untuk Perbaikan Siklus Berikutnya................................................... 70
4. Penelitian Siklus II ............................................................................................... 71
a. Perencanaan .................................................................................................... 71
b. Pelaksanaan .................................................................................................... 71
c. Observasi ........................................................................................................ 73
d. Refleksi .......................................................................................................... 73
x
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siklus II dan Temuan Penelitian...................... 74
a. Hasil Observasi............................................................................................... 74
b. Hasil Refleksi ................................................................................................. 89
c. Persepsi Guru dan Peserta didik ..................................................................... 90
d. Temun untuk Perbaikan Siklus Berikutnya................................................... 91
6. Penelitian Siklus III .............................................................................................. 91
a. Perencanaan .................................................................................................... 91
b. Pelaksanaan .................................................................................................... 92
c. Observasi ........................................................................................................ 94
d. Refleksi .......................................................................................................... 94
7. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siklus III dan Temuan Penelitian .................... 95
a. Hasil Observasi............................................................................................... 95
b. Persepsi Guru dan Peserta didik................................................................... 109
d. Temun untuk Perbaikan Siklus Berikutnya................................................. 109
C. Analisis Pelaksanaan Tindakan Kelas dalam Penerapan Model Discovery
Learning pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (PKn) ................. 110
1. Kondisi awal dan perencanaan penggunaan model discovery learning
pada mata pelajaran PKN di SMPN 1 Cicalengka ............................................ 110
2. Pelaksanaan penggunaan model discovery learning pada mata pelajaran
PKN di SMPN 1 Cicalengka ............................................................................. 116
3. Keunggulan pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada mata pelajaran PKn
menggunakan model discovery learning .......................................................... 123
xi
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam penerapan model discovery learning
pada mata pelajaran PKN di SMPN 1 Cicalengka ............................................ 125
5. Upaya yang dilakukan mengatasi kendala-kendala dalam menerapkan
model discovery learning pada pelajaran PKN di SMPN 1Cicalengka ............ 127
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ............................................................. 132
A. SIMPULAN ...................................................................................................... 132
1. Simpulan Umum ............................................................................................. 132
2. Simpulan Khusus ............................................................................................ 132
B. REKOMENDASI .............................................................................................. 134
1. Bagi guru ............................................................................................................ 135
2. Bagi Peserta didik .............................................................................................. 135
3. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya .................................................................................... 135
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................... 136
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
RIWAYAT HIDUP
xii
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
PERNYATAAN................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................................ ii
KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................................... iv
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .............................................................................................. v
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................................... xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................................ 1
A. Latar Belakang Penelitian ..................................................................................... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ................................................................................ 4
C. Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................................. 4
D. Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................................ 5
E. Struktur Organisasi Skripsi ................................................................................... 6
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................................ 7
A. Tinjauan tentang Model ......................................................................................... 7
1. Pengertian dan tujuan model pembelajaran .......................................................... 7
2. Model – model pembelajaran .................................................................................. 9
3. Prinsip-prinsip Memilih model pembelajaran....................................................... 10
B. Tinjauan tentang Discovery Learning ................................................................. 11
1. Pengertian discovery learning .............................................................................. 11
2. Tujuan Discovery Learning.................................................................................. 12
vii
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3. Manfaat discovery learning.................................................................................. 13
4. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan dari discovery learning ............................................ 13
5. Langkah-Langkah Pelaksanaan Model discovery learning ................................ 14
C. Berpikir Kreatif ................................................................................................... 15
1. Pengertian berpikir kreatif.................................................................................... 15
2. Ciri-ciri kepribadian kreatif................................................................................. 16
3. Kendala dalam pengembangan kreativitas ........................................................... 18
4. Membangkitkan kreatifitas di sekolah ................................................................. 21
5. Teori-Teori tentang kreativitas............................................................................. 22
D. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ............................................................................. 23
1. Pengertian dan Tujuan Pendidikan Kewarganegraan .......................................... 23
2. Ruang lingkup materi pendidikan kewarganegaraan ........................................... 27
3. Dimensi-Dimensi Kompetensi dalam PKn ......................................................... 28
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ................................................................................. 30
A. Desain Penelitian ................................................................................................. 30
1. Pendekatan Penelitian .......................................................................................... 30
2. Metode Penelitian ................................................................................................ 30
B. Partisipan dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................................................ 31
1. Tempat Penelitian ................................................................................................ 31
2. Partisipan .............................................................................................................. 32
C. Prosedur Pelaksanaan Penelitian ......................................................................... 32
1. Prosedur penyelesaian administrasi ..................................................................... 32
2. Tahap Pelaksanaan Penelitian .............................................................................. 33
viii
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
D. Prosedur Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ................................................................... 34
1. Setting Penelitian ................................................................................................. 34
2. Prosedur penelitian PTK ...................................................................................... 34
E. Instrumen ............................................................................................................. 35
1. Lembar Observasi ................................................................................................ 35
2. Pedoman wawancara ............................................................................................ 35
3. Lembar Angket .................................................................................................... 35
4. Kisi-Kisi Instrumen Penelitian ............................................................................. 35
5. Catatan Lapangan ................................................................................................. 36
F. Teknik Pengumpulan Data................................................................................... 36
1. Observasi .............................................................................................................. 36
2. Wawancara ........................................................................................................... 36
3. Angket .................................................................................................................. 37
4. Dokumentasi ........................................................................................................ 37
5. Studi Kepustakaan................................................................................................ 37
6. Catatan Lapangan ................................................................................................. 37
G. Teknik Analisis Data ........................................................................................... 38
H. Validitas Data ...................................................................................................... 39
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................................... 41
A. Deskripsi Umum Lokasi dan Subjek Penelitian .................................................. 41
1. Profil Sekolah ....................................................................................................... 41
2. Visi dan Misi Sekolah .......................................................................................... 42
3. Jumlah Guru ......................................................................................................... 43
ix
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4. Subjek Penelitian.................................................................................................. 43
a. Profil Guru Mitra ............................................................................................. 43
b. Profil Peserta Didik ........................................................................................ 43
B. Deskripsi Umum Pembelajaran ........................................................................... 44
1. Observasi Awal Pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan ............................ 44
a. Pelaksanaan Observasi Awal Pembelajaran PKn............................................. 44
b. Refleksi dan Rencana Penerapan Pembelajaran .............................................. 45
c. Rencana Tindakan ............................................................................................ 45
2. Penelitian Siklus I ................................................................................................ 46
a. Perencanaan .................................................................................................... 46
b. Pelaksanaan .................................................................................................... 47
c. Observasi ........................................................................................................ 49
d. Refleksi .......................................................................................................... 49
3. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siklus I dan Temuan Penelitian ....................... 50
a. Hasil Observasi............................................................................................... 50
b. Hasil Refleksi ................................................................................................. 67
c. Persepsi Guru dan Peserta didik ..................................................................... 69
d. Temun untuk Perbaikan Siklus Berikutnya................................................... 70
4. Penelitian Siklus II ............................................................................................... 71
a. Perencanaan .................................................................................................... 71
b. Pelaksanaan .................................................................................................... 71
c. Observasi ........................................................................................................ 73
d. Refleksi .......................................................................................................... 73
x
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siklus II dan Temuan Penelitian...................... 74
a. Hasil Observasi............................................................................................... 74
b. Hasil Refleksi ................................................................................................. 89
c. Persepsi Guru dan Peserta didik ..................................................................... 90
d. Temun untuk Perbaikan Siklus Berikutnya................................................... 91
6. Penelitian Siklus III .............................................................................................. 91
a. Perencanaan .................................................................................................... 91
b. Pelaksanaan .................................................................................................... 92
c. Observasi ........................................................................................................ 94
d. Refleksi .......................................................................................................... 94
7. Hasil Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Siklus III dan Temuan Penelitian .................... 95
a. Hasil Observasi............................................................................................... 95
b. Persepsi Guru dan Peserta didik................................................................... 109
d. Temun untuk Perbaikan Siklus Berikutnya................................................. 109
C. Analisis Pelaksanaan Tindakan Kelas dalam Penerapan Model Discovery
Learning pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (PKn) ................. 110
1. Kondisi awal dan perencanaan penggunaan model discovery learning
pada mata pelajaran PKN di SMPN 1 Cicalengka ............................................ 110
2. Pelaksanaan penggunaan model discovery learning pada mata pelajaran
PKN di SMPN 1 Cicalengka ............................................................................. 116
3. Keunggulan pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada mata pelajaran PKn
menggunakan model discovery learning .......................................................... 123
xi
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam penerapan model discovery learning
pada mata pelajaran PKN di SMPN 1 Cicalengka ............................................ 125
5. Upaya yang dilakukan mengatasi kendala-kendala dalam menerapkan
model discovery learning pada pelajaran PKN di SMPN 1Cicalengka ............ 127
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI ............................................................. 132
A. SIMPULAN ...................................................................................................... 132
1. Simpulan Umum ............................................................................................. 132
2. Simpulan Khusus ............................................................................................ 132
B. REKOMENDASI .............................................................................................. 134
1. Bagi guru ............................................................................................................ 135
2. Bagi Peserta didik .............................................................................................. 135
3. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya .................................................................................... 135
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................... 136
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
RIWAYAT HIDUP
xii
Ghina Aisyah, 2016
PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATA PELAJARAN PKN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN
DAYA BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu