The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali.

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By lstam Abohora, N€wen Hamza and stgven Oudek
Ch*llangs$ of Oil and Gan Pipeline Natwork
and ihs rol* of Fhysical Planners in Nigeria
By Friday Adaiah Ogru

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Ernbodimsnt in tho Disobling Euilt-envircnment:
An experienEe of dai{y life
by Aotika Sawadsri

The Future of Su$tainable Developroent

in Bali

f)y Ciptadi Trimarianto and Steve Dudek

FORUM Ejournal
lnternational Eiournal for Postgraduate Studies in Architecture, Planning and Landscape

FORUM Volume 10,Issue

1

FORUM Ejoumal
Intemational E-journal for Postgraduate Studies in Architecrure,
Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University, Newcasde upon Tlne,

Editorial team
Ali Ardeshiri
Amina Batagarawa
Chandrima Mukhopadhyay

Halima Sani Katsina

Islam Abohela
Mansour Helmi

Nelly Babere
Paul Cowie

Volume 10
Issue

1

June,2011
ISSN 1758-7050 (online)

Forum is a publication of the School of Architecture, Planning and
Landscape

Newcastle Univeristy
Newcasde upon Tyne,
NE1 7RU

forum@ncl.ac.uk
u,rvw.aol.ncl.ac. uk

UI(

/fonrm

Cover Design by Dr. Rittirong Chutaprottikorn
Speciai thanks to Dr. Ian Thompson and Dr. Peter Kellet

UK

FORUM Ejournal
International Ejournal for Postgraduate Studies in Architecture, Planning
and Landscape

voLUME 10 JUNE 2011 rSSUE 1

i

Editorial
bl Cowie Paal

ii

Contributors and Editors

ARTICLES

1,-21

'There's Glass Bet$/een IJs': A critical examination of 'the window'
in art and architecture from Ancient Greece to the present day
b1

Duncan P.

k

Patterson

23-39 Urban Wind Turbines Integration in the Built Form and
Environment
B1 Islan Abobela, Neueen

Hanqa ard

Steaen

Dudek

41-51 Challenges of Oil and Gas Pipeline Network and the role of Phvsical
Planners in Nigeria
Bl Fidal Adejob Ogwu

53-66 Embodiment in the Disabling Built-environment: An
daily life
bl
67

-77

Antika Sawadsri

The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
bJ Ci?tadi Trimaianto and Steaen Dadek

experience

of

This edition of FORUM matks the third volume of the Journal since its resurrection in 2008 and
the tenth overall. This volume has seen the consolidation of the substantial amount of work
carried out by the preceding editorial teams and hopefully FORUM will continue to develop and
grorv. FORUM is hosted by the School of Atchitecture, Planning and Landscape (SAPL) within
Newcasde University and the editorial team would like to thank the school for its ongoing
suPPort.

This u,ill also be the third volume of FORUM which has been pubJished as a web journal only.
During the process of publishing this volume there has been much discussion as to the best rvay

to make the most of the new web format. One of the changes to the joutnal, brought about as a
result of these discussions, has been to widen the subject matter of the journal. A nerv section
has been added to focus on the practicalities and experiences of post-graduate field work. Papers
in the 'Tales from the field' section, allow post-graduate researchers to share practical insights
into particular aspects of their field work. It was also hoped that the FORUM web site could be
der.eloped to make better use of new r,veb technoiogies. Unfortunately it has not been possible to
progress this element of FORUNT as far as we would have liked.

The theme for this issue was: Form, Shape and Structure: exploring the phenomena of places.
The papers presented in this volume address these themes from both a physical and social
perspective. The first two papers take a look at the physical aspects of form, shape and structure.
Duncan Pattetson's paper considers an often taken for granted aspect of architecture, the
window, and considers its current and historic place in architecture and its furure. Islam Abohela,
Neveen Hamza and Steve Dudek's paper considers a modern issue affecting the sustainabiliry of
places, the integration of wind turbines into the built form.
Fridal, Ogo* examines the relationship benveen the physical and social aspects of place b,v
considering the role of physical planners and pipeline infrastructure in Nigeria. In particular the
impact infrastructure has on the communities it passes through. Following on from this, also
relating the phr.sical to the social aspects of life is Antika Sawadd's paper on disabled people's
dav to da1. s.t.ri.nce of the built environment. Lasdy Ciptadi Trimarianto and Steven Dudek

consider the role of the built enviroriment in delivering sustainable development on the Island of
Bali.

This volume of FORUN{ also has a particularly international spread, both in terms of the
authors, Canada, Nigeria, Thailand and the UI! and the subject matter of the papers themselves.
This Volume has been the ptoduct of a great deal of hard work by the editorial team. We would
also like to thank those SAPL staff and students who have helped with the publication along the
.'vay, in particular the staff and students who have peer revierved and proof read papers. Special
thanks are also due to Ian Thompson and Peter Kellett for their great support and
encouragement during the course of this edition. We would also like to thank the previous
editorial team rvho offered a great deal of advice in handing over FORUM.
We hope you enjoy reading the papers presented in this volume and we wish the best of luck to
the nerv Editorial team.
Paul Cowie: Editor on behalf of the Editorial Team, FORUM e-journal.

67

The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
Ciptadi Trimarianto
School of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia

Steven Dudek
School of Architecture Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, England, UK
Abstract This paper aims to develop a framework of sustainable development for the
construction industry in Bali, Indonesia. The main objective of this framework is to adopt
guidelines from traditional Balinese design philosophy for designing low energy building
and reducing energy consumption at domestic level. Original Balinese compound dwellings
followed Hindu religious customs and practices and were in balance with the natural
environment. However, the current building codes in Bali are aimed at preserving the
visual heritage of the island while ignoring the issue of sustainability. This paper also
recognises the current local constraints to fully adopt such traditional design guidelines;
and hence, proposes an integrated framework combining low energy building and use of
renewable energy resources.
Keywords Bali, sustainable development, low energy building, traditional dwelling,
building material

Introduction
Bali is an attraction in Indonesia for
people from other regions of the
Indonesian archipelago, and visitors from
all over the world. Their impacts on Bali
are social, economic and environmental.
Indonesians come to this region, as the
tourist industry can generate higher
incomes from them than elsewhere. This
influx adds to the problem of
urbanisation and increases the demand
for public services and accommodation.
This development needs to reflect the
architectural background of Balinese
dwellings, whilst considering culture,
sustainability, land availability, climate
and environment. The contemporary
construction industry needs to learn
lessons from Bali’s traditional dwelling
pattern, where cultural, economic,

environmental, and natural resources
were in harmony.
Based on the building code in Bali,
building materials, like limestone and clay
brick in particular, have been extensively
used for their visual architectural
performances. The use of such materials
has grown rapidly and is becoming
difficult to manage, as extraction of such
materials is affecting the environment.
To achieve sustainability in these
developments,
careful
material
management is required with minimal
damage to the environment, and also
considering social and economic factors,
in order to continue with these structures
in the foreseeable future.

FORUM Ejournal 10 (June 2011): 67-77
© 2011 by Newcastle University. All rights reserved.
1354-5019-2009-01

The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
68

Building material
Masonry and especially limestone are
important building materials in the
construction industry in Bali and both are
most commonly used for visual elements
of architectural buildings. Limestone is a
natural sedimentary rock, a key ingredient
for quicklime, mortar, cement, concrete,
and is also used as a building material.
Bali, like most of the islands of the
Indonesian archipelago, has abundant
layers of limestone and clay for masonry
use. With an emphasis on sustainable
development, in the last decade, the
building code in Bali has prompted the
use of traditional building materials
applied to government offices, private
residential
estates,
and
tourism
accommodations.
Many
such
developments are designed by famous
architects, with attractive landscapes;
tropical gardens designed with ponds and
pools, and are reminiscent of a classic
Balinese village featuring extensive use of
lime stone and masonry materials.
Similarly, the estate villas are designed,
decorated,
and
ornamented
by
combination of limestone and masonry.
But the primary concern has been with
capturing the visual appeal of the
traditional Balinese dwellings. These
building codes have not addressed the
wider issues of sustainability to ensure
the visual Balinese design can be
continued.

Thermal Comfort Design

ability to eliminate overheating and
humidity problems. However, the
contemporary construction industry has
moved away from such abovementioned
traditional design techniques. For
instance, the cooling technique in
modern buildings moved away from
natural ventilation, and comfort was
achieved by installing air conditioning.
New developments now depend on
active cooling, which consumes more
energy, is more expensive and
environmentally contributes towards
global warming. In these circumstances,
designing
low-energy
building
is
paramount as part of the sustainable
development in Bali.
In order to achieve sustainable
development by reducing energy
consumption, a combination of natural
ventilation and air conditioning should be
integrated with traditional pattern
dwelling design. Such compact design
would be an intelligent respond to the
thermal comfort performance of
dwelling.
Architectural
design
should
be
considered before an engineering
solution. The reasons are, the former is
more robust, has a long duration of
applicability
and
environmentally
friendliness, while the later has the
opposite, prone to mechanical failure,
and will have impacts on social,
economic and environment of Bali and
Indonesia as a whole. Since traditional
design techniques had solution for
passive cooling, it is important to explore
such design guidelines as a whole.

Overheating and high humidity in the
warm humid climate of Bali have
significant impact on indoor climate.
Indigenously, passive natural ventilation
was ecologically adequate and had the
http://research.ncl.ac.uk/forum

Trimarianto & Dudek
69

Traditional Balinese House

landscape and locally available building
materials.

The mainstream of the population in Bali
is Hindu, and this religion influences all
part of Balinese life in their daily
activities, which is also reflected on the
architectural design of their dwellings.
Historically, the urban villages followed a
similar pattern of development across the
rest of Bali. Due to the recent rapid
urbanisation problem in Bali, although
the religion and philosophy aspects are
still present, the influence is regrettably
getting less significant, resulting in a
different pattern of housing, a modern
contemporary compact accommodation.
According to Budiharjo (1986) and
Dumarcy (1987), the traditional houses in
Bali were built following the design
concept of Tri Angga, the hierarchy of
space, Sanga Mandala, the cosmological
orientation, Manik Ring Cucupu, the
balance cosmology, Sikut tapak, human
scale of proportion ratio, Natah, the
courtyard pattern, and the use of natural

These abovementioned design concepts,
in turn, influences the site plan; and has
been reflected in the spatial arrangement
of the typical Balinese compound. The
traditional house pattern had specific
zones dedicated for specific uses. Sanggah
as the shrine, the most sacred space for
worship, is located at the North-Eastern
part of the site, oriented towards Mount
Agung, the highest mountain in Bali.
Angkul-angkul, the entrance gate, and the
most public zone in the house, is located
to the South-Western site. Paon, the
kitchen is normally located nearby and
closely to lumbung, the granary, which is
crops storage. The bales, pavilions, are for
daily activities. Sleeping places are consist
of the bale daja, the parent bedroom
designed as close private room for the
Balinese parent at the North of the site,
following by the semi open rooms of
where the bale dangin, children bedroom
at the East, the bale delod, other children

Figure 1. Traditional Bali House Pattern
Courtesy of Sulistyawati, 1998

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The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
70

bedroom at the South and the bale dauh,
living room at the West. All of these
rooms exist on the site around the natah.
Natah is a courtyard, an open space
located at the centre of the building,
designed as an attractive beautiful tropical
garden of the island. Any activity inside
the dwellings cannot be seen from
outside of the house due to the high
outer wall or fence around the dwellings.
Extension of one’s living to the outside
of the building envelop was recognised as
a paramount character of the traditional
Balinese house design where occupants
would develop a tropical landscape as
part of the exterior garden between the
pavilions that formed the home (Figure
1).
Therefore, as Rapoport (1981) pointed
out, the traditional Bali design guidelines
could provide a framework for
environmental sustainable development;
by improving the comfort level around
the site and dwelling, and also
considering socio-cultural vitality of the
Balinese people.
Sustainable Development
Following the most popular definition of
sustainability adopted from the United
Nation Conference, 1987, used by the
Brundtland Commission Report of the
World Commission on Environment and
Development (WECD) (Smith and Rees,
1998), this study defines sustainable
development as development that meets
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
(WECD, 1987).

Framework
for
development in Bali

sustainable

Figure 2. Sustainable Development.
Adams (2006)

Following the principle of Robert
Gillman’s golden rule of sustainability
(Mahaffy, 1999), the framework for
sustainable development in Bali should
broadly focus on three dimensions:
environmental social, and economic (refer
Figure 2). More specifically, for the
construction industry, it might be useful
to adopt a framework that encourages use
of construction methods, systems and
materials that respect use of natural
resources (Rosenbaum, 1993 as cited in
unknown, 2002b); and recognise the sites’
natural
environment
while
also
considering social and economic factors.
This section of the study aims to
investigate how the traditional design
guidelines in Bali proposes a framework
of sustainable development for the
construction industry with environmentfriendly
guidelines
throughout
a
building's life-cycle, starting from design
to assemble, construction, operation, and
maintenance. However, it is recognised
that there are local constraints to
completely adopt such guidelines, mainly
due to recent rapid urbanisation and
modernisation problem. Such constraints
will be discussed in the next section in

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Trimarianto & Dudek
71

order to propose an acceptable
framework suitable in the recent context.

recognises cultural values in order to
achieve sustainable development.

The framework of sustainability first
needs a design philosophy focussing on
efficient use of energy and building
materials, at an optimally reduced
construction cost. During its life cycle,
the development should have minimal
negative impact on Balinese natural
resources. However, focus should be
given to improve comfort level during
operation and maintenance of the
building. This should be achieved
through better layout, design, and
construction
technique.
Traditional
Balinese design guidelines are based on
such a philosophy.

On the basis of these three components,
i.e., microcosms, macrocosms, and nature, as
Shu-Yang et al (2004) says, this
framework of sustainability can also be
adopted in construction industries
elsewhere as a response to the
international concern over environmental
sustainability issues.

The traditional design philosophy in Bali
is known to strike a balance between the
microcosms, people with everyday activities
and cultures, and the macrocosms, places,
dwellings, buildings, built environment,
and also the natural environments.
Hence, this philosophy should potentially
provide guidelines on how to maintain
balance between peoples’ daily activities
and built environment, even in the
contemporary context. This philosophy
is also known to operate within the
balance of nature, with a goal of
protecting and conserving those elements
as parts of the ecosystem that nurture the
environment. Therefore, it is also
expected that such guidelines will
maintain a balance between the built
environment and the nature. The
traditional design guidelines recognise the
evolved order of building systems
through years of adaptations to climate,
social
circumstances,
environment,
available materials and conventional
technologies. Such design guidelines are
not
only
useful
for
achieving
environmental sustainability but also

Design
Site planning
The first objective of this framework is to
seek guidelines for designing low energy
building. Predicted by the International
Energy Agency in the future (Hebden,
2006), low energy building could reduce
one third of the world's energy needs as
40% of the world’s energy is used in
buildings (WBCSD, 2009). Designing a
low energy building should involve
efficient use of energy through proper
site planning, both in terms of
orientations of building and adopting
design features inside and outside a
building with an aim to maximise the use
of daylight, minimise the transmission of
heat inside buildings and improve
insulation of building. The traditional
design guidelines used to orient building
to benefit from environment and natural
resources.
As per guidelines on site planning from
traditional Balinese design framework,
low energy cluster compound dwellings
typically have an ideal ratio of site area to
building area for ensuring effective
cooling. Traditional warm humid climate
building designs provides a good model
in terms of site to building area ratio for a

FORUM Ejournal

The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
72

small scale courtyard-pavilions building
to improve thermal comfort.
Such guidelines also refer to human scale
that encourages cluster site planning, and
compound building oriented to open
space patterns, based on anthropometric
dimensions of Balinese people. Travel
distances by foot and dwelling
compounds were linked by pathways, and
surrounded by tropical landscape of the
island.
Buildings and open spaces were designed
on the basis of human scale; courtyard
pavilions and landscape were used as
buffers to eliminate undesirable climate;
by mixing open spaces and built
environments sensibly; and by using
anthropometric proportions and natural
building materials. Such guidelines also
used to maintain a proportionate balance
between the height of buildings and open
spaces
considering
human
scale
interaction.
Thus,
the
proposed
framework for sustainable development
can potentially adopt such guidelines
from traditional design philosophy to
apply in contemporary built environment.
Design features
Traditional design guidelines offer a
number of design features to improve the
thermal insulation of a building. Such
features reduce the energy consumption
of the building during its life-cycle to
improve the thermal comfort from the
hot-humid climate by mechanical devices.
In contrast to this, they offer natural
cooling.
Locating the living space at the end of
natural landscape and views in a
traditional dwelling is one of such
important features. Natural environment
was respected in the design of built

environment, assuring that buildings have
major access of sight lines toward
environmental assets. On one hand, as
such design features improved peoples’
visual connection with nature; on the
other hand, such adjacent natural
landscape improved the thermal comfort
of the house by cooling down the
temperature.
Semi open Balinese pavilion is another
significant feature of traditional Balinese
house. Such pavilions maximise the input
of natural light through skylights; on
other hand, they maximise the cooling of
environment through garden of the
island which are an effective natural
cooling system. Preventing excess heat
gain by means of roof overhang and
natural vegetations shading devices are
also recognised as important features and
known as means of effective cooling.
Evergreen tropical trees are planted in
the surrounding of pavilions to block
excessive sun but allow skylight through
their branches while produce oxygen for
fresh air and cooling air as well as
moderated wind through the compound
dwellings. In urban warm humid climates
areas of Bali, the buildings cooling
systems should be the primary focus of
design, since they are typically one of the
largest energy consumers in buildings. In
this hot-humid climate, where cooling is
a primary concern, passive building
designs can be very effective in
conserving energy in Bali.
Social sustainability
The traditional design guidelines
recognise the conviviality and hospitality
of Balinese people, which is essential to
achieve social sustainability. The
approach towards designing the builtenvironment encourages the social
interaction of people to work together

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Trimarianto & Dudek
73

and help one another in the public
domain. Such guidelines maintain a
hierarchy of space, devised for personal
solace, companionship, domesticity,
neighbourliness, community and public
life, which called banjar adat through its
design. Vibrant societies can be
interactive; socially engaging and offer
people numerous opportunities for
gathering and meeting one another. This
had been achieved through design of the
built-environment and that society
operates within hierarchies of social
status and relations which occupy specific
place in cluster and compound design as
per bale banjar building. The traditional
design guidelines have addressed all these
issues and provide a robust framework to
achieve social sustainability.

materials such as sand, stone, limestone,
clay bricks and roof tiles, recyclable
materials such as coconut timber,
bamboo, wild grass and straw. These
building
materials
were
both
environment friendly and affordable as
locally available. In addition, to make it
technologically simple, such building
materials have been extracted from
nature and processed locally before
transporting to the construction site.

Designing: material

Construction industry is increasingly
using artificial limestone produced from
recycled waste materials in order to meet
peoples’ affordability and also meeting
environmental sustainability. However,
such practice of using artificial limestone
is not highly appreciated in the industry.
The main rationale for such rejection is
based on the aesthetic look of the
material though. Organic limestone is
more visually appealing than the artificial
one. However, since extraction of natural
limestone leaves a negative impact on the
environment, new guidelines should be
formulated keeping a balance between
aesthetic and environmental issues
though.

In addition, traditional design guidelines
also provides framework for designing
use of specific building material in
particular way to achieve thermal
insulation in the building. For instance,
double layer of masonry building
materials with high thermal mass
insulation are capable of retaining the
cool temperatures of night and isolated
heat impact throughout the day.
A low energy building should adopt such
design features, especially in the warm
humid climate of Bali. This will allow the
building to use less mechanical energy to
cool down the temperature and improve
comfort.

Assemble/
material

producing

building

Traditional building materials in Bali were
typically considered to be sustainable, as
taken from locally available natural

Construction industry can potentially
adopt such guidelines from the traditional
construction
methods,
encouraging
building materials being processed offsite, close to the raw material extraction
site, allowing minimal wastage of raw
material due to transportation.

Construction
The Balinese tradition of passive energy
building design allows buildings to
exploit
the
natural
environment
efficiently without using any active
mechanism to improve the comfort level
inside dwellings. Typically compound

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The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
74

passive dwelling designs incorporate
building materials with natural thermal
mass, well insulated, that prevents heat
gain and works to prevent loss of
comfort conditions.
From the design point of view, a low
energy building should include measures
to reduce effective energy use by
increasing the efficiency of the building
envelope, as a barrier between
conditioned and unconditioned space.
For instance, installing insulation in walls,
ceilings, and floors, making use of the
natural landscape and air movement can
be borrowed from traditional design.

Operation and maintenance
Abovementioned
site
planning
guidelines,
design
features
and
construction techniques should provide a
framework for designing low energy
building that would not require
substantial
mechanical
energy
consumption to improve the thermal and
living comfort during its operation.
However, such guidelines of low energy
building should be integrated with other
active cooling systems if required. An
integrated
passive-active
combined
cooling system will increase energy
efficiency when the buildings are well
insulated, positioned to employ the
natural environment, excessive heat gains
eliminated with a low electrical energy
load.
More specifically to avoid heating in the
warm humid climate, the most important
and cost effective element is to provide
an efficient ventilating, and air
conditioning (VAC) dwellings system in a
well insulated building, and to decide on
proper orientation of the buildings with
extensive use of sun shading, water
ponds, and barrier of tropical landscape

against direct heat of the sun. An energyefficient building design requires heat
dissipation and ventilation capacity to
improve the indoor thermal comfort.
Significant amount of energy is
consumed in buildings is because of poor
management of the air conditioning air
flows. However, proper planning and
building orientation will have greater
positive impact on a building's VAC
efficiency.

An integrated approach
In the current situation, especially in
urban area, there are local constraints
such as restricted availability of land, and
hence, higher land value, mainly due to
rapid urbanisation. It will be complicated
to apply the design philosophy of
traditional architecture in such a scenario.
Whereas dependency on modern
technology will be obvious, the
framework will be based on a
combination
between
sustainable
guidelines reflected by indigenous design
and modern technology. However, such
technologies to control indoor climate
should depend on renewable energy to
reduce negative impacts on environment.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy
have been understood as twin pillars of
sustainable energy guidelines (Prindle and
Eldridge,
2007).
The
proposed
framework can combine guidelines both
from traditional practices for designing
low energy building and from
contemporary research on using
renewable resources in order to develop
sustainable practice in the construction
industry.
There are few examples of using
renewable energy that have been explored
so far in the context of Indonesia. For
sustainable energy development, the

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Trimarianto & Dudek
75

International Institute for Asian Studies
(IIAS) has highlighted socially sustainable
jatropha production, called jarak in
Indonesia (IIAS, 2009). This can be used
as a clean non-fossil diesel fuel, and
economically provided new income
sources in most of marginal areas.
Biodiesel was produced from renewable
resources, and contains almost no
sulphur; only 15 parts per million (ppm)
are found in the emissions of vehicles
using this fuel. The lowest levels of
sulphur content in Indonesian fossil fuels
average about 500 ppm while more dirty
fuels can produce up to 3,000 ppm.
However, the total cost of the production
of Jatropha’s biodiesel needs to be taken
into account in order to understand its
economical affordability and socially
viability.
However,
while
considering
the
comprehensive energy strategy of
demand and supply; the cost-benefit
analysis should be done comprehensively
considering local, national, regional, or
global scale as the overall framework
contributes towards global sustainability.
The process couples with energy
awareness, energy conservation, and
energy efficiency with the use of primary
renewable energy resources (Dorf, 1981).

used in envelop and the design of
envelop
itself.
Specifications
are
concerned with mere visual aspects of
building by using limestone and Balinese
brick.
The proposed framework hopes to
incorporate design of building envelop
drawing guidelines from traditional
design and satisfy visual aspect in an
energy-efficient
manner.
Such
a
framework will help the construction
industry to significantly contribute
towards sustainable development.
Bali, being a renowned emerald paradise
island with lush bright green rice fields,
tropical architectures, luxury resorts,
hotels, villas, and golf courses, with
golden sand beaches of the island, should
adopt a robust framework like this for
sustainable development that strike a
balance between built environment and
natural environment.

Conclusion

Efficient use of energy will be crucial in
the
framework
with
minimal
environmental impact. As there will be
dependency on energy sources, different
forms of renewable energy, such as
biomass, solar, wind, hydro, and
geothermal, should be explored, with due
consideration to the availability of
resources and local conditions. However,
sustainable management of natural
resources should be prioritised.

Construction industry in Bali has recently
experienced accelerated development.
The
traditional
architecture
has
disappeared under the stream of the new
contemporary
technologies
and
sophisticated building with high reliance
on mechanical systems. These new
technologies do not consider the natural
insulation property of building materials

As it was admired world-wide, with the
name
of
Sustainable
Hinduism
(Unknown, 2002a), Bali island was once
known as self-sufficient island, and
hence, having naturally sustainable
environment with its resources of
building materials, immaculate wet rice
agricultural system, an extraordinary and
unique traditional culture couple with

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The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali
76

family life values and highest flexibility,
within a tropical buildings system that
was a masterpiece of simplicity and
elegance, the traditional of Balinese
architecture. The ability of Balinese to
absorb, adopt, and adapt to the

environment is a lesson to the rest of the
world. Learning from its history, the
contemporary construction industry in
Bali can adopt this framework to
continue its development in a sustainable
way.

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