EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN BALI.

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EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN

BALI

I Wayan Suardana

Faculty of Tourism, University of Udayana , Denpasar E-mail : suar.dana@yahoo.co.id

Students of Doctoral Program, School of Postgraduate Studies, Udayana University

Abstract

Sustainable tourism development is an ideal concept in realizing Bali as a quality tourist destination.

However, the development of Bali experiences a variety of pressures that are contrary to the principles of

sustainable tourism. The problem of economic inequality, socio-cultural and environmental exploitation, or

uncontrolled spatial planning became a major issue in the development of tourism in Bali. The development of

tourism in Bali continues to experience a dilemma in development whether to develop for Bali or to develop in Bali.

This paper aims to evaluate the development of sustainable tourism in Bali in various aspects such as sustainability

principles and indicators that become problems in the implementation of sustainable tourism.

Keywords : sustainable, tourism, development, and integrated

1. INTRODUCTION

The development of tourism development with lots of its success lead to a breakthrough of international scale policy that was initiated by the United States and Britain. Tourism was brought in the world development, and the future of tourism is believed to be non-military instruments that can overcome tensions and political instability as a result of World War II. Tourism is used as the prime mover in an atmosphere of peace in the world and create understanding among nations and between people through acts of mutual respect for each other. International tourism, with an emphasis on the utilization of resources (nature and culture), become an attractive option for economic development for developing countries. Tourism is an industry that is environmentally friendly and clean, not like the construction sector, namely manufacturing, mining, and forestry. In the developing countries the natural and cultural resources are regarded as a less capital intensive and less creative in the development so that slower to generate revenue. Tourism seems to have the potential to become a major driving force for economic development because of a large multiplier effects and the potential for economic development and employment opportunities for the unskilled and the semi-skilled labors. For that reason, the limited natural and cultural resources are exploited and tourism becomes an important sector for economic diversification.

The great impact of development on the environment has become the attention of the big countries in the world. Finally, these issues were raised in the Stockholm conference in 1972, which gave rise to the concept of sustainable development. The conference introduced the concept of environmentally sustainable development, which is integrated in the cultural, social,

and ecological aspects. The philosophy of this concept is the "small is beauty"[1], and is widely adopted in the strategic plans of various tourism industry. The evolution of the sustainable concept has occurred from the 1960s, and the vision to be reached are conservation, community, and increased economic growth.

The various global phenomenon above, is also true for Bali tourism. The sustainable tourism development is also adopted as the vision of development of tourism in Bali. The vision of the Development of tourism in Bali is the determination of the cultural tourism quality, sustainable and competitive based on the Tri Hita Karana. Its mission is 1) Democracy based cultural tourism 2) The professionalism of tourism management 3) the good service in tourism. Development in Bali has long legally adopted the sustainable development as an indicator of the development in Bali. However, in its development, regulation or formal and holistic indicators that can be adopted and used as guidelines in assessing the success of the development, are not fully available. Indicators are partially made in pieces and different proportions. Even in Bali, the term of sustainability is still a utopian political jargon to introduce the concept of an ideal development. It can be seen from the concept of development in all areas that must contain the word “sustainable”, but in fact only the physical development such as hotels, supermarkets and others continue to be sustainable. Tourism essentially brings different impacts, even it is in contrary to three-dimensional life of the Balinese namely 1) the economic dimension caused by the improper government regulations, 2) cultural dimension caused by such external influx of tourists and communication, 3) environmental dimension, as a result of excessive use of natural resources due to lifestyle changes [2].

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When viewed from the movement of tourists to Bali in the period of 1969 to 2009, it has implications on the development of Bali. Until the year 2009, the amount of accommodation available in Bali was as many as 2,175 units, with the number of rooms as many as 46 014 rooms, which includes star hotels, budget hotels, and cottage. The number of restaurants available was 1,693 units with 82. 663 seats, while the number of travel agents was as many as 635 units. The number of tour guides (14 foreign languages) was 8812 persons. In addition, Bali also has 270 tourist attractions, and the number of water tourism business is as much as 188 units [3]. The abundant number of business tourism industry, also has implications for the development of other sectors, such as supermarkets, housing, and other services. Various developments are carried out as an effort to meet the tourism sector, so its implementation also results in positive and negative impacts. The rapid development of tourism in Bali and the implication would be a dilemma to find a format of sustainable tourism in Bali. This section is interesting to be used to explore how is the development of sustainable tourism in Bali? What kind of sustainable development in accordance with Bali?

2. SUSTAINABLE

TOURISM

DEVELOPMENT

The World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC) together with the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the Earth Council implement the concept of sustainable tourism in the Agenda 21 for Travel and Tourism Industry. The document states that sustainable tourism is: "Tourism that meets the needs of tourists and the region which is visited by tourists at this time, while protecting and enhancing opportunities in the future". The development of the concept of sustainable development is not as simple and linear as those presented above [4], [5].

As described on the above principles, it is indeed very difficult to be implemented. Sustainable development in the context of tourism has been defined as: Tourism which is development and maintained in an area (community, environment) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exist to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and wellbeing of other activities and processes [6]. This was the dominant dilemma addressed by the Brundtland Commission, which indicated that sustainable development should, as a minimum, address the following elements: a) Maintenance of ecological wholeness and diversity. b) The fulfillment of basic human needs. c) Keep giving open choices to the future generations. d) Reducing inequities, and e) Increased independence [7], [8]. Further, it has three key elements which must be considered in the development of tourism, namely: a. Quality of the experience (customers) b. Quality of the resources (cultural and natural environment) c. Quality of life (for the people) [9], [10], [11].

The concept of sustainability is closely related to the management of the natural environment, economy, and social cultural [8];[12]. The goal of sustainability brings many meanings such as income redistribution, ecosystem maintenance, quality of life, the system of natural and human environment, and the redistribution of power. Its benefit are maximizing in order to meet the need of the present generation while protecting and enhancing opportunities for future generations [13]. All of these bring different implications and the different management. The idea of sustainable development simultaneously and sporadically been addressed early on by various parties related to tourism in various parts of the world.

According to Dryzek [14], sustainability is viewed from the aspect of ecological rationality policy. Without a good ecological functions within an ecosystem that human life may not be able to run properly. This opinion is based on several cases in North America, in which its tourism much depends on the nature, such as national parks, forests and other wildlife. The development of eco-tourism in this country, has lots of negative impact on the natural ecosystem changes, so it becomes a new problem when it is promoted, and the poor natural resource management. Furthermore, the findings of McCool, Moisey, and Nickerson [15]. in a study in Montana, found that the issue of sustainability as a goal in the development of tourism. Thus, sustainability is defined broadly, and it is as the goal, not the recreational provider. This study tried to describe sustainability with clear indicators. The indicator used was 20 and used to measure the things that must be maintained. Viewed from the tourism industry approach, noted that of the 20 indicators that need to be maintained, only 4 main indicators, namely the natural and cultural heritage, community economic stability, quality of life, and natural uniqueness.

The paradox of sustainable development is shown by the paper of Hall [16], entitled Sustainable Tourism Development and Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe. The process of sustainable tourism development in Europe cannot be easily implemented. This reflection

suggests that after the communists’ era in Europe, it is

impossible to implement sustainable tourism. Each country has its own characteristics, goals and priorities. The economic policy that emphasizes the growth of capitalism becomes a big challenge. Political interests and the market are still very strong. The pattern of top-down and centralized planning making the economic policy more dominant. Although it is recognized that sustainable tourism can be implemented with the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, as well as increased community participation.

This is in line with the concept of Hardy, Beeton, and Pearson [1], that the emphasis of sustainable tourism applied in industry is more on the impact of the economic aspects and environmental conservation, while the role of the community is still lacking, although already entered explicitly in the economic dimension. These findings recommend the role of the local people as the main actors

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remain a priority, so that it increases the sustainability of the tourism development in the aspects of economic, natural and cultural environment as well as social participation [17].

It can be observed in the above principle that the principle of sustainability development strategy has been adopted in Bali since 1995 that includes human, cultural, environmental, economic as well as social sustainability. These five pillars are an extension of the concept of sustainability of the Earth Summit 2002 in Johannesburg which only includes economic, social and environmental aspects. The cultural aspect is not included explicitly, but implicitly included in the social aspect. Given the important role of culture in development, especially in the context of the Bali development, which is based on the cultural tourism. Djajadiningrat adds one more aspect namely humanity (human sustainability) [2]. According to him, one that should be sustainable is the future. Development which only includes economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects, is just a tool to seize the future. Based on these principles, the concept of sustainable future was offered, in which includes five dimensions as a basis for the development of tourism in Bali.

Based on the above description, the reconstruction needs to be done on several indicators, which in essence became increasingly widened from the initial concept. Actually, of the three aspects that have been offered by the WTO in 2002 already covers of all elements of sustainable tourism development. The

important thing is to find the common ground of each slice that in fact interrelated. Bali as an international destination in the world in order to realize the sustainability of tourism needs three elements that play an important role, namely the local communities, the government, and the private sector. The three elements are driven by humans as the main actors in each distinct element which includes the level of knowledge and their interests. Therefore, the understanding and the equalization effort of indicators are very important for the actors (human / human sustainability) who are in that position. All three must be synergized in determining the meaning of sustainability that will be created. The relationship between maintaining the integrity of the environment, community and culture, as well as tourism industry for the people of Bali, however, remains problematic. The first question that arises in this connection is the competition in order to achieve the objectives of the interests of each individual, group or region. However, it should be realized that Bali must have the courage to encourage the development of sustainable tourism by improving the quality of life of its people, protect and maintain the natural and cultural resources with the regulations. Everything is fully supported by the tourism sector as an economic powerhouse 15].These conditions can be illustrated in Figure 1

Figure 1. Scheme of sustainable tourism in Bali

Resources management

Sustain able/

Ajeg bali

Nature Tourism

Opportunity Business Private Sector ECONOMY

Local Community SOCIOCULTURE

Government

NATURE

economic and cultural sustainability

Sustainability and natural and social

proctection

Economic sustainability and

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3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The Stigma Of Sustainable Tourism As A

Concept That Is Not Measurable In Bali

At the level of theory and concepts, sustainable tourism is an ideal and very laudable concept, but is fraught with problems that need to be tested so as to make the definition more on the practical and operational things.

1. Duration of sustainability

Sustainability is stigmatized as conservation efforts of natural and cultural assets that its economic value can also be enjoyed by the next generations. These stigma and principle are still very general, not realistic, and pragmatic, which in turn it will have different perceptions because of different interests. For example, there is no clear deadline, when the sustainability will be implemented and its duration of implementation [18]. More specifically how many more generations that the sustainability should be evaluated (a century or a millennium). It is very difficult then when there is no explanation that states the indicators within a definite framework of system. When converted in the development of tourism in Bali, which originated from the 1960s until the 1970s with the development model of small-scale tourism, has little impact on the environment and socio-culture. However, many hotels were built between 1970-1980 on a large scale (in the areas of Nusa Dua, Sanur, and Kuta) and since then Bali has started experiencing the effects of the tourism development to date [19]. Bali with a variety of art and culture has undergone a cultural transformation. In the 1980s the people of Bali have proclaimed Ajeg Bali, but until now there is no clear indicator of Bali in what period and situation which has to be maintained. What happens is that the development in the modernization era continues. The people are aware that the development of Bali should be enjoyed by the future generations, but paradoxically, many Balinese land are no longer owned by the Balinese people. The period of time which is used as a baseline in determining the success of sustainable development is not clear either. The existing definition is only an emphasis on sustainability for the future generations, but there is no certainty to which generation used as a benchmark. This has implications that every generation has a different pattern of development and a dynamic culture. As an example of the 90s generation, the Balinese still predominantly used brick as a Balinese style building ornament, but the current generations prefer more dominantly on natural stones as a result of the influence of postmodernism.

2. Community organizations

critical decisions on tourism planning is made at the local, national, and international levels. Although vertical integration have appeared in this organization but the decision is often made exclusively without consultation or collaboration between the central and the local policy

makers. Tourism is a symptom or a very complex phenomenon and fragmentation occurs where the role of tourism in the global and national economies are not in accordance with the classical definition of the industry and products. Tourism has a complex system of organization and administration, while on the other hand, the needs of the stakeholders is so contradictory to each other that strongly inhibit the sustainable tourism. The are still many of tourism regulations that can not be implemented in certain region of Indonesia. The local autonomy, for example, backfires and contradicts with the interests of the islands of Bali and Bali which comprises of eight regencies and a city. Planning that should be made linearly, but in the implementations, many regencies or cities do not have a plan which in line with that in the province. The Interests of the regencies are different from those of the province [20].

3. The Goals of Sustainability

Discussing sustainability, particularly from the aspect of the goals that must be maintained, is a significant challenge. The goals that must be considered is that the sustainability for the sake of the investors, local communities, tourists or the interests of a group of people. Sustainability ideally contributes equitably to all stakeholders, but the implementation is still very far from realistic [7]. The recent development of tourism in Bali, quantitatively show a more prosperous society when compared with the 1980s, but qualitatively the Balinese people have lost their quality of life. Today, immigrants are becoming the majority of workers in the tourism sector, and only 40% of the Balinese work in the tourism sector with a decent position. Poverty gap is widening in the area of tourism, more unemployment, and crime began to increase [20]. Another indicator that is difficult to answer in the sustainability are: to whom the goals of sustainability are for: for all humans live in the present day, for all the people who will live, for all living beings who will live? The condition will be different from the time of sustainability. The Bali tourism sustainability should be enjoyed by people of Bali today and generations to come. The current development condition of Bali is merely concerned with its today’s generations. The vision of Bali is only adapted to the term of office of a Governor. It should be adapted to the vision of the Bali Strategic Plan made by the government, such as the Medium-term Plan and the Long-term Plan.

4. Indicator of the success of sustainability

The next question that needs to be answered is what aspects can be used to measure the sustainable development: per capita income, social complexity, gross national product, social and cultural sustainability, individual consumption, ecological or biodiversity? These conditions are indeed very abstract to be measured qualitatively. The size of public wealth can only be measured from the aspect of satisfaction. This means that the Balinese have not felt prosperous on condition where tourism has a direct impact on improving their welfare. This can be seen in the development of tourism in Bali

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which has increased the economic gap between the people of Bali, especially in the tourist areas of Kuta, Nusa Dua, Ubud and others. Therefore, in each decision made on the development plan should use clear benchmarks or ideal quantitative measures for the future development of Bali. All of this resulted in the carrying capacity of Bali. The comprehensive carrying capacity will provide results that achieve the goals of sustainability.

5.Diverse products

The debate on sustainable tourism should also be criticized from various aspects, one of which is its product [21].

Sustainable tourism does not have a clear product, as it is an integral part of the tourism industry products, so a question should be addressed i.e. which part of the product must be maintained. The products are unchanged / static, whereas in the sustainable tourism, there are dynamic people and culture or in other words, the demand that should be maintained. Therefore, who should be responsible and decide on this matter. Should be one or some who retain it for individuals, communities, regions or countries; experience for tourists, for business income or lifestyle for residents; every company, economic sector or the economy as a whole and the system of production, economic activity, cultural expression or environmental conditions ? Should all existing tourism activities are maintained, or better change some and replaced them with another? These new tourist activities are able to formulate sustainable tourism although the form of tourism has changed and the new form may not contribute to the goals of the broader sustainable development?

All matters above are indeed very difficult to determine moreover if it wants to be equated, with no one to be sacrificed. However, based on the challenges above, it is possible that the sustainable tourism essentially can be applied to provide reflection for tourism players to remain more prudent in the tourism development. The implications either directly or indirectly remain influential on the natural environment, culture and economy of the region.

[22] that sustainable tourism such as ecotourism is still popular and not ambiguous, because it can be used as control of natural resources from human activities, and socio-cultural preservation. This is the case in Australia where the sustainable tourism issues tend to focus on environmental issues and eco-tourism [1]. However, according to Breno and Briker [4], it is as the consequences to the practice of mass tourism. By the use of these terms even make the sustainable tourism very blurred. According to Font, Xavier and Elizabeth Skinner

and Ronald Sanabria [23], the terminology exchange of ecotourism with sustainable tourism, showing inadequate understanding of the two terms, because not all forms of ecotourism are sustainable and on the other hands, not all of sustainable tourisms take place in the natural areas. The relationship between sustainable tourism and ecotourism needs to be scrutinized and evaluated and it should be given recognition in accordance with its respective principle [9];[24]. In this aspect, it is clear that these two things are different. Ecotourism emphasizes on the physical environment/nature, while sustainable tourism emphasizes on all aspects of the macro environment. However, in reality the development of international tourism has experienced a very high growth rate due to globalization and technological development. It is mentioned in Breno and Briker [4], in 1999, there were over 664 million international tourist movements, of which about 80% can be defined as 'mass tourism'. This type of travelers who have supported sustainable tourism, and it cannot be said that mass tourism is a low-level of tourism

[25].This makes sustainable tourism dichotomy that as if it were the only eco-tourism, which ignores the other sectors. This problem can also be a challenge and prevent the difference principle of mass tourism from the perception of bad tourism and the alternative tourism from a good tourism perception. The sustainable tourism and all forms of tourism (not only the alternative forms of tourism) should move toward the goal of sustainability [26].

3.2 Cooperation, Collaboration And Integration

The existence of sustainable tourism becomes the starting point for system of management and governance of tourism in its later stages. The concept of sustainable development is closely related to the management of the natural environment, especially the protected areas, and the human community related to economic, political, and cultural aspects. Regardless of the weaknesses and challenges of the sustainable tourism concepts and the perceptions of the stakeholders in implementing tourism, the sustainable tourism has the principle to comprehensively maintain the industry (from the economic aspects) and the product (from the aspect of culture, and the environment) and it should also be enjoyed by the future generations.

According to McCool, Moisey, and Nickerson

[15], sustainability is analogized to three main sectors, namely: (1) the management body, which not only provide outdoor recreational opportunities but also set the background scenery for tourism development, (2) the tourism industry, which facilitates many recreational opportunities and provide accommodations, meals, and transportation services, and (3) the local communities, who benefit from the tourism development, but they may also pay certain costs related to the improved quality of life, infrastructure, and services. If tourism is seen as a tool to achieve sustainable development, there must be a commitment between the three groups above, what can be maintained and obvious objectives to achieve the goals.

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The objectives and indicators of progress must be obvious and shared among the three groups. In a dynamic social context, in an effort to determine the indicators that must be maintained, there will be the interaction between all stakeholders of these elements. Interaction also should pay attention to the coverage of the organization levels both locally, nationally and internationally so that the development of tourism keeps taking into account the local and national culture by the international standardization.

Tourism is a phenomenon due to the integrated and interrelated system of travel. A change in one element will greatly affect the other elements. It can be concluded that sustainable tourism requires a holistic approach [27]. The high level of cooperation, collaboration and integration are absolutely needed to achieve the SHIP approach (systemic, holistic, inter-disciplinary, and participatory) for sustainable tourism at every level. However, at the level of cooperation, it is very difficult to understand. Each sector carries out its functions properly in a single institutional coordination. The sustainable tourism in many ways remains an effort for a competition and the distribution of limited resources, so in this case, it requires a political solution. The commitment of Implementing the definite standards or benchmarks of the sustainable tourism through policies and regulations in the form of appropriate instruments. A balance must be achieved between tourism and the existing activities and other potentials. Collaboration among sectors may be required for greater good interests to achieve the sustainable development

[28].The cooperation, collaboration, and integration of economic, social, cultural, and environmental sectors in the case of the Bali tourism can be described as follows: a. The Sustainability in the Economic Aspect

Tourism as a locomotive of economic growth has been able to create jobs, reduce poverty, and strengthen the people's purchasing power. In order to implement sustainable tourism, the policy strategies should have two goals, namely, it should maximize the contribution of tourism resources that have been proven to provide added value in the economy, and attempt to develop new untapped economic potentials [29]. Integrated environmental and economic systems become entities in sustainable economic development. In line with this, Hardy, Beeton and Pearson [1], design the accounting systems that incorporate environmental and socio-cultural issues into a holistic ecological economic system. It is the ecological economics that initially integrating the various disciplines on the sustainable development.

The implementation of sustainable development focuses on two main strategies that should be manifested in the increase of the economic value of the community, i.e. firstly, to create a symbiotic mutualism between tourism, agriculture and marine. All obtained agricultural and marine products should be packaged and marketed in accordance with international business standards to support the uniqueness of the tourism owned. In addition, economic construction should be directed to the welfare of the marginalized farmers and fishermen. In order to realize

this, a good corporate governance of tourism business must be made i.e. transparency, phase of governance structure, processes and outcomes of governance so as to increase the economic value of tourism. Secondly, seize the tourism business opportunities which have not been yet explored to its full potential. Various tourism products such as religious tourism, convention tourism, nature tourism, and others. These opportunities have been supported by the shift in the market from the mass consumption patterns to special interest tourism and eco-tourism. On the other hand, the priority is to encourage an increase in the quality of infrastructure and the tourism human resources. If this is realized, then, the future of tourism will have a better economic competitiveness and equal position with the association of international tourism. it is moreover strengthened by a combination of modern business, therefore, it is not only able to sustain the tourism market but also maintain opportunities to improve the market penetration due to the liberalization of tourism services.

b. Sustainability in the Social and Cultural Aspects Tourism has become a sector that causes the interaction and mobility of the local community and the world that resulted in the contiguity and the mixing of cultures, ethnicity, and nation. Tourists come to the culture that in fact is different from the local culture. This raises social pathogens, and vulnerability to conflict. Therefore, the emphasis in public policy perspective should aim at the formation of cultural resistance, strengthening social integration and empowerment of the local communities. The attention to socio-cultural aspects of tourism is still extremely low. This is due to the various sizes or indicators used are performance indicators that measured statistically or quantitatively. Meanwhile, some of the socio-cultural issues are qualitative, so it is not included in the indicators of the success of development. Thus it is reasonable that the implementation of the development does not give serious attention to the socio-cultural aspects considering the lack of a definite size in discovering causal relationships from such various socio-cultural phenomenon.

Considering the inequality of conditions above, there needs to be a policy that requires the tourism businesses to prioritize and to preserve the cultural uniqueness while optimizing the role of the local communities. The role of the local communities cannot be ignored, in fact, it should be optimized because of the inherent uniqueness and diversity of culture in the community in creating their identities, as part of the inclusive tourism development. The empowerment process also aims at improving the economic and spiritual well-being so as to achieve a fair intellectual ability and civilized society. This policy can be derived through tourism policy-making by creating the tourism events such as festivals to promote the owned tourism cultural attractions, and involving the international community as a media campaign and diplomacy between the local and the international community. The combination or collaboration of the above efforts will become the embryo

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for the formation of a positive image and identity of a solid tourism. It is very crucial, as the decision of travelling is determined by the image and identity of a tourist destination. In addition, in the globalization, strengthening the credibility of tourism is a positive collaboration that became part of the tourism diplomacy. The success of the preservation of culture in tourism, resulting in the success of the sustainable development for the future.

c. Sustainability in the Environmental Aspects

In order to develop the concept of sustainable tourism, the tourism actors (the government and the private sector) shall prioritize the movement of controlling the detrimental effects of tourism. Tourism, which often use the environment as an attraction and development, it should always pay attention to the protection and preservation of the environment, for the sake of the future generations. Attention to the existence of the environment is also a recognition of the actualization of the values of civil society [20].

The policy strategies, on the environmental aspects can be preventive and repressive by involving all stakeholders of tourism. Preventively, it is done by making a blueprint of environmental standards. These policies serve as guidelines, criteria, technical procedures, and standards of performance of the tourism players in managing and maintaining the existence of tourism businesses in the future, as well as prioritize the protection or conservation of the environment. Policies that establish the conservation of nature areas such as beaches, lakes, forests and cultural heritage will be able to reduce the negative impacts of the commercialization of tourism. Construction of these policies will limit the tendency of conversion of productive land into areas of business activity that violates the layout and the spatial planning. Preventive policies without repressive policies would be useless. A firm and impartial action against the offenders in tourism sector, who commit pollution and environmental destruction, must be put forward. Repressive efforts can be administrative in nature, i.e. warning, coercion, and license revocation from the government, while for severe violations of the law can be prosecuted by the criminal law.

4. CONCLUSION

The development of sustainable tourism in Bali is an abstract concept without certain regulations and indicators. This concept emerged as a result of the economic development and its impact on Bali. The development of sustainable tourism generally represents the ideas about: (1) the concern for sustainable development, with its various challenges, (2) the concern for the impact of the tourism industry. This leads to the assumption that sustainable development is a myth and that it is impossible to promote tourism while at the same time maintaining a good quality environment. This means willing to take the risks of welcoming tourists with various consequences of development, through the control of obvious and measurable impact. Therefore, there needs to be some

strategies to develop tourism in conjunction with conservation of culture and nature. These strategies adapted to the area and the demographics of Bali.

The Bali tourism is the development of economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions, which intended fairly not only for the present generation but also for generations to come. In this construction, tourism should be seen as a system that has many components that interact and influence to each other, and tourism used as a goal and a tool for the public welfare. Therefore, it takes a synergy of policies that govern the operations of tourism with multisectoral and multidisciplinary approaches. Cooperation, collaboration and integration through integrative-holistic approaches becomes a necessity in achieving sustainable tourism. The significance of the implementation of good and clean governance, solidarity and consolidation of inter-sectoral coordination, synchronization and integration of services and the synergy of the government and the community, into a concentric circle in realizing sustainable tourism.

Despite numerous challenges and difficulties in its implementation, but the concept remains the driving force of sustainable tourism development in the long term perspective namely the sustainability of the future, by means of facilitating cooperation and collaboration between the different stakeholders. It is a significant improvement in maintaining overall tourism, as well as significant progress toward forms of tourism that sustain and maintain the social, cultural, environmental and economic attributes. Inevitably, all forms of tourism development can only be assessed whether it is sustainable or unsustainable after going through a long time period, and even then it must be assumed that the current needs is the same as that in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My thanks to the Dean of Faculty of Tourism Udayana University for support my research and Prof. Dr. Komang Bendesa, M.A.D.E and Dr. Putu Saroyeni for their help and comments during the writing of this paper.

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[17] George McIntyre, Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners. Madrid: WTO, 1993. Pp. 3-38. [18] Paul Lansing and Paul De Vries. “Sustainable Tourism:

Ethical alternative or Marketing Ploy?” Journal of Business Ethics,vol 72. 2007, pp.77-85.

[19] Edward Inskeep and Mark Kallenberger, An Integrated Approach to Resort Development. WTO: A Tourism and The Environment Publication, 1992. Ch.2, pp.4-25 [20] Robert Pringle, A Short History of Bali Indonesia’s Hindu

Realm. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2000. pp.213-224.

[21] Gianna Moscardo, “Sustainable Tourism Innovation: Challenging Basic Asumptions”. Tourism and Hospitality Research. Vol 8. No 1, 2008, pp 14-24.

[22] Clare A. Gunn and Turgut Var, Tourism Planning: Basics Concepts Cases. London : Routledge, 2002. Pp. 75-103. [23] Xaxier Font, Ronald Sanabria, and Elizabeth Skinner,

“Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism Certification: Raising Standars and Benefits”. Journal of Ecotourism Vol. 2. No.3, 2003. pp. 213-218.

[24] World Tourism Organization (WTO). Tourism highlights 2000. Madrid World Tourism Organization.

[25] Chris Ryan, “Mass vs niche tourism A keynote presentation for the 2010 ATLAS Conference” in Mass tourism vs.niche tourism, Melanie Smith, Leontine Onderwater, and Jantien Veldman. (eds), ATLAS Reflections 2010. Pp. 7-22.

[26] J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. London: Heinemann. 1987. [27] N. Leiper, Tourism System, Palmerston North: Departement

of Management System, Massey University, 1990, pp. 1-40.

[28] Geoffrey Wall, “Sustainable Tourism-Unsustainable Development”. In, Tourism, Development and Growth: The Challenge of Sustainable S. Wahab & JJ. Pigram (eds),. Ch 3, pp. 33-49. London: Routledge, 1997. [29] Widiatedja, IGD Parikesit.. Tourism Liberalization Policy;

Concepts Construction, Issues Variety and Solutions Alternative. (in Indonesian), Kebijakan Liberalisasi Pariwisata; Kontruksi Konsep, Ragam Masalah dan Alternatif Solusi., Denpasar: Udayana University Press. 2011

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remain a priority, so that it increases the sustainability of the tourism development in the aspects of economic, natural and cultural environment as well as social participation [17].

Figure 1. Scheme of sustainable tourism in Bali

Resources management Sustain

able/ Ajeg bali Nature Tourism

Opportunity Business Private Sector

ECONOMY

Local Community

SOCIOCULTURE

Government NATURE

economic and cultural sustainability

Sustainability and natural and social

proctection

Economic sustainability and

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3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The Stigma Of Sustainable Tourism As A

Concept That Is Not Measurable In Bali

1. Duration of sustainability

2. Community organizations

The debate on sustainability appears also at the operational level of the organization of society, for example: households, villages, towns or regencies, provinces, or a global world? According to Berno T and Bricher K, [4]. critical decisions on tourism planning is made at the local, national, and international levels. Although vertical integration have appeared in this organization but the decision is often made exclusively without consultation or collaboration between the central and the local policy

3. The Goals of Sustainability

4. Indicator of the success of sustainability

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5. Diverse products

The debate on sustainable tourism should also be criticized from various aspects, one of which is its product [21]. Sustainable tourism does not have a clear product, as it is an integral part of the tourism industry products, so a question should be addressed i.e. which part of the product must be maintained. The products are unchanged / static, whereas in the sustainable tourism, there are dynamic people and culture or in other words, the demand that should be maintained. Therefore, who should be responsible and decide on this matter. Should be one or some who retain it for individuals, communities, regions or countries; experience for tourists, for business income or lifestyle for residents; every company, economic sector or the economy as a whole and the system of production, economic activity, cultural expression or environmental conditions ? Should all existing tourism activities are maintained, or better change some and replaced them with another? These new tourist activities are able to formulate sustainable tourism although the form of tourism has changed and the new form may not contribute to the goals of the broader sustainable development?

Awareness of environmental, socio-cultural and economic issues posed by development models and practices of mass tourism activities, drive some tourism players to make products that are more environmentally friendly, so a variety of new forms of tourism products emerge such as ecotourism, alternative tourism, appropriate tourism, culture tourism, adventure tourism, green tourism, soft tourism, wildlife tourism, community-based tourism, and so forth. As revealed by Gunn and Var [22] that sustainable tourism such as ecotourism is still popular and not ambiguous, because it can be used as control of natural resources from human activities, and socio-cultural preservation. This is the case in Australia where the sustainable tourism issues tend to focus on environmental issues and eco-tourism [1]. However, according to Breno and Briker [4], it is as the consequences to the practice of mass tourism. By the use of these terms even make the sustainable tourism very blurred. According to Font, Xavier and Elizabeth Skinner

3.2 Cooperation, Collaboration And Integration

According to McCool, Moisey, and Nickerson [15], sustainability is analogized to three main sectors, namely: (1) the management body, which not only provide outdoor recreational opportunities but also set the background scenery for tourism development, (2) the tourism industry, which facilitates many recreational opportunities and provide accommodations, meals, and transportation services, and (3) the local communities, who benefit from the tourism development, but they may also pay certain costs related to the improved quality of life, infrastructure, and services. If tourism is seen as a tool to achieve sustainable development, there must be a commitment between the three groups above, what can be maintained and obvious objectives to achieve the goals.

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c. Sustainability in the Environmental Aspects

4. CONCLUSION

strategies to develop tourism in conjunction with conservation of culture and nature. These strategies adapted to the area and the demographics of Bali.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

[1] Anne Hardy, Robert, J.S Beeton. Leonie Pearson, “Sustainable Tourism. An Overview of the Concept and Its Position in Relation to Conceptualisations of Tourism”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Vol. 10. No.6. 2002.

[2] Asrama, Pitana, dan Windia.. Bali Is Bali Forever Ajeg in Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, (in Indonesian), Bali Is Bali Forever Ajeg dalam Bingkai Tri Hita Karana, Denpasar: Bali Travel News, 2007, pp. 9-84

[3] Bali Government Tourism Office, Bali Tourism Statistics 2009, Denpasar: Bali Government Tourism Office.

[4] Tracy Berno, and Kelly Bricher, “Sustainable Tourism Development: The Long Road From Theory to Practice”. International Journal of Economic Development. March 3, 2001. pp.1-18.

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[5] R. Sharpley,.. Tourism and Sustainable development: Exploring the Theoritical Devide. Journal of Sustainable Development. Vol. 8 No 1. 2000, Pp 1-19.

Sustainable Outcomes”, in Girard, L.F and Peter Nijkamp (eds) Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development. USA: Ashgate. 2009, ch. 3, pp 31-46

[8] Martin Mowforth and Ian Munt, Tourism and Sustainability. Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in The Third World. London and New York: Routledge, 2009, ch.2, pp.11-45.

[9] John Swarbrooke, Sustainable Tourism Management. Wallingford, UK: Cabi,1999. Pp.47-83.

[11] Patrizia Riganti,’From Cultural Tourism to cultural E-tourism: Issues and Challenges to Economic Valuation in the Information Era” . In. Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development. Girard, L F. and Peter Nijkamp (eds). Ch 17, 2009, pp. 236-287.

[12] David Weaver, Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. Ch.2. pp18-37.

[13] Philip Sloan, Willy Legrand, and Joseph S. Chen, Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry. Principles of Sustainable Operations. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009. Ch.1, pp,1-12.

[14] J.S.Dryzek, Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987.

[15] McCool Stephen F, Moisey, and Nickerson P. Norma, “What Should Tourism Sutain? The Disconnect with Industry Perceptions of Useful Indicators”. Journal of Travel Reserch. Vol 40. Nov 2001. Pp 124-131.

[16] Derek Hall, “Sustainable Tourism Development and Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Vol. 8 No 6 . 2000.

[17] George McIntyre, Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local Planners. Madrid: WTO, 1993. Pp. 3-38.

[18] Paul Lansing and Paul De Vries. “Sustainable Tourism: Ethical alternative or Marketing Ploy?” Journal of Business Ethics,vol 72. 2007, pp.77-85.

[19] Edward Inskeep and Mark Kallenberger, An Integrated Approach to Resort Development. WTO: A Tourism and The Environment Publication, 1992. Ch.2, pp.4-25

[20] Robert Pringle, A Short History of Bali Indonesia’s Hindu Realm. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2000. pp.213-224.

[21] Gianna Moscardo, “Sustainable Tourism Innovation: Challenging Basic Asumptions”. Tourism and Hospitality Research. Vol 8. No 1, 2008, pp 14-24.

[22] Clare A. Gunn and Turgut Var, Tourism Planning: Basics Concepts Cases. London : Routledge, 2002. Pp. 75-103.

[23] Xaxier Font, Ronald Sanabria, and Elizabeth Skinner, “Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism Certification: Raising Standars and Benefits”. Journal of Ecotourism Vol. 2. No.3, 2003. pp. 213-218.

[24] World Tourism Organization (WTO). Tourism highlights 2000. Madrid World Tourism Organization.

[26] J. Krippendorf, The Holiday Makers: Understanding the impact of leisure and travel. London: Heinemann. 1987.

[27] N. Leiper, Tourism System, Palmerston North: Departement of Management System, Massey University, 1990, pp. 1-40.

[29] Widiatedja, IGD Parikesit.. Tourism Liberalization Policy; Concepts Construction, Issues Variety and Solutions Alternative. (in Indonesian), Kebijakan Liberalisasi Pariwisata; Kontruksi Konsep, Ragam Masalah dan Alternatif Solusi., Denpasar: Udayana University Press. 2011

EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN BALI.

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