Performance Of Broiler That Polluted By Carbon Monoxide (Co) From Brooder Heater With Administered Of Ascorbic Acid And Ferrosulfat (FeSO4).
PERFORMANCE OF BROILER THAT POLLUTED BY CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
FROM BROODER HEATER WITH ADMINISTERED
OF ASCORBIC ACID AND FERROSULFAT (FeSO4)
Andi Mushawwir1 dan Jacki Zakaria2
1
Laboratorium Fisiologi Ternak dan Biokimia Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Padjadjaran,
Kampus Jatinangor Sumedang Jabar, email : [email protected]
2
Lingkungan Industri Kecil Jl. Soekarno Hatta Bandung Jawa Barat
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to know effect the various brooder heater and
administered ascorbic acid and iron level on performance of broiler.
In this research it has been used 384 broilers. The treatment diets used are the diet with
22%, EM 3200 kkal/kg + 85 mg Fe (R0); diet with protein 22%, EM 3200 kkal/kg + 114 mg
Fe (R1); and diet with protein 22%, EM 3200 kkal/kg + 85 mg Fe + 0,5 g ascorbate acid/kg
diet (R3). The experiment design used is Split Plot Design of Fully Randomized Design
Pattern. The main plot were type of heater source and sub plot were levels in diet, each
treatment is replicated at 4 times, each replicate consists of 16 broiler.
Based on research showed that used coal briquette heater (P1) with administered 85 mg
Fe/kg + 0,5 ascorbic acid/kg diet (R2) indicates the better performance.
Key words : performance, broiler, heater, ascorbic acid, ferrosulfate
INTRODUCTION
An important aspect of broiler brooding period is heater. Utilizing heater from kerosene
and coal briquette are material alternative besides from electric. Utilizing heater source its
have the impact of negative because carrying carbon monoxide (CO) as residue by burning. By
respiration, CO be present at work with oxygen, furthermore binding with iron and than
formed new molecule is called carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) with the result that quantity
availability iron in blood decreased.
Administration iron feed is a technique for prevent iron quantity deficiency, especially
on utilizing heater source from kerosene and coal briquette. Effort to preventive for quality iron
decrease, can do it with increasing iron absorption by administration ascorbic acid, because
ascorbic acid role as binding in the iron absorption.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Material and Research Equipment
In this research it has been used 384 broilers. Each 192 DOC (day old chick) fixed to
main plot are plot with coal briquette heater and kerosene. Every main plot composed of 12
treatment plot, each replicate consists of 16 broiler.
Feed Material of Ransum Composer
Feed material composition, showed in Table 1.
Table 1. Feed Material of Control Ransum and Treatment
A. Ransum Material
Yellow Corn (%)
Rice bran (%)
Soybean gluten meal (%)
Fish meal (%)
Coconut gluten meal (%)
Coconut oil (%)
Cockle shells meal (%)
Bone meal (%)
Top mix (%)
FeSO4 (mg x kg ransum-1 )
Total
Asam Askorbat (g x kg ransum-1 )
Ransum
R1
R0
56,0
6,0
19,5
11,0
4,5
1,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
105,8632
100
-
R2
56,0
6,0
19,5
11,0
4,5
1,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
184,5820
100
-
56,0
6,0
19,5
11,0
4,5
1,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
105,8632
100
0,5
Nutrien composition and metabolis energy in research ransum, showed in Table 2.
.
Table 2. Nutrien composition and metabolic energy in control and Treatment ransum
Nutrient
Crude Protein (%)
Crude Lipid (%)
Crude Fiber (%)
Lysin (%)
Metionin + Cystin (%)
Ca (%)
P (%)
Fe (%)
Ascorbic acid (g x kg ransum-1 )
Energy of Metabolic (Kkal x Kg-1 )
Total
R0
22,04
5,17
4,08
1,46
0,83
1,04
0,48
0,0085
3023,55
100
Ransum
R1
22,04
5,17
4,08
1,46
0,83
1,04
0,48
0,0114
3023,55
100
Coal briquette made of from coal, clay, tapioca, NaOH, water.
R2
22,04
5,17
4,08
1,46
0,83
1,04
0,48
0,0085
0,5
3023,55
100
Research Variable
Feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, measurement conventionally
with weighing of feed and body weight.
Hemoglobin (Hb) level, muscle kreatin, measurement with hematology analyzer and
spectrophotometer.
Research Design and Statistical Analysis
This Research using the experiment design used is Split Plot Design of Fully
Randomized Design Pattern. The main plot were type of heater source and sub plot were levels
in diet, each treatment is replicated at 4 times. Heater as main plot, and ransum as subplot.
Main plot were Heater (P),consists of :
P1 : Heater with fuel from coal briquette
P2 : Heater with fuel from kerosene
Ransum with administered iron and ascorbic (R),consists of :
R0 : Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 as control
R1 : Ransum with content iron 114 mg x kg ransum-1
R2 : Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 + ascorbic acid 0,5 g x kg ransum-1
Matematically model Split Plot Design of Fully Randomized Design Pattern is :
Yij = µ + αi+ δik + β j + (α
αβ )ij + εijk
Information :
Yij
µ
αi
δik
βj
(αβ)ij
εijk
=
=
=
=
=
=
Respons variable
Mean square
Efect of heater source
error of heater
Efect of ransum level
Efect of interaction heater with ransum
= error heater with ransum and replication
(Gomez, K.A. dan A. A. Gomez, 1995)
Data analyzed using Manova (Multivaritae Analysis of Variance) Split Plot Design
of Fully Randomized Design Pattern (Hair dkk. 1992; Warsa, 1993 dan Sharma, 1996).
Simultaneous Confidence Intervals Test using to know treatment difference (Kramer, 1982).
δ = µ1 - µ1 = d ±
θα 1 1
( + )
1 − θ α n1 n2
kk
Information :
d
θα
n
kk
= difference of treatment mean square
= point of Heck diagram
= replication
= matriks of variable error
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Performance broiler based on research showed in Table 3.
Table 3. Performance Broiler
P1
P2
Rata-rata
R0
2748,05bc
2793,36c
2770,70
Ransum
R1
2678,52b
2557,97a
2618,24
R2
2719,45bc
2564,53a
2641,99
P1
P2
Rata-rata
1455,90ab
1435,04ab
1445,47
1512,15b
1369,75a
1440,95
1544,94b
1367,69a
1456,32
1504,33
1390,82
1,89a
1,95a
1,92
1,77a
1,87a
1,82
1,76a
1,88a
1,82
1,81
1,89
60,875b
57,750a
62,875c
62,000c
62,250c
61,875bc
62,000
60,542
59,313
62.438
61.563
0.98ab
0.96a
0.97
0.97abc
0.95a
0.96
1c
0.99bc
0.995
Variable
Heater
Feed
consumption
(g)
Body weight
gain (g)
Feed
conversion
Hemoglobin
(g%)
Kreatin (g x
250g fresh
meet-1)
P1
P2
Rata-rata
P1
P2
Rata-rata
P1
P2
Rata-rata
Rata-rata
2715,34
2638,62
Keterangan: Mean each variale on row and/or colom, there is same superscript indicate not diffeences (P>0.05)
P1
P2
R0
R1
R2
: Heater with fuel from coal briquette
: Heater with fuel from kerosene
: Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 as control
: Ransum with content iron 114 mg x kg ransum-1
: Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 + ascorbic acid 0,5 g x kg ransum-1
Based on Simultaneous Confidence Intervals Test showed that utilizing heater from coal
briquette with diet of iron 85 mg/kg ransum serta askorbat 0,5 g /kg (P1R2) was the best
treatment combination.
Based on results of this research indicated that [CO] from kerosene is higher, caused
CO pollution on brooder, so the CO absorbed by chick. Carpenter, dkk. (1986) : Fedders, dkk.
(1993) dan Wathes (2001) reported that high CO level in house environment
relatively
reduced animal blood hemoglobin level. Campbell and Kenealy (2003) reported that CO
restricted by Hb formed stable compound is called carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) that not
possible to transport oxygen. Recommended model by Chiras, et.al. (1995), so proportion
blood COHb to be able counting :
% COHB = 0,16 (level of CO in the air) + 0,5
Measuring result indicated CO average by in use heater from kerosene is 42,67 ppm,
then chick blood % COHb to be able estimated a number of 7,33%.
Based on above COHb level, then definable of inhibiting mechanism on Hb, that is the
first rearing to be shaped COHb in the red blood cells of chick, that cause day old chick body
tissue underwent deficiency of oxygen.
Deficiency of oxygen in body tissue, to be able decreased nutrien metabolic rate
(Newsholme, dkk., 1973). Decrease in metabolic rate begot decresing sussenil CoA synthesis
from acetat acid. Foreknown that sussenil CoA constitute as compound that binding with
glicin for banding protoporfirin. According to Rapport (1987) that protoporfirin is compound
that reacting to iron forming heme (composer protein of haemoglobin).
Research result indicated decreasing Hb lower significant was 57,750 g% with using
heater from kerosene without administered iron and ascorbid acid. CO level with using heater
from coal briquette indicated decresing CO level to be 0 ppm two hours after brick-coal. This
condition not caused COHb poisoning, with the result that not caused on metabolism. Besides
there was not COHb compound, administered ascorbic acid (a technique increasing quality iron
absorption) optimize to nutrien absortion, so increasing performance of broiler. Mckee,
Harrison, Riskowski (2006) reported increased performance with administered ascorbic acid.
Ascorbic acid too play role on increasing to grow os tibia (under estrimitas posterior)
so body weigh accumulation to be higher with the result that performance wa better, this
phenomenon too reported Chowdhury, Islam, Khan, Karim, Haque, Khatun and Pesti (2009).
Concerned with this research result that utilizing coal briquette (without CO) with
administered ascorbic acid on broiler indicated the better performance against which the other
treatment combination.
The better performance indicated too with meet kreatin level that higher is (1 g .250 g1
). Kreatin to be indicator of grow, as describing protein metabolism in the performing of
muscle. Kreatin after converted to phosphokreatin, play role together kreatin kinase.
Schlattner, Tokarska-Schlattner, Wallimann (2006) reported that this mechanism is similar
with arginin/phosphoarginin system together arginin kinase. These system function as buffer
for defended ATP/ADP ratio in order to high in the intercellular, so assuring of availability
ATP and prevent to loss of nucleotide adenosin for prevent cellular decreasing (Wallimann,
Wyss, Brdiczka, Nicolay, Eppenberger,1992; Salomons, Gajja, Wyss, Markus, 2007).
Phosphokreatin system or kratin kinase too play role like energy transport system from
mitochondria and glycolisis to myofibril for muscle contraction or reticulum sarcoplasma for
pump calsium, because of kreatin be able to growth indication and body weight (Wallimann,
Tokarska-Schlattner, Neumann, Epand,
Andres, Widmer , Hornemann, Saks, Agarkova,
Schlattner, 2007; Anders RH, Ducray , Schlattner, Wallimann, 2008).
CONCLUSION
Based on research showed that used coal briquette heater (P1) with administered 85 mg
Fe/kg + 0,5 ascorbic acid/kg diet (R2) indicates the better performance.
REFERENCES
Anders RH, Ducray AD, Schlattner U, T. Wallimann. 2008. Widmer HR. Functions and
effects of creatine in the central nervous system Brain Research Bulletin.
Campbell, J.R., M. D. Kenealy and K. L. Campbell, 2003. Animal Science, The Biology of
Domestic Fowl. MC Graw Hill, New York.
Carpenter, G.A., W.K. Smith, A.P.C. Maclaren and D. Spackman, 1986. Effects of Internal
Air Filtration on the Performance of Broiler and the Aerial Concentrations of Dust and
Bacteria. Br. Poult. Sci., 27 : 471 – 480.
Chiras, and D. Daniel, 1995. Environmental Science. The Bunjamin Cummings Publishing
Coy, Menlo Park, California : 308-310.
Chowdhury, R., K. M. S. Islam, M. J. Khan, M. R. Karim, M. N. Haque, M. Khatun and G. M.
Pesti, 2009. Effect of citric acid, avilamycin, and their combination on the
performance, tibia ash, and immune status of broilers. Poultry Science Journal,
88:1616-1622.
Feddes, J.J.R., and Z. J. Liesko, 1993. Air Quality in Commercial Turkey Housing. Can.
Agri. Eng., 35 : 147 -150.
Gomez, K.A. dan A. A. Gomez, 1995. Prosedur Statistika untuk Penelitian Pertanian. Edisi
Kedua. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta
Hair, J. F., R.E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, and W. C. Black, 1992. Multivariate Data Analysis,
with Readings. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company a Division of Macmillan
Inc. United State of America : 160.
Kramer, C. Y., 1982. A First Course in Method of Multivariate Analysis. Virginia Politecnic
Institute, Virginia
Mckee, J.S., P.C. Harrison, and G. L. Riskowski, 2006. Effects of Supplemental Ascorbic Acid
on the Energy Conversion of Broiler Chicks During Heat Stress and Feed Withdrawal.
Poultry Science Journal. 82:664-670.
Newsholme, E. A., and C. Start, 1973. Regulation in Metabolism. Wiley : 205-316.
Salomons, S.Gajja, Wyss, Markus. 2007. Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease.
2007. Series: Subcellular Biochemistry , Vol. 46, XVIII, 352 p., Hardcover . ISBN 9781-4020-6485-2
Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. 2006. Mitochondrial creatine kinase in
human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1762(2):164-80. Review.
Sharma, S. 1996. Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Canada. 346.
Wallimann T, M. Wyss, D. Brdiczka, K. Nicolay, H.M. Eppenberger, 1992. Intracellular
compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with
high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy
homeostasis. Biochem J. 1:281
Wallimann, T, M. Tokarska-Schlattner, D.Neumann, R,M. Epan, R.F. Epand, R.H. Andres,
H.R. Widmer , T. Hornemann T, V.A.Saks, I.Agarkova, U. Schlattner. 2007. The
phospho-creatine circuit: molecular and cellular physiology of creatine kinases,
sensitivity to free radicals and enhancement by creatine supplementation. In: Molecular
Systems Bioenergetics: Energy for Life, Basic Principles, Organization and Dynamics
of Cellular Energetics (Saks, V.A., Editor), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 195264.
Warsa, T, 1993. Pengacakan dan Pengujian Efek Interaksi dalam Percobaan Faktorial.
Seminar Sehari dalam Rangka Dies Natalis XXXV (Lustrum VII) Unpad, Program
Pascasarjana. Bandung.
Wathes, C. M., 2001. Aerial Pollutants From Weaner Productions. In M.A. Varley and J.
Wiseman (eds). CAB International , Wallingford, UK. 259-271.
Young, J.F., J. Stagsted, S.K. Jensen, A.H. Karlsson, and . Henckel, 2002. Ascorbic acid,
alpha-tocopherol, and oregano supplements reduce stress-induced deterioration of
chicken meat quality. Poultry Science Journal, 82:1343-1351.
FROM BROODER HEATER WITH ADMINISTERED
OF ASCORBIC ACID AND FERROSULFAT (FeSO4)
Andi Mushawwir1 dan Jacki Zakaria2
1
Laboratorium Fisiologi Ternak dan Biokimia Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Padjadjaran,
Kampus Jatinangor Sumedang Jabar, email : [email protected]
2
Lingkungan Industri Kecil Jl. Soekarno Hatta Bandung Jawa Barat
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to know effect the various brooder heater and
administered ascorbic acid and iron level on performance of broiler.
In this research it has been used 384 broilers. The treatment diets used are the diet with
22%, EM 3200 kkal/kg + 85 mg Fe (R0); diet with protein 22%, EM 3200 kkal/kg + 114 mg
Fe (R1); and diet with protein 22%, EM 3200 kkal/kg + 85 mg Fe + 0,5 g ascorbate acid/kg
diet (R3). The experiment design used is Split Plot Design of Fully Randomized Design
Pattern. The main plot were type of heater source and sub plot were levels in diet, each
treatment is replicated at 4 times, each replicate consists of 16 broiler.
Based on research showed that used coal briquette heater (P1) with administered 85 mg
Fe/kg + 0,5 ascorbic acid/kg diet (R2) indicates the better performance.
Key words : performance, broiler, heater, ascorbic acid, ferrosulfate
INTRODUCTION
An important aspect of broiler brooding period is heater. Utilizing heater from kerosene
and coal briquette are material alternative besides from electric. Utilizing heater source its
have the impact of negative because carrying carbon monoxide (CO) as residue by burning. By
respiration, CO be present at work with oxygen, furthermore binding with iron and than
formed new molecule is called carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) with the result that quantity
availability iron in blood decreased.
Administration iron feed is a technique for prevent iron quantity deficiency, especially
on utilizing heater source from kerosene and coal briquette. Effort to preventive for quality iron
decrease, can do it with increasing iron absorption by administration ascorbic acid, because
ascorbic acid role as binding in the iron absorption.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Material and Research Equipment
In this research it has been used 384 broilers. Each 192 DOC (day old chick) fixed to
main plot are plot with coal briquette heater and kerosene. Every main plot composed of 12
treatment plot, each replicate consists of 16 broiler.
Feed Material of Ransum Composer
Feed material composition, showed in Table 1.
Table 1. Feed Material of Control Ransum and Treatment
A. Ransum Material
Yellow Corn (%)
Rice bran (%)
Soybean gluten meal (%)
Fish meal (%)
Coconut gluten meal (%)
Coconut oil (%)
Cockle shells meal (%)
Bone meal (%)
Top mix (%)
FeSO4 (mg x kg ransum-1 )
Total
Asam Askorbat (g x kg ransum-1 )
Ransum
R1
R0
56,0
6,0
19,5
11,0
4,5
1,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
105,8632
100
-
R2
56,0
6,0
19,5
11,0
4,5
1,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
184,5820
100
-
56,0
6,0
19,5
11,0
4,5
1,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
105,8632
100
0,5
Nutrien composition and metabolis energy in research ransum, showed in Table 2.
.
Table 2. Nutrien composition and metabolic energy in control and Treatment ransum
Nutrient
Crude Protein (%)
Crude Lipid (%)
Crude Fiber (%)
Lysin (%)
Metionin + Cystin (%)
Ca (%)
P (%)
Fe (%)
Ascorbic acid (g x kg ransum-1 )
Energy of Metabolic (Kkal x Kg-1 )
Total
R0
22,04
5,17
4,08
1,46
0,83
1,04
0,48
0,0085
3023,55
100
Ransum
R1
22,04
5,17
4,08
1,46
0,83
1,04
0,48
0,0114
3023,55
100
Coal briquette made of from coal, clay, tapioca, NaOH, water.
R2
22,04
5,17
4,08
1,46
0,83
1,04
0,48
0,0085
0,5
3023,55
100
Research Variable
Feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, measurement conventionally
with weighing of feed and body weight.
Hemoglobin (Hb) level, muscle kreatin, measurement with hematology analyzer and
spectrophotometer.
Research Design and Statistical Analysis
This Research using the experiment design used is Split Plot Design of Fully
Randomized Design Pattern. The main plot were type of heater source and sub plot were levels
in diet, each treatment is replicated at 4 times. Heater as main plot, and ransum as subplot.
Main plot were Heater (P),consists of :
P1 : Heater with fuel from coal briquette
P2 : Heater with fuel from kerosene
Ransum with administered iron and ascorbic (R),consists of :
R0 : Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 as control
R1 : Ransum with content iron 114 mg x kg ransum-1
R2 : Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 + ascorbic acid 0,5 g x kg ransum-1
Matematically model Split Plot Design of Fully Randomized Design Pattern is :
Yij = µ + αi+ δik + β j + (α
αβ )ij + εijk
Information :
Yij
µ
αi
δik
βj
(αβ)ij
εijk
=
=
=
=
=
=
Respons variable
Mean square
Efect of heater source
error of heater
Efect of ransum level
Efect of interaction heater with ransum
= error heater with ransum and replication
(Gomez, K.A. dan A. A. Gomez, 1995)
Data analyzed using Manova (Multivaritae Analysis of Variance) Split Plot Design
of Fully Randomized Design Pattern (Hair dkk. 1992; Warsa, 1993 dan Sharma, 1996).
Simultaneous Confidence Intervals Test using to know treatment difference (Kramer, 1982).
δ = µ1 - µ1 = d ±
θα 1 1
( + )
1 − θ α n1 n2
kk
Information :
d
θα
n
kk
= difference of treatment mean square
= point of Heck diagram
= replication
= matriks of variable error
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Performance broiler based on research showed in Table 3.
Table 3. Performance Broiler
P1
P2
Rata-rata
R0
2748,05bc
2793,36c
2770,70
Ransum
R1
2678,52b
2557,97a
2618,24
R2
2719,45bc
2564,53a
2641,99
P1
P2
Rata-rata
1455,90ab
1435,04ab
1445,47
1512,15b
1369,75a
1440,95
1544,94b
1367,69a
1456,32
1504,33
1390,82
1,89a
1,95a
1,92
1,77a
1,87a
1,82
1,76a
1,88a
1,82
1,81
1,89
60,875b
57,750a
62,875c
62,000c
62,250c
61,875bc
62,000
60,542
59,313
62.438
61.563
0.98ab
0.96a
0.97
0.97abc
0.95a
0.96
1c
0.99bc
0.995
Variable
Heater
Feed
consumption
(g)
Body weight
gain (g)
Feed
conversion
Hemoglobin
(g%)
Kreatin (g x
250g fresh
meet-1)
P1
P2
Rata-rata
P1
P2
Rata-rata
P1
P2
Rata-rata
Rata-rata
2715,34
2638,62
Keterangan: Mean each variale on row and/or colom, there is same superscript indicate not diffeences (P>0.05)
P1
P2
R0
R1
R2
: Heater with fuel from coal briquette
: Heater with fuel from kerosene
: Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 as control
: Ransum with content iron 114 mg x kg ransum-1
: Ransum with content iron 85 mg x kg ransum-1 + ascorbic acid 0,5 g x kg ransum-1
Based on Simultaneous Confidence Intervals Test showed that utilizing heater from coal
briquette with diet of iron 85 mg/kg ransum serta askorbat 0,5 g /kg (P1R2) was the best
treatment combination.
Based on results of this research indicated that [CO] from kerosene is higher, caused
CO pollution on brooder, so the CO absorbed by chick. Carpenter, dkk. (1986) : Fedders, dkk.
(1993) dan Wathes (2001) reported that high CO level in house environment
relatively
reduced animal blood hemoglobin level. Campbell and Kenealy (2003) reported that CO
restricted by Hb formed stable compound is called carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) that not
possible to transport oxygen. Recommended model by Chiras, et.al. (1995), so proportion
blood COHb to be able counting :
% COHB = 0,16 (level of CO in the air) + 0,5
Measuring result indicated CO average by in use heater from kerosene is 42,67 ppm,
then chick blood % COHb to be able estimated a number of 7,33%.
Based on above COHb level, then definable of inhibiting mechanism on Hb, that is the
first rearing to be shaped COHb in the red blood cells of chick, that cause day old chick body
tissue underwent deficiency of oxygen.
Deficiency of oxygen in body tissue, to be able decreased nutrien metabolic rate
(Newsholme, dkk., 1973). Decrease in metabolic rate begot decresing sussenil CoA synthesis
from acetat acid. Foreknown that sussenil CoA constitute as compound that binding with
glicin for banding protoporfirin. According to Rapport (1987) that protoporfirin is compound
that reacting to iron forming heme (composer protein of haemoglobin).
Research result indicated decreasing Hb lower significant was 57,750 g% with using
heater from kerosene without administered iron and ascorbid acid. CO level with using heater
from coal briquette indicated decresing CO level to be 0 ppm two hours after brick-coal. This
condition not caused COHb poisoning, with the result that not caused on metabolism. Besides
there was not COHb compound, administered ascorbic acid (a technique increasing quality iron
absorption) optimize to nutrien absortion, so increasing performance of broiler. Mckee,
Harrison, Riskowski (2006) reported increased performance with administered ascorbic acid.
Ascorbic acid too play role on increasing to grow os tibia (under estrimitas posterior)
so body weigh accumulation to be higher with the result that performance wa better, this
phenomenon too reported Chowdhury, Islam, Khan, Karim, Haque, Khatun and Pesti (2009).
Concerned with this research result that utilizing coal briquette (without CO) with
administered ascorbic acid on broiler indicated the better performance against which the other
treatment combination.
The better performance indicated too with meet kreatin level that higher is (1 g .250 g1
). Kreatin to be indicator of grow, as describing protein metabolism in the performing of
muscle. Kreatin after converted to phosphokreatin, play role together kreatin kinase.
Schlattner, Tokarska-Schlattner, Wallimann (2006) reported that this mechanism is similar
with arginin/phosphoarginin system together arginin kinase. These system function as buffer
for defended ATP/ADP ratio in order to high in the intercellular, so assuring of availability
ATP and prevent to loss of nucleotide adenosin for prevent cellular decreasing (Wallimann,
Wyss, Brdiczka, Nicolay, Eppenberger,1992; Salomons, Gajja, Wyss, Markus, 2007).
Phosphokreatin system or kratin kinase too play role like energy transport system from
mitochondria and glycolisis to myofibril for muscle contraction or reticulum sarcoplasma for
pump calsium, because of kreatin be able to growth indication and body weight (Wallimann,
Tokarska-Schlattner, Neumann, Epand,
Andres, Widmer , Hornemann, Saks, Agarkova,
Schlattner, 2007; Anders RH, Ducray , Schlattner, Wallimann, 2008).
CONCLUSION
Based on research showed that used coal briquette heater (P1) with administered 85 mg
Fe/kg + 0,5 ascorbic acid/kg diet (R2) indicates the better performance.
REFERENCES
Anders RH, Ducray AD, Schlattner U, T. Wallimann. 2008. Widmer HR. Functions and
effects of creatine in the central nervous system Brain Research Bulletin.
Campbell, J.R., M. D. Kenealy and K. L. Campbell, 2003. Animal Science, The Biology of
Domestic Fowl. MC Graw Hill, New York.
Carpenter, G.A., W.K. Smith, A.P.C. Maclaren and D. Spackman, 1986. Effects of Internal
Air Filtration on the Performance of Broiler and the Aerial Concentrations of Dust and
Bacteria. Br. Poult. Sci., 27 : 471 – 480.
Chiras, and D. Daniel, 1995. Environmental Science. The Bunjamin Cummings Publishing
Coy, Menlo Park, California : 308-310.
Chowdhury, R., K. M. S. Islam, M. J. Khan, M. R. Karim, M. N. Haque, M. Khatun and G. M.
Pesti, 2009. Effect of citric acid, avilamycin, and their combination on the
performance, tibia ash, and immune status of broilers. Poultry Science Journal,
88:1616-1622.
Feddes, J.J.R., and Z. J. Liesko, 1993. Air Quality in Commercial Turkey Housing. Can.
Agri. Eng., 35 : 147 -150.
Gomez, K.A. dan A. A. Gomez, 1995. Prosedur Statistika untuk Penelitian Pertanian. Edisi
Kedua. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta
Hair, J. F., R.E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, and W. C. Black, 1992. Multivariate Data Analysis,
with Readings. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company a Division of Macmillan
Inc. United State of America : 160.
Kramer, C. Y., 1982. A First Course in Method of Multivariate Analysis. Virginia Politecnic
Institute, Virginia
Mckee, J.S., P.C. Harrison, and G. L. Riskowski, 2006. Effects of Supplemental Ascorbic Acid
on the Energy Conversion of Broiler Chicks During Heat Stress and Feed Withdrawal.
Poultry Science Journal. 82:664-670.
Newsholme, E. A., and C. Start, 1973. Regulation in Metabolism. Wiley : 205-316.
Salomons, S.Gajja, Wyss, Markus. 2007. Creatine and Creatine Kinase in Health and Disease.
2007. Series: Subcellular Biochemistry , Vol. 46, XVIII, 352 p., Hardcover . ISBN 9781-4020-6485-2
Schlattner U, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. 2006. Mitochondrial creatine kinase in
human health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1762(2):164-80. Review.
Sharma, S. 1996. Applied Multivariate Techniques. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Canada. 346.
Wallimann T, M. Wyss, D. Brdiczka, K. Nicolay, H.M. Eppenberger, 1992. Intracellular
compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with
high and fluctuating energy demands: the 'phosphocreatine circuit' for cellular energy
homeostasis. Biochem J. 1:281
Wallimann, T, M. Tokarska-Schlattner, D.Neumann, R,M. Epan, R.F. Epand, R.H. Andres,
H.R. Widmer , T. Hornemann T, V.A.Saks, I.Agarkova, U. Schlattner. 2007. The
phospho-creatine circuit: molecular and cellular physiology of creatine kinases,
sensitivity to free radicals and enhancement by creatine supplementation. In: Molecular
Systems Bioenergetics: Energy for Life, Basic Principles, Organization and Dynamics
of Cellular Energetics (Saks, V.A., Editor), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 195264.
Warsa, T, 1993. Pengacakan dan Pengujian Efek Interaksi dalam Percobaan Faktorial.
Seminar Sehari dalam Rangka Dies Natalis XXXV (Lustrum VII) Unpad, Program
Pascasarjana. Bandung.
Wathes, C. M., 2001. Aerial Pollutants From Weaner Productions. In M.A. Varley and J.
Wiseman (eds). CAB International , Wallingford, UK. 259-271.
Young, J.F., J. Stagsted, S.K. Jensen, A.H. Karlsson, and . Henckel, 2002. Ascorbic acid,
alpha-tocopherol, and oregano supplements reduce stress-induced deterioration of
chicken meat quality. Poultry Science Journal, 82:1343-1351.