Women`s struggle against domestic violence caused by Patriarchy as seen through eleanor and Sabrina in Rainbow Rowell`s eleanor and park.

WOMEN

’

S STRUGGLE AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

CAUSED BY PATRIARCHY AS SEEN THROUGH ELEANOR

AND SABRINA IN RAINBOW ROWELL

’

S

ELEANOR AND PARK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ARUM SRI UTAMI Student Number: 134214091

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

ii

WOMEN

’

S STRUGGLE AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

CAUSED BY PATRIARCHY AS SEEN THROUGH ELEANOR

AND SABRINA IN RAINBOW ROWELL

’

S

ELEANOR AND PARK

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ARUM SRI UTAMI Student Number: 134214091

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2017

vii

“TAKE THESE BROKEN

WINGS AND LEARN TO

FLY”

viii

I dedicate this undergraduate thesis

to my parents

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to expresses my highest gratitude to Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala for His blessing, love, opportunity, health, and mercy so that I can complete this undergraduate thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without the support, advice, and encouragement of my advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijarnaka, M. Hum. I also would like to express my gratitude to my co – advisor, E. Arti Wulandari, M.A., Ph. D., who has helped me patiently finishing this undergraduate thesis by giving guidance, suggestion, and correction. I also would like to thank all the lecturers in Sanata Dharma University for the knowledge that they have given to me.

I am very thankful to have my parents, Slamet and Sri Suwarti, and my siblings, Eka Sulistyowati, Dwi Astuti, Tri Ari Wibowo, and Sujatmoko who support me and cheer me up when I am in difficulties. I also express my gratitude to my best friend Feri Budi Santoso for the motivation throughout my undergraduate thesis writing process. I am also grateful for my friends in Sanata Dharma University, Nimastama C., Angela Marici Yuca, and Lolita V. who always accompany me for these past four years.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE………..….……… ii

APPROVAL PAGE ……….…... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ………...….. iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA…_{... v}

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………..……...….. vi

MOTTO PAGE ……….….…. vii

DEDICATION PAGE ………..……….….… viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………..….….….….. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………...….. x

ABSTRACT ……….…..….. xi

ABSTRAK………...………….….… xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study……….…..….. 1

B. Problem Formulation………...……. 3

C. Objectives of the Study………..……. 4

D. Definition of Terms………..…… 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies……….….. 5

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Characterization……….….….. 8

2. Theory of Patriarchy and Women Oppression……….….. 10

3. Theory of Domestic Violence……….…... 11

4. Theory of the Domestic Violence as the Effect of Patriarchy….…. 12 C. Theoretical Framework………..……….. 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study……….. 15

B. Approach of the Study………. 16

C. Method of the Study……… 16

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS A. The Description of Patriarchy in Eleanor and Park………...…. ₁₈

B. Domestic Violence Experienced by Eleanor and Sabrina……….... 26

C. The Struggle of Sabrina and Eleanor toward Domestic Violence……... 39

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION……… 46

xi ABSTRACT

UTAMI, ARUM SRI. Women’s Struggle against Domestic Violence Caused by Patriarchy as Seen through Eleanor and Sabrina in Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

This study focuses on the domestic violence as described in Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park_{. The novel tells about a girl named Eleanor and her} chaotic family. She often gets harsh treatment from her step dad. Sabrina, as Eleanor’s mother, also becomes an object of Richie’s madness.

This study has three objectives. The first is to find out the description of patriarchy in the family. The second is to analyze the domestic violence that the women experience. The third is to see the struggle of the women against the domestic violence.

The method that is used in this study is library research. The writer collects some references in some books and other documents. The approach is feminist criticism. It is because the writer wants to reveal the women oppression.

After analyzing the study, the results are: first, the practice of patriarchy is done by Richie when he is the decision maker. He is also the one who rules the family. The women also have to obey him. Besides, his authority causes violence in toward the women. Second, the women experience domestic violence. Sabrina experiences domestic violence in form of physical abuse, emotional abuse, economic abuse, and psychological abuse. Eleanor also experiences domestic violence in form of emotional abuse and psychological abuse. The violence is done by Richie. He often treats the women harshly. Third, both of women struggle against it. Sabrina struggles by encouraging Eleanor. She is also smart to find an opportunity when Richie is negligent. She can spend Richie’s money on thing that he does not realize. Then, she leaves the house after Eleanor runs away. Eleanor survives by avoiding Richie because she does not want to get in trouble with him. She is also brave enough to run away from Richie’s house so that she is detached from the oppression.

xii ABSTRAK

UTAMI, ARUM SRI. Women’s Struggle against Domestic Violence Caused by Patriarchy as Seen through Eleanor and Sabrina in Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang tergambar di novel Rainbow Rowell yang berjudul Eleanor and Park. _{Novel ini} bercerita tentang seorang gadis bernama Eleanor dan keluarganya yang berantakan. Dia sering mendapat perlakuan kasar dari ayah tirinya. Sabrina, sebagai ibunya juga menjadi objek kemarahan Richie.

Ada tiga tujuan di dalam penelitian. Tujuan pertama adalah menemukan gambaran patriarki di dalam keluarga. Tujuan kedua adalah menganalisa kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami oleh para wanita. Tujuan ketiga adalah melihat perjuangan para wanita untuk melawan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.

Metode penelitian yang diganakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Penulis mengumpulkan referensi dari buku dan dokumen lainnya. Pendekatan yang diganakan adalah kritik feminis karena penulis ingin menyingkap penindasan terhadap wanita.

Seteleh menganalisa penelitian ini, hasilnya adalah: yang pertama, praktek patriarki dilakukan oleh Richie yang sebagai pembuat keputusan. Dia juga yang mengatur keluarga. Para wanita harus patuh kepadanya. Selain itu, kekuasaannya terhadap wanita juga menimbulkan kekerasan terhadap wanita. Yang kedua, para wanita mengalami kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Sabirna mengalaminya dalam bentuk kekerasan fisik, kekerasan emosional, kekerasan ekonomi, dan kekerasan psikologis. Eleanor juga mengalaminya dalam betuk kekerasan emosional dan kekerasan psikologis. Kekerasan tersebut dilakukan oleh Richie. Dia sering memperlakukan wanita dengan kasar. Yang ketiga, para wanita tersebut berjuang melawannya. Sabrina berjuang dengan menyemangati Eleanor. Dia juga cerdas untuk mendapatkan kesempatan ketika Richie lalai. Dia membelanjakan uang Richie untuk hal – hal yang dia tidak sadari. Kemudian, dia meninggalkan rumah setelah Eleanor kabur. Eleanor bertahan dengan menghindari Richie karena dia tidak ingin mendapat masalah dengannya. Dia juga cukup berani untuk kabur dari rumah Richie sehingga dia terlepas dari penindasan.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Domestic violence is a kind of abuse. Usually, it involves a spouse or partner, but a child, elderly relative, or other family member also can be the victim of the domestic violence (medlineplus.gov, 2017). Domestic violence often happens around us. Sometimes, women are being the object of the violence. Many women are oppressed because of this situation. There are many assumptions related to the women and men status in a society. It is believed that men are higher than women. Men are also believed to have authority toward women. So, the violence toward women cannot be avoided.

Sometimes, the victim of abuse is blamed unfairly because of the assumption that victims still want to stay in abusive relationship. In fact, to end the abuse is not a matter of the victim choosing to leave; it is a matter when the victims try to escape safely from their abuser. In this situation, to end the violence, the abusers consciously choose to stop their action by themselves or because of law enforcement or courts that make the abusers to be responsible for the abuse that they do (ncadv.org, 2017). Domestic violence is not a simple matter because many complicated conditions make it worse. The victim’s life often depends on the abuser. The victim cannot be independent because of the trap that the abuser uses to make it more complicated. Consequently, in order to leave the abuser, the

victim should make sure that the abuser does not disturb the victim’s life in the future.

According to Peter Barry, many literary works describe how happiness and fulfillment of a woman are determined by her marriage partner. As a marriage partner for a woman, a man also decides the social position of his wife (2009:117). Thus, men are described as leaders in the family who have a big influence to the family members. A woman’s social status is determined by his husband’s social position. Maybe, the status is not as good as she expects, but she cannot complain about it. Also, whether or not she is happy is determined by her marriage partner. In many cases, being a leader makes a man treat his wife whatever way he wants. He feels he has the right to do everything that he considers right. He has some power in driving his family.

Judith Butler says that the flaw of a universal patriarchy is criticized because the existence of the gender domination in a society (Butler, 2008:5). This idea can bring loss to a woman because she can be a target of a man to be an object of his desire. So, it makes a woman unable to get her freedom. In a patriarchal family, a man is the leader. He can do everything he wants to, including, sadly doing violence to his family members. In here, a man is the key to the happiness in a family. He is the one who is respected because he can bring a family to a true way. He is being a guardian for his family members. However, he can also become an abuser that tortures family members by doing inappropriate behavior to them, such as hitting and slapping them.

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Eleanor and Park tells about a love story between two adolescent. They are in love because they have similar taste in books, and music. The main characters are Eleanor Douglas and Park Sheridan. However, the writer’s concern is on Eleanor and her life in a chaotic family. She has a mother, Sabrina, who always obeys her step-dad. Her step-dad, Richie, always does violence toward her mother.

Eleanor is a sixteen years old girl who has a strange style that makes people stare at her. She lives in a family that is not as good as other families. In the families, she lives with her sisters and brother.

Sabrina, as a mother, yet she is abused. She takes care to all her sons and daughters. She always saves Eleanor by giving her advices and some warnings in order to make Eleanor not kicked out by her step-father.

The violence occurring in the novel can be a reflection to the real life that is happening nowadays. The writer is interested to this research because the writer wants to know how women face the reality of patriarchy which oppresses them. So, the writer can understand the way of women in facing their faith toward man’s authority in this kind of society.

B. Problem Formulation

In this study, there are three questions to lead the analysis: 1. How is the patriarchy in the family described in the novel?

2. What are the domestic violence caused by patriarchy experienced by Eleanor and her mother in the family?

C. Objectives of the Study

The aim of this research is to answer the problem formulation that is stated above. First one is to see the patriarchal family that is described in the novel. The second one is to know the domestic violence that Eleanor and her mother experience. The third one is the writer tries to see the struggle of Eleanor and her mother toward domestic violence.

D. Definition of Terms

There are some terms that need to be defined to help the writer to understand the terms well. The first term is patriarchy. It is written in Feminist Theory and Literary that “Patriarchy is a cultural (ideological) system that privileges men and all things masculine, and a political system that places power in the hands of men and thus serves male interests at the expense of women.” (Madsen, 2000; xii).

The second term is domestic violence. The term domestic violence that is used in this study is from Deborah Lockton and Richard Ward in Domestic Violence, “Domestic violence characteristically includes acts of physical and mental cruelty progressing from a slap or shove, to a punch or kick, and to the more extreme manifestations of violence, in suffocation, strangulation, attempted murder and murder” (Lockton and Ward, 1997; 7).

5 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A. Review of Related Studies

The aim of reviewing other related studies is to have some insights on the existing research on the topic. The studies are from the same work and topic. In this part, the writer is going to cite four sources that relate to this thesis.

The first study is an undergraduate thesis written by Dwiki Prenandita, who is an alumnus from Sanata Dharma University, entitled “Park’s Motivation to Help Eleanor in Her Teenage Life Struggle as Seen in Rowell’s Eleanor and Park”. This thesis analyzes the personality of Park and Eleanor to see the motivation that is able to influence the other character. The writer describes the characterizations of both characters in the novel and the change of the characterization of Eleanor. Then, she mentions the effect of Park’s motivation toward Eleanor. She states as follows:

There are two conclusions that can be drawn. The first one is how Eleanor and Park are described in the novel Eleanor & Park by Rainbow Rowell. Based on the theory of Perrine that have been explained in the previous chapter, it can be said that Eleanor is a dynamic character because her character changes at the end of the story. She turns to be more open. Meanwhile, Park is a static character because his character does not change since the beginning until the end of the story. He is an introvert, attentive, and kind-hearted person (Prenandita, 2016: 53).

The second study is an article from the New York Times entitled “Two Against the World” written by John Green who is an author of Looking for

Alaska, The Fault in Our Stars, and Paper Town. He describes that the novel has

Rainbow Rowell’s first novel for young adults is a beautiful, haunting love story — but I have seen those. It’s set in 1986, and God knows I’ve seen that. There’s bullying, sibling rivalry, salvation through music and comics, a monstrous stepparent — and I know, we’ve seen all this stuff. But you’ve never seen “Eleanor & Park.” Its observational precision and richness make for very special reading (nytimes.com, 2013).

He says that Eleanor and Park has complex theme as a novel to be read by teenager. It’s not only a love story but also a struggle from a young girl who suffers from the chaotic situation. She is bullied by her friends and she has a step-father who always harms her and her mother.

The third study is also from the New York Times entitled “Marriage Gone Sour? Go Home to Ma Bell” written by Janet Maslin who is an American journalist. She is known as a critic for film and literary for The New York Times. She talks about a novel from Rainbow Rowell entitled Landline. She states as follows:

Rainbow Rowell’s “Landline” is another novel geared to testing that premise. Ms. Rowell isn’t strictly a young-adult author. But her widely noticed young-adult works (“Eleanor & Park,”“Fangirl”) don’t differ that much in style from her nominally adult books (“Attachments” and now

“Landline”). What varies are the characters’ ages (teenage or marriageable), ways of spending their time (in high school or working full-time), cultural references (comics and MTV, or vintage bands and sitcoms) and, of course, problems (nytimes.com, 2014).

Landline, as Janet states, is an adult novel but it does not very different in the style with Eleanor and Park which is a young adult novel. However, this novel is more variety from the other novels. It has the variation in the characters’ ages, the setting, other cultural references, and the troubles.

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The forth study is from Elisabeth Rustaviani Nugraheni who is an alumnus of Sanata Dharma University. In her undergraduate thesis entitled “Women’s Struggles against the Oppression of Men in Toni Morrison’s Paradise”, the writer focuses on the same topic about women oppression by patriarchy. She states,

“This study explains about the oppression of women within a black community, they are being oppressed by their own race” (Nugraheni, 2016: 2). She also states the women and man’s position on the society in the study, “Women are inferior to men, men have more power than women, and women dependent towards men” (Nugraheni, 2016: 60).

The writer of this undergraduate thesis has different idea from the previous reviews. In this thesis, the writer wants to emphasize the effect of the patriarchy in Eleanor and Park. The writer is trying to focus on Eleanor and Sabrina in their experience on violence by a man. Meanwhile, the focus of the undergraduate thesis from Prenandita is about the effect of the motivation. She emphasizes the personality of Park that is able to change Eleanor’s personality. She also states that Eleanor is a dynamic character while Park is a static character.

In John Green’s reviews, he sees the complexity of the theme of the novel but he only states the bullying, romantic love, and an evil step-father. The writer has different focus from Green’s review. In this thesis, the writer tries to see the struggle of Eleanor as a child and Sabrina as a mother toward the chaotic family life.

A review that is from Janet Maslin helps the writer to figure out the other novel written by Rainbow Rowell. She sees the plot and the writing style of

Landline. In Eleanor and Park, the writer wants to analyze the female characters. The writer also sees the oppression that the female characters experience

Also, the undergraduate thesis from Nugraheni gives the writer enlightenment about the women oppression. She describes that the oppression is because of the patriarchy. However, in this analysis, the writer focuses on the different object. The writer focuses on Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park, while Nugraheni focuses on Toni Morrison’s Paradise.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the writer provides some theories that are related to this thesis. Those theories are used to help the writer to answer the question that is written on the pervious chapter.

1. Theory of Characterization

First of all, in this thesis the characterization of some characters should be analyzed. It is because the characterization is used to get the clues and understanding of how the patriarchy is described in the novel. Thus, the examinations of characterization can help the further analysis.

According to Rohrberger and Woods, the definition of characterization is

“the process by which an author creates a character, the devices by which he makes us believe a character is like a particular person he is” (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 20). Based on that theory, characterization is the process of making a character by the author. Then, the readers are able to identify what kind of

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person the character is. Therefore, the reader can examine the characterization of the character in the novel by the devices that are made by the author.

According to M. J. Murphy (Murphy, 1972: 161-173), there are nine ways to get the understanding of the characterization.

a. Personal description. It means that the author describe the appearance of the person.

b. Character as seen by another. It means that the character is described through other character’s opinion and eyes.

c. Speech. It is when the person is described through what the person says. d. Past life. It is when the past life of a person can be a clue which shapes the

person’s personality.

e. Conversation with others. In this part, the person is described through the conversation with other people or through what the person thinks about others. f. Reaction. The person is described by giving the reader a clue about how the

person reacts to some events or situations.

g. Direct comment. The person is described through the comments by the author directly.

h. Thoughts. It is when the reader is given a knowledge of what the person is thinking.

i. Mannerism. It is when the person is described though the person’s manner or habits that tells something to the reader.

2. Theory of Patriarchy and Women Oppression

The term ‘patriarch’ is used to refer to when the senior of the society has legal power over the others social units, such as the younger men, all women and the children. (Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004: 93).

In a general explanation, patriarchy is when a man being the head of the social environment, such as in a family or a tribe (Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004: 93). Going deeper of the meaning of patriarchy is described as follow: “Patriarchy is a cultural (ideological) system that privileges men and all things masculine, and a political system that places power in the hands of men and thus serves male interests at the expense of women.”(Madsen, 2000; xii)

The description from Walby in Pilcher and Whelehan’s book states that patriarchy is a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women (Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004: 95). Furthermore, Walby also recognizes the six structures of patriarchy namely household production, paid work, the state, male violence, sexuality, and culture (Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004:95).

Patriarchy is related to women oppression. It is because the domination of the man has impact to the woman. So the writer also explains the theory of women oppression in this section.

Stanton’s writing on marriage, maternity, and divorce recognizes the oppressed status of women as belonging to a subordinate sexual class. She also explains the separation of women as a class into a female sphere of experience that is known as the private and the domestic, whereas the men have the power

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toward the public sphere exclusively. Stanton argues that women should be independent from men. It is because individual rights are natural rights which individual brings into the world at birth. These rights are essential so that it cannot be taken away from the individual (Stanton in Madsen, 2000: 39). It means that women have right to be not dependent on the men. The right that is given to the women when they are born cannot be detached from themselves.

Stanton says that the laws make the women in the subordinate class because it denies women their full human rights. The woman is also said that she willingly accepts it. The legal oppression in marriage represents in the relation of power, of domination and control. In marriage the husband and wife become one unit, the women surrender themselves in the relation. The men that are unwilling to be equal as the women is the primary explanation of the unwillingness of the man to give the political equality to women. The married woman gives all her rights, such as the control of her body, though her husband gives up nothing. Then, she becomes unpaid domestic drudge. (Stanton in Madsen, 2000: 40).

3. Theory of Domestic Violence

The term of domestic violence has several names such as spouse abuse, domestic abuse, domestic assault, battering, partner abuse, marital strife, marital dispute, wife beating, marital discord, woman abuse, dysfunction relationship, intimate fighting, mate beating, and so on (McCue, 2008:2).

Then, the definition about domestic violence from Hubbard in McCue’s book states as follow:

A definition of domestic violence commonly accepted by legal professionals is "the emotional, physical, psychological, or sexual abuse perpetrated against a person by that person's spouse, former spouse, partner, former partner or by the other parent of a minor child. Abuse may include threats, harm, injury, harassment, control, terrorism or damage to living beings or property” (Hubbard in McCue, 2008:2).

The other definition is from an article by the United States Department of Justice Website entitled Domestic Violence which is written by Beatrice Hanson who is the director. On the website she states that domestic violence is a kind of insulting in a relationship. The doer is the person who wants to have authority to the closer partner. The doer wants to control the object of the violence (justice.gov, 2016).

4. Domestic Violence as the Effect of Patriarchy

As Kate Millet states in Elaine Showalter’s book: “Traditionally, patriarchy granted the father nearly total ownership over wife or wives and

children, including the powers of physical abuse…” (Millet in Showalter, 1971: 300). This statement shows that father has the authority toward the children and wife. He also has the power to do everything he wants, including physical abuse.

All forms of patriarchy are able to cause domestic violence, it is because many kinds of patriarchy make the husbands have full of power and authority that can lead to domestic violence (Tracy, 2007: 593). From the statement, domestic violence is stimulated by the patriarchy. The reason is because patriarchy is the authority by men. This causes men has power to do everything toward the women such as violence.

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There are five types of violence that are categorized as domestic violence according to Hanson. The types are physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, economic abuse, and psychological abuse. However, the types that are used are only four.

a. Physical Abuse

This abuse is related to the physic. This is the abuse that causes pain to the body of the victims (justice.gov, 2016).

b. Emotional Abuse

It attacks on the victims’ self-esteem. They are mocked, and given sharp comments. So, they feel that they are not respected (justice.gov, 2016).

c. Economic Abuse

It related to the financial. The doers want the victims to be dependent on them. The victims are unable to get some money by themselves because the doers block them (justice.gov, 2016).

d. Psychological Abuse

The abuser will do anything to make the victim to be afraid. The abuser wants to control victim’s psychology. It damages victim’s mental (justice.gov, 2016).

C. Theoretical Framework

There are several theories in this thesis that help to answer the problem formulations. The first is theory of characterization. It is used to know the

characterization of some characters that are analyzed in the novel. Thus, the findings of patriarchy can be seen from the characterization.

The second is theory of patriarchy. It is used to helps the writer to get the answer for the analysis about the patriarchy that occurs in the novel. By employing this theory, the practice of patriarchy in the family can be analyzed further.

The third is the theory of women oppression. It is used to see the unequal treatment toward women and find the struggle that they do to against the violence that they experience.

The fourth is theory of domestic violence. It is used to find the kinds of violence that occurs in the novel. The writer also adds the theory about the relation between domestic violence and patriarchy. It can show the root of violence which happens in the novel. So, it answers the domestic violence that the women characters experience.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

The object of this is Eleanor and Park. _{It is written by Rainbow Rowell}

and published by Orion Books in 2013. This novel is a New York Times

Bestseller. This novel consists of 329 pages. It is divided into 58 chapters.

Eleanor and Park is a story about a young girl named Eleanor. She lives with her mother, Sabrina, and her step-father, Richie. Her family is not like other ordinary families. Her step-father likes to abuse her and her mother.

The situation of the family is very messy. They live in a small-miserable house. Eleanor has to sleep with her sister and brothers. There is no more room for her siblings. The bathroom in the house does not have a door, so that Eleanor always tries to avoid the presence of the step-father because she does not feel comfortable by the step-dad’s presence.

They are also very poor. However, in this kind of atmosphere, the step-father does not encourage both of Eleanor and Sabrina when they are in difficulties. He even becomes worse for the family members. He is not like a man that can make happiness for the family members. He always blames Sabrina and sometimes Eleanor. In this kind of situation, both of them try to bear the pain.

Sabrina becomes an object for Richie to release his anger. He also curses Eleanor by throwing bad words to her and he is prejudice toward Eleanor and says

the she is a bad girl which actually is not true. Both of the women experience the violence by Richie which shows that there is something wrong with the family.

B. Approach of the Study

Literature deals with the environment and the society that the readers should understand. So, when the work is read by the reader, it should give them a perspective on the environment and the society. From the issues which appear in the novel, feminist criticism is relevant to apply in this thesis. “Broadly defined, feminist criticism examines the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforces or undermines the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women.” (Tyson, 2006: 83). Furthermore,

Indeed, feminism has often focused upon what is absent rather than what is present, reflecting concern with the silencing and marginalization of women in a patriarchal culture, a culture organized in the favor of men (Guerin, 2005: 222-223).

From the quotation above, feminism focuses on the silencing of women in a society where men dominate over women.

C. Method of the Study

The method of this thesis is library research. The writer conducted the analysis by searching for some references in some books and documents.

There were some steps to help the writer to analyze the study. The first was selecting a novel as the object of the analysis. In this thesis, Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park _{was chosen. Then, the writer read it carefully to}

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The second was focusing on the issue of patriarchy, the violence, and the struggle of the women characters. The issues were also understood well in order to gain the clear knowledge of the problems appearing in the novel.

The third was deciding the approach that was used in the analysis in order to get the deeper meaning and see the message which was delivered by using the novel. In the novel, the female characters experience violence because of the male character. Because the female character of the novel experience oppression, feminist criticism was used as an approach.

The fourth was observing the problem of patriarchy that was experienced by the female characters. In here, the theory of patriarchy was applied. Then the theory of characterization was used to get the clues and also to understand of the characters.

The fifth was observing the relation between patriarchy and domestic violence carefully. In here, the theory of the relation between patriarchy and the domestic violence were used. Thus, the writer could see that in the patriarchy, the domestic violence could occur.

The sixth was the examining results of patriarchy that made the women characters oppressed. In here, the theory of domestic violence was applied. Then, the categories of violence of each woman character were explained.

The seventh was examining two women characters that were analyzed by using the theory of women oppression. This helped the writer to analyze women’s struggle toward the domestic violence. The last was drawing the conclusion of the study. This was the result of the research from the first step until the last step.

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the answers of the problem formulations that are stated on the previous chapter are answered carefully. The first problem formulation is how the patriarchy in the family is described in the novel through the male character. The second problem formulation is the experience of domestic violence as a result of patriarchy by Eleanor and Sabrina. The third problem formulation is the struggle and the responses of Eleanor and Sabrina in facing the domestic violence that they experience. So, in this chapter the answers of the problem formulation are explained by using the theories that are stated on the second chapter.

A. The Description of Patriarchy in Eleanor and Park

There are three characters that are discussed in this thesis. The first is Eleanor. She is a person who does not like to be surrounded by many people. It can be seen when she said, ‘I hate meeting new people.’ She whispered (p.127). From her action, Eleanor likes to read in her room alone (p.26). It means that she like to be alone. The second is Sabrina. She cares to her child. It can be seen from what she says to Eleanor as follow, ‘Are you okay?’ (p. 198) and ‘You look like you’re getting cold’ (p.198). It shows that she wants to make sure that her daughter is fine. The third is Richie. He is the one who is irritable. He is easily angry on thing that he is not satisfied. It can be seen when he said, “How could you forget the fucking pumpkin on Christmas’. From the action is when he throws the rice pudding because he is angry that there is no pumpkin on the dinner (p.

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203). If something is not like what he wants he gets angry and blames Sabrina because she cannot grant his expectation.

From the theory of patriarchy mentioned above, it is known that men have power to oppress women. The patriarchy in the novel is described by seeing the relation of Richie – Sabrina and Richie - Eleanor. Their relations show how the characterization of the man can reflect patriarchy. Richie is the one who oppresses the women in the family

In the novel, there are two women who are the objects of oppression by the man. The oppression can be seen from the man’s actions which dominate the family. It can also be seen from the authority of the man over the women. He can control the women. He also has power to rule the woman. The position between the man and the woman is not equal in the family.

1. Richie and Sabrina

Family life has a lot of problems, but in the novel, the problem is started from the Sabrina’s wedding. Sabrina marries with a man who brings her to a new life condition. Richie is a man who changes Sabrina life. Their relation can be explained like this; Sabrina is the subordinate class and Richie is the superior. Sabrina is subordinate because she cannot do anything to be equal with Richie. On the other hand, Richie is the one who is higher which means he is the person that has to be the primary. As Sabrina states, “I like to have everything settled before Richie comes home” (p. 19). In the novel it is also stated, “Her mom was distracted. Richie was late, and his steak was drying out in the oven. If she took it out, he’d be pissed that it was cold. But if she left it in, he’d be pissed that it was

tough.” (p. 122). The other case when Richie is in bad mood, Sabrina tries to serve Richie and calm him, as in the novel stated, “Her mom was walking around the house in nervous circle, offering Richie lemonade and sandwiches and aspirin. Eleanor hated it when her mom acted like that. Relentlessly submissive.” (p. 155). He is treated by the women exclusively. It proves that Sabrina makes sure that everything is fine. As a subordinate class, she carefully manages the situation and condition to make Richie calm. Richie wants everything to be perfect. Thus, Sabrina tries to make everything perfect. She does not want Richie feel disappointed.

Patriarchy is known when a man became the head in an environment such as a family (Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004: 93). It can be seen when Eleanor asked her mother if she wants to go to her father’s house.

Her mom sighed. ‘Fine. I’ll talk to Richie.’

‘No. Don’t talk to Richie. He’ll just say no. And, anyway, he can’t tell me that I can’t see my father.’

‘Richie is the head of this household,’ her mom said. ‘Richie is the one who puts food on our table.’ (p. 89).

It shows that Sabrina thinks that her husband is the head of the household, she has to obey the rule and grant Richie’s wish. Richie is the decision maker in the house. Sabrina thinks if everything should be asked to Richard whether it is allowed or not. This part shows that Richie is the center of the family because everything should be agreed by him. Whereas, Sabrina also has a choice, but it cannot be applied if her husband does not agree.

When Eleanor comes back to the home, Sabrina should tell to Richie. She said, “I told him that you were ready to be part of this family” (p. 12). Eleanor is

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expelled by Richie for a year. It happens when she types on typewriter. It makes noisy sound. Richie does not like to hear it because he is not in a good mood. He tells to Sabrina to stop Eleanor from typing. However, Eleanor does not want to stop it because she enjoys it. Then, Richie comes to her and shouts to her. He is really angry on Eleanor and says rude words such as, fuck, fat, and bitch. Those words hurt Eleanor. She also says that he hates him. After that, she is kicked out by Richie. She lives with Hickman’s family which is her mother’s friend (p. 155 – 158). Then, she comes back, but Sabrina asks to Richie if Eleanor is ready.

The case shows that everything should be asked to Richie. Sabrina should report to Richie that Eleanor will be the part of the family again. Though Eleanor is already included as a part of the family, because she was expelled, Sabrina has to tell Richie. Therefore, in this case it can be said that Richie as the man is the one who controls the choice in the family.

The action of patriarchy can be seen when the man is the one who makes decision. While the women cannot do anything if the man does not agree. The woman has no right to choose her own decision. The man has authority to control the family members. He has the right to decide everything in the house. He also the one that should be respected. As the person who must be respected, every choice in the family should be reported first to him. Therefore, the woman’s role is not important as the man’s. However, the man’s role is dominant which means that he decides everything. The domination of the man among the women shows that the practice of patriarchy occurs in the family. It means that the position of the man is higher than the women. The action of respecting and reporting of the

thing in the family proves that the man’s position is very important. It is because he is the one who has the power to decide, to chose, and to agree the thing that the women do.

In a nutshell, Richie’s treatment to Sabrina shows that he exploits her freedom. As an object of Richie’s anger, Sabrina is like a bird inside the cage. She has to fulfill Richie’s request. She also has to obey Richie, even though she, herself can make a decision whether it is good or not for them. The man also has an authority over the woman because he is superior that determines everything. As an oppressed woman, she is exploited mentally by the way Richie treats her like the situation mentioned above.

2. Richie and Eleanor

Eleanor’s life changes a lot when Richie becomes her step-father. In her teenage age, she receives unpleasant treatment from her step-father. Eleanor is not an object of Richie’s anger, but her freedom is exploited by her step-father. Their relation can be explained like this: Eleanor is the one who has to obey Richie, and Richie is the rule maker or decision maker. It is because Richie is the one who rules her and Eleanor cannot do anything if it is not allowed by Richie.

One day, it happens when Eleanor wants to go to her father’s house. She asks her mother if she wants to go there, but her mother should talk to Richie about her wish. Sabrina makes sure that Eleanor is allowed or not. Eleanor said to her mother, ‘No don’t talk to Richie. He’ll just say no. And, anyway, he can’t tell me that I can’t see my father’ (p. 89). The statement shows that Eleanor really worries if she is not allowed to see her father. In this case, the practice of

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patriarchy is shown when Eleanor has no right to go to her father’s house. The fears that she feels is because she doubts if she cannot go to her father’s house because Richie does not like if she goes there.

The role of a man in this relation is very strong. As a center, he can make a choice which has impact to the woman. Whether the woman does the thing or not depends on the man’s decision. He has the power to rule the woman. Then, the woman has no choice to do it. She has to obey the man.

The other case is when Eleanor’s uncle sends a letter about a camp program for talented high school students from his university, Richie shouts that he does not agree, “You can’t send her up to Minnesota by herself.”(p. 189). He said no, and then the she should agree with his decision. It proves that the woman has no power to choose her own choice. She is forbidden by the man. Then she cannot do anything.

Eleanor and Richie get different treatment in the house. As a woman, she gets different menu with Richie. It can be seen from the statement in the novel.

She even made him a totally different dinner. The kids would get grilled cheese, and Richie would get steak. Eleanor wasn’t complaining about the grilled cheese either – it was a nice break from bean soup, and bean rice, and huevos y frijoles . . . (p. 26)

Even though it is only a simple matter, it shows that the woman has no equality with the man. She just receives something that is not as expensive as the man has. The difference proves that a man dominates the woman even in a dining table. The domination of the man is not only in a decision but also in the food choice that is served. The menu of the foods between them shows the superiority of the position of woman and man.

Eleanor also gets the food that Richie does not like. “And her mom gave her a fried egg sandwich that Richie hadn’t wanted, and pinned an old, chipped glass flower to Eleanor’s jacket.” (p. 161). The quotation indicates that Eleanor does not get food that is deliberately for her. She gets the food that is for Richie instead. It means that the women can have what the man does not like. However, the man does not get what the woman does not like. She only gets man’s leftover. Richie gets food that should be fresh from the oven. He is served food that is not a leftover from the woman.

The inequality between the woman and the man proves that patriarchy occurs. The choice of for food shows that the place of the man is higher than the woman. The man gets steak. It is known that it more expensive than what Eleanor gets. The food that the man gets gives an example that the difference happens in a small aspect in the family. Even the food is different. The woman and the man have discrimination in a form of food choice. The discrimination determines that the inequality between them. The menu gives a depiction that the woman and the man are different in a matter of food service. As a subordinate class, the woman cannot get what the man gets. The woman also cannot get fresh food. She gets the man’s leftover instead while the man can get the fresh food. The matter of food shows the place of the man. He is the superior over the woman. It can be said that he also gets the better thing while the woman cannot.

It can be concluded that patriarchy occurs between Eleanor and Richie. It can be seen when Richie is the one who makes the decision. Eleanor as the woman should obey the decision that Richie makes. Eleanor has no freedom to

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choose what she wants to do. Her life is limited by Richie. She also has no right to have a friend because Richie controls her. In the house, Eleanor and Richie don’t have same treatment. It can be seen when they are in dining table. Richie has better food than Eleanor. However, the woman does not get what the man get. The difference also occurs in the food choice. Besides, the man has power over the women. He can do many things rather than the woman.

B. Domestic Violence Experienced by Eleanor and Sabrina

In this section, the writer tries to find the domestic violence that Eleanor and Sabrina experience. From the theory above domestic violence is known when there is an abusive behavior in a relationship. The doer misuses his authority to control the object of violence.

First of all, the writer sees the relation between patriarchy and domestic violence in the novel. From the theory stated above, patriarchy makes the man has full authority toward the wife and the children. He can do anything to them. So, the patriarchy that is shown from the man’s action in the previous section is seen how the patriarchy and domestic violence can be related.

Patriarchy makes a man has authority over the women including the power of doing physical abusive (Millet in Showalter, 1971: 300). From the previous section, the patriarchy can be seen when Richie is the head of the family. He is also the decision maker which means that everything must be asked of him whether it is allowed or not. The women also experience the domestic violence in the patriarchy. When the man can do something that he wants, it can affect the

woman because the woman is subordinate. It means that she has no power to face the man. While the man can harm her no matter she feels the pain or not.

The authority that Richie has can cause domestic violence. It is because he dominates over the women. He is the one who is obeyed. From the previous section, the women obey him. They have no right to choose and to be free. They should grant what Richie wants. He also can injure the women in order to make them more obedient to him. It can be seen from the women’s violence experience.

Therefore, the writer tries to find some violence that occurs in the family which the man dominates. The violence that is occurred in the novel is done by the man. So, the writer sees some categories of violence that indicates domestic violence.

1. Sabrina’s Domestic Violence Experience

Sabrina is the closest to Richie. She experiences the rude treatment that is done by Richie. So, there are some kinds of domestic violence that Sabrina experiences.

a. Physical Abuse

This abuse is when the victim’s body is injured (justice.gov, 2016). It can be seen when Eleanor sees the bruise on her wrist. “Eleanor had pretended not to notice the bruises on her mom’s wrist (p.26).” In the novel the incident when Sabrina’s wrist is bruised is not described in the novel. Even though the novel does not explain the event when Richie causes the bruise, it can be concluded that it is from him. The writer sees that it is because the one who is close to Sabrina is

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Richie. He can do anything he wants to her. This case is strengthened when Sabrina and Richie are in fight.

In the night, Eleanor hears the sound of shouting and crying. “Underneath the shouting, her mother was crying. She sounded like she’d been crying for a long time – she must be completely out of her head if she was letting them hear her cry like that.”(p. 48). Those sounds wake the children. All the children are afraid of the tragedy. Even Mouse pees on Eleanor’s lap.

When in fight, the mother often cries. Richie yells at her for some reason that is not explained in the novel. Richie is easily angry at her whenever he is not satisfied with Sabrina. “Their mother shrieked, two rooms away, and they all five jumped together” (p. 48). Sabrina does not say any words to defend herself. She just accepts what Richie does to her.

Eleanor gets out of her room and sees the situations around after the shouting last night. She feels relief because her mother is alive. Her mother cooks breakfast for Richie. However, she notices the bruise on her mother’s face. “You couldn’t not notice the bruise on the side of her face” (p. 49). Eleanor pretends not to see the bruise. After the incident, Eleanor and Sabrina seems worry with the Mouse’s pee on the Eleanor’s clothes. So that, they tries to hide Mouse’s mistake because they are scared that Richie will be angry and rampages.

The bruise on the side of Sabrina’s face can be seen after the fight. Sabrina is an object of Richie’s anger. As the object of oppression, she often gets the bad treatment from the man.

Those cases prove that Sabrina experiences the domestic violence in the form of physical abuse. She gets those harsh treatments from Richie. As a woman, she is oppressed and tortured in such way by Richie. The torturing has the impact on the victim’s body. It damages the victim. It can be seen when the bruises appear on the victim’s body. The victim also responds by crying and shrieking. Therefore, the victim has marks of abuse. It can be said that Sabrina receives the violence in a form of physical abuse from Richie.

b. Emotional Abuse

This abuse is when the victim experiences the violence in an activity that makes the victim feels not respected. It can be in a form of mocking and giving sharp comments which makes the victim is not appreciated (justice.gov, 2016). When Sabrina serves the Christmas dinner for Richie, he is unsatisfied with the dessert because it is not like what he expects. He gives complaints to Sabrina that she cannot cook well and she cannot provide good service to him. As he states,

“What the fuck is this?’, ‘Where is the pumpkin pie Sabrina?’ He shouted into the kitchen.”(p. 203). He wants pumpkin pie, but Sabrina does not cook it. (p. 203). Richie gives sharp comments on the food that Sabrina makes. It is because he does not like the dessert. He expects to have pumpkin pie.

The case reveals that the victim is not respected well. She is given sharp comments on what she cooks and serves. She cannot grant the man’s expectation. The violence in form of words is categorized as domestic violence that is called emotional abuse. It is because the victim gets bad statement by the abuser. Then

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she feels that she is useless. The abuser makes the victim guilty on herself so that he can have authority to blame on her.

c. Economic Abuse

The purpose of this abuse is to make the victim’s life rely on the abuser. It is when the victim cannot have the right to get some money by herself (justice.gov, 2016). Sabrina is a housewife which means she is unable to get some money. She said, “Richie is the one who puts food on our table” (p. 89). It shows that Sabrina’s life depends on Richie. It happens because Richie gives the family food.

Sabrina feels that Richie is an important person in order to support the family life. He is the one who feeds the family. Richie is also the one who fulfill the family’s needs.

Richie only gives Sabrina money when he wants something. As a woman who does not work, she is also given limited money. Richie does not give all the money to be spent the domestic fulfill. He rather wastes the money to drink alcohol and go to bar (p. 141). It can be seen when Eleanor does not have toothbrush (p. 54). She often wears a ripped jean that is pinned with scraps of silk and velvet (p. 78). Sabrina also cannot give delicious food to her children. However, Richie still can get delicious food. He has the money so that he can easily ask Sabrina to buy everything he wants. Whereas, the children cannot get what he get because the money that is spent for the family is bound by him.

The purpose of this abuse to make Sabrina cannot stand on her own foot. The money that is limited by Richie makes Sabrina to be dependent on him. It can

be a trick to make Sabrina more obeys him. It means that she always rely her life on Richie. Richie limits the money because he wants Sabrina to depend her life to him. She has no right to manage all the money in the family. The dependency makes him do whatever he wants to Sabrina. The abuser can control the victim to be more obedient to him.

It can be concluded that the victim depends her life on the abuser. When she cannot get the food by herself, she feels that the abuser is the life saver. The dependency indicates that the abuser can make the victim powerless. The victim also feels that she has to obey when the abuser commands her.

d. Psychological Abuse

The abuser tries to make the victim scarred of him. Therefore, the abuser can take control the victim’s psychology. The victim feels that her life is intimidated so that the victim is powerless over the abuser (justice.gov, 2016). It can be seen on the Christmas dinner, he gets angry on the menu deserved is not like what he wants. On the previous category, Richie is angry and gives sharp comments on Sabrina’s cook. However in this category, Richie tries to scare Sabrina by doing harsh action on her.

When she cooks rice pudding as the dessert, Richie does not like it. Then Eleanor thought, “It’s a traditional Danish Christmas dessert, Eleanor thought. My grandmother made it, and her grandmother made it, and it’s better that pumpkin pie. It’s special.” (p.203). It is known that Sabrina purposefully makes the dessert like that because it is her family tradition. However, Sabrina does not tell the reason why she makes it. It is because she is afraid of Richie. She pretends to tell

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that she forgets to buy the pumpkin. Then Richie is mad at her. The following quotation shows that Sabrina does not explain that it is a traditional Danish Christmas dessert.

‘It’s . . . just that I forgot to buy pumpkin,’ her mother said

‘How could you forget the fucking pumpkin on Christmas,’ Richie said, hurling the stainless-steel bowl of rice pudding. It hit the wall near her mother and sprayed weepy chunks everywhere (p. 203).

The quotation proves that Sabrina tries to make Richie not angrier. She hides the reason why she makes the dessert like that. She knows when she tells the reason, she and Richie will fight and the situation more complicated. After that, Richie gets out of the house and buys some pumpkin. Inside the house, Sabrina just cleans the rice pudding.

What Richie does to Sabrina is excessive and very rude. It can hurt the victim’s mental. From the case above, Sabrina cannot defend herself. The victim is subservient which means that she just receives it.

The writer sees that there is no freedom for Sabrina to deliver the reason why she makes the dessert. It shows that a woman does not have a right to do that because she knows the result when she delivers the reason. She chooses to be silent in order to save the situation. She is always blamed when Richie’s wish is not granted. She is always wrong.

From the situation mentioned before, it can be seen that Richie is easily angry to Sabrina. He always shouts to Sabrina. Sabrina is the object of Richie’s anger. It also shows that a woman is oppressed by a man. She keeps herself not arguing with the man. However, the man can do everything he wants to the woman. It can be seen from the quotation below.

When it was worse than bedsprings, when it was shouting or crying, they’d huddle together, all five of them, on Eleanor’s bed.

Maisie sat at Eleanor’s right hand then. When Mouse cried, when Ben’s face went blank and dreamy, Maisie and Eleanor would lock eyes (p. 27). He shouts to Sabrina until the children hear it and they all scared. Richie’s anger to Sabrina disturbs the children. They worry about the situation. It is like Richie does not care whether the children disturbed or not. It shows when he gets angry, he will not think whether the children know it or not.

Eleanor also explains why Sabrina is very obedient to Richie. She said, ‘I don’t know, never. This is one of those things that don’t make sense. My mom doesn’t want to do anything that could possibly irritate my stepfather. And my

stepfather gets off on being mean…’ (p. 115). That quotation proves that Sabrina always acts carefully. She keeps her behaviors in order to make Richie calm. She does not want Richie to rampage. She is afraid of Richie because Richie easily gets angry on things.

Those cases prove that the violence can inflict the fear to the victim. The victim cannot do something that invites the abuser’s anger. She is afraid of the abuser so that she just receives the contumely by the abuser. The victim’s fear that occurs by the abuser makes him to have power to control the victim.

From Eleanor and Park conversation, they talk about how Sabrina and Richie’s relationship goes.

‘He hates everybody, I think.’

‘Not your mom.’ Especially to her.’

‘Is he mean to her?’

Eleanor rolled her eyes and wiped her cheek with her sweater sleeve. ‘Uh. Yeah.’ (p. 201)

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The quotation above shows that Sabrina is hated by Richie. He is mean to Sabrina. He often does something evil to Sabrina. Eleanor thinks that Richie hates Sabrina. It is because what Richie does not treat Sabrina gently. He treats Sabrina badly instead. Because of the bad treatment, it makes Eleanor thinks that Richie does not like Sabrina so much.

‘Park took her hands again. ‘Why doesn’t she leave?’ She shook her head.

‘I don’t think she can . . . I don’t think there’s enough of her left.’ (p. 201). It is not easy to get out of the chaotic family. Eleanor thinks it is almost impossible to run away from Richie. It is not safe if Sabrina gets out of the relation with Richie. It is because she is not brave enough. ‘Is she scared of him? He asked. Then Eleanor said, ‘Yeah . . .’ (p. 201). Sabrina does not bravery to face Richie. She cannot escape easily from the chaos of the family. Richie is already successful to make Sabrina feels scared of him. Besides, the goal of this abuse is to make the victim afraid so that the abuser can take the control to do what he wants to do. As an abuser, he can intimidate or make the victim wary.

Thus, the goals this of abuse is clear that it can make the victim afraid of the abuser. The abuser has ability to have power over the victim. He can do injury to the victim in order to make her feel powerless. Besides, emotional abuse is affected by the crude action of the abuser. When the abuser throws the food that the victim makes is a kind of activity that hurts the victim’s feeling. He also curses the victim that she cannot grant his wish. He also thinks that the victim is worthless. Therefore, the abusive action by Richie has impact to the victim’s mental. She is powerless and helpless in front of the abuser. So, the abuser

dominates to take the control of frightening the victim. It is used to make the victim grants his wish.

2. Eleanor’s Domestic Violence Experience

In this part, Eleanor experiences the violence that categorized as domestic violence. The violence is done by her stepfather. There are some categories of domestic violence that is explained.

a. Emotional Abuse

This abuse when the victim is not appreciated by the abuser. It can be in form of mocking and giving sharp comments at her. It attacks on the victim’s self esteem (justice.gov, 2016). Eleanor often receives this treatment from Richie. As a stepchild, she is always mocked by Richie. Richie who is easily angry says bad words to Eleanor. It can be seen from the quotation “I know what you’re up to,’ he said, raising his voice, just as the door closed. ‘Nothing but a bitch in heat.’ (p. 68). The quotation shows that Richie says bad word to Eleanor. The word inflicts a feeling of unappreciated to the victim.

The victim is not respected. She is abused by the rude words that the abuser says. The rude words that are expressed by the abuser affected the victim’s self - esteem. She is not considered as precious. The abuser attacks the victim by mocking her. Therefore, there is no appreciation to the victim’s self – esteem.

On the other case, when Eleanor types song lyrics, Richie is mad at her. The sound of type writer disturbs Richie. “Eleanor was too shocked to make out what he was shouting at her. FAT and FUCK and BITCH.” (p. 156). Those words

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should not be said to Eleanor. However, because of Richie is angry at her, he mocks her by the rude words. Richie often says bad words when he is angry.

Richie repeats those words to Eleanor, ‘FAT and BITCH and BEGGING

FOR IT, JUST FUCKING BEGGING FOR IT.’ (p. 156). It is because he is mad

at Eleanor. However, Eleanor responds those words, ‘I hate you,’ Eleanor said louder. ‘I hate you, I hate you, I hate you.’ Eleanor also said, ‘Fuck you.’(p.156). Then, Richie gets angrier on Eleanor. He repeats again the rude word ‘STUPID BITCHES.’(p. 156). Eleanor is too afraid of Richie so that she runs away from the house. Form that incident, Eleanor is kicked out for one year by Richie.

Those words make Eleanor’s self – esteem is not valuable. Richie also repeats the rude words for many times. The taboo words show that Eleanor is mocked harshly by Richie. He considers that Eleanor is dishonorable. Besides, he also attacks Eleanor by saying the shape of Eleanor’s body. He also raises his voice. He says the rude words with shouting to Eleanor. Richie snaps Eleanor which affects toward Eleanor’s mental.

Those things make the victim feels that she is not appreciated and treated as a useless child. The mockery also makes the victim feels be subordinated. By those words, the victim’s self – esteem is not respected. The victim is underestimated by the abuser. Because of that, the victim feels that her self – esteem is not precious.

The experience when Eleanor is not appreciated is a cause of Richie’s utterance. As a teenager, she absorbs something in her environment. From the statement in the novel, ‘Before Richie moved in, Eleanor only knew that word

from books and bathroom walls. Fucking woman. Fucking kids. Fuck you, you little bitch – who the fuck touched my stereo?’ (p. 155). The quotation means that before knowing Richie, Eleanor only sees those words in the bathroom walls and some books. However, when she lives with Richie, she can recognize those words from Richie. She becomes more familiar with some rude words. It shows that Richie influences Eleanor to those kinds of words. Richie frequently says the harsh words so that Eleanor is used to it.

Richie is too often saying the harsh words toward Eleanor and in front of Eleanor so that Eleanor identifies those words from Richie. ‘It was bad enough that, thanks to Richie’s influence, she went around mentally calling everyone she met a ‘motherfucker’.’ (p. 53). It show that how bad Richie’s impact to Eleanor. She is a teenager that has bad habit to call everyone she meets in that term.

Those cases prove that how often Richie says harsh words to Eleanor. A teenager is used to those bad words because of the stepfather’s effect. Richie influences something bad to his stepchild. Besides, those harsh words that Eleanor hears make her to call everyone ‘motherfucker’. Richie makes Eleanor does something bad and understands the harsh words.

It can be concluded that the abuser often mocks at the victim by saying cruel words. He also often attacks the victim by saying that the victim is not precious. Besides, because of the abuser too often saying those words, the victim becomes more familiar with that. Thus, the victim which is still a teenager is used to call somebody else ‘motherfucker’.

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In this abuse, the victim gets the violence in a form of harsh words. Those harsh words attack on the victim’s self – esteem. Her self – esteem is not respected by the abuser. Besides, the abuser also raises his voice when he says the harsh words. He snaps and says that the victim is a bad girl. He also makes the victim feels that she is not precious to him. This kind of violence indicates that the victim receives the domestic violence in the category of emotional abuse.

b. Psychological Abuse

This abuse is when the abuser does everything to make the victim scared of him. He wants to take control over the victim’s psychology by intimidating or doing something to damage victim’s mental (justice.gov, 2016). Eleanor also experiences this abuse by Richie who always tries to make Eleanor scares of him.

It can be seen when the night when Eleanor hears the back door slam open. She also hears the gun shots. Even though she never hears it directly, she is sure that it is gun shots. She thinks that there is something wrong in the house. Therefore, she calls the police to make sure whether she really needs a help or not. She wants to save the family. When the police come to the house, Richie gets angry instead (p. 149 - 152). Then he shouts and says to Eleanor, ‘Are you trying to get rid of me?’ he shouted. ‘Did you think you could get rid of me?’ (p. 152) Richie thinks that Eleanor wants to make Richie does not live with them anymore. Eleanor is frightened to what happen in the night. She thinks that she saves the family.

In the other hand, Sabrina tries to calm Richie. She said, ‘It was a mistake.’ Her mother said gently. ‘She was trying to help.’ Sabrina protects

Richie from his anger. But then, he still rampages to Eleanor. He is also mad at Sabrina. “And then he shouting, ‘I can get rid of all you.’ He slammed the door behind him.” (p. 153)

The incident above shows that Eleanor gets cruel treatment from Richie. Richie tries to make Eleanor powerless in front of him. He snaps her and makes her afraid of him. Even though Eleanor thinks that she wants to save the family, Richie does not like it. He intimidates Eleanor instead by shouting to Eleanor. She is very shocked to Richie’s anger.

In this case, the abuser tries to weaken the victim by shouting and threatening. The abuser threatens that he gets rid of her. The abuser makes the victim to be afraid and has no bravery to face him. Therefore, the victim does not have power. She also cannot do something to defense herself. However, the abuser still can do something that can injure the victim’s mental.

Besides, Eleanor thinks that Richie is an evil person because he acts violence behavior toward her. She even supposes that her stepfather wants to kill her. ‘Because my stepdad would kill me.’ (p. 111). The abusive treatment and the threatening that he does to Eleanor influence her point of view toward him. She only sees the bad side of Richie. When Park asked, ‘Why does he care?’ (p. 111). She rather says, ‘He doesn’t care. He just wants to kill me.’ (p. 111).

Eleanor’s thought about Richie shows how cruel Richie’s treatment toward her. She is often oppressed by him in order to restrain her so that she cannot do what she wants to do. Richie who easily gets angry is often to make

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Eleanor is terrified. Therefore, her presumption about Richie shows that she gets the harsh treatment from him.

Eleanor gets panic when her sister, Maissie and her brother, Ben know that she has a boyfriend. She worries if they tell to Richie about this. Eleanor does not want get in trouble when Richie knows it. She realizes the bad punishment that Richie will do. “He’ll make me leave, you know.’ Eleanor said fiercely. ‘If I’m lucky, that’s the worst that’ll happen.” (p. 232). The quotation explains that she assumes he can do cruelty to her. She tells to her siblings that he can do something worse than kicking her out.

From the previous section, when she gets in trouble with Richie she is kicked out. Therefore, in this case, she assumes of she is in a trouble with him, she can be kicked out again. She is afraid of Richie because he has the authority to punish her. The fear shows that the victim has no power to defense herself. Besides, the abuser can do something that makes the victim’s mental worse.

The oppression by threatening toward Eleanor proves that she receives the domestic violence in a form of psychological abuse. The purpose of this abuse is to make the victim afraid of the abuser. It can be seen from some cases that Eleanor gets the harsh treatment from Richie. She is oppressed and scared of Richie. The victim is snapped when she tries to save the house even though it is a mistake. She is also fear when her siblings know she has a boyfriend. She has an assumption that she will be kicked out. She has trauma of her past. It is because she experiences when Richie kicks her out. Those fears indicate that the victim experience the domestic violence in a form of psychological abuse.

C. The Struggle of Sabrina and Eleanor

In this section, the writer tries to explain and show how the women struggle against the domestic violence. The writer also shows how they face the man that oppresses and does the domestic violence to them. They are the women who oppressed and experience the violence.

1. Sabrina’s Struggle

In the middle of the chaotic, she struggles to hold out the problem that occurs in the family. The woman tries to receive what the man does to her. Besides, she also keeps the man in order to make him get calm and not angrier. Sabrina is the woman who often gets the violence from Richie. From the previous section, she experiences domestic violence that hurts her.

a. Being Smart

A woman should be able to bear the pain even though she is always abused and blamed by the man. She becomes the independent person even though the husband is in her side. A husband who is in her side is not always able to give happiness for the wife.

In this family case, the man cannot give support to make the woman happier. From the previous section, he rather gives something bad to the woman. He treats the woman harshly. The woman is injured. Therefore, as a woman who is injured by the man, she should be able to stand on her own foot. She should be able to survive in the middle of chaotic family.

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Sabrina is a woman who can hold the pain when she is abused by Richie. From the previous section, she always does not do something to defense herself. She receives it as it is. When she is blamed because she cooks the dinner that is not like what Richie wants, she only tells a lie and makes Richie to not angrier. She does not give justification.

As a woman who does not work, Sabrina can handle the money in an unpredictable situation. She is a kind of genius to find the money. It happens when she washes Richie’s pants. “I found money when I was doing laundry.’ Her mom said. Which meant that Richie had accidently left money in his pants.” (p. 141). From the quotation, it shows that she can look for some money when Richie is neglectful.

She knows how to spend it so that she can hide it. “Whenever her mom found money, she tried to spend it on things Richie would never notice. Clothes for Eleanor. New underwear for Ben. Cans of tuna fish and bags of flour. Things that could be hidden in drawers and cupboards.”(p. 141). She is also smart in spending the money. The money that is not realized by Richie is spent to something that is more precious to her kids. She knows that Richie’s negligence makes her get the benefit that can make her children happy. Besides, she also can think whether it can be discovered or not. It happens because she recognizes Richie. It proves that Sabrina can observe the thing that Richie realizes and the thing Richie does not realize.

She also can get the benefit when she is oppressed. “Her mom had become some sort of genius double agent since she hooked with Richie. It was like she

From Sabrina’s part, there are four categories of domestic violence that she experiences. The first is physical abuse. It can be seen when she has bruises on her hands. In the morning after the fight with Richie, the bruise appears on the side of her face. The second is emotional abuse. She is not respected by Richie. When she cooks rice pudding as the dessert, Richie does not like so that he throws it. The victim is not appreciated. The third is economic abuse. It is when Sabrina cannot get some money by herself. Her life depends on Richie. The dependency shows that the abuser can make the victim does not have power. The fourth is psychological abuse. Sabrina scares of Richie shows that she experiences this abuse. Richie often gets angry on Sabrina. He always blames her. It means that he wants to control the victim so that she obeys him.

On the other hand, from Eleanor’s part, there are two categories of domestic violence that she experiences. The first is emotional abuse. It can be seen when Richie gets mad at Eleanor. He mocks at her. He often says bad words to her such as, fat, fuck, and stupid. The words hurt her feeling. It also makes her used to the bad words and become familiar with that. The second is psychological abuse. It is when Richie snaps Eleanor in the night when she tries to save the house. He is angry at her and threatens her. Eleanor scares of him because she has a trauma of being kicked out.

When the women oppressed, they try to struggle against the domestic violence. From the previous part, they experience the domestic violence from the man. There are two women who struggle against it. The first is Sabrina. She tries to bear the pain. She also encourages Eleanor. Besides, she is smart because when

Richie left the money, she can spend the money on things that he does not realize. In the end of the story, she leaves Richie because Eleanor runs away from the house. The second is Eleanor. She survives by avoiding Richie. She does not want to get in trouble with him. When Richie knows she has a boyfriend, he gets mad and rummages Eleanor’s stuffs. She is brave enough to run away from the house. With the help of Park, she goes to her uncle house. Eleanor struggles by running away from the house so that she can be detached from the oppression.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ABSTRACT

UTAMI, ARUM SRI. Women’s Struggle against Domestic Violence Caused by Patriarchy as Seen through Eleanor and Sabrina in Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.

This study focuses on the domestic violence as described in Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park. The novel tells about a girl named Eleanor and her chaotic family. She often gets harsh treatment from her step dad. Sabrina, as Eleanor’s mother, also becomes an object of Richie’s madness.

This study has three objectives. The first is to find out the description of patriarchy in the family. The second is to analyze the domestic violence that the women experience. The third is to see the struggle of the women against the domestic violence.

The method that is used in this study is library research. The writer collects some references in some books and other documents. The approach is feminist criticism. It is because the writer wants to reveal the women oppression.

After analyzing the study, the results are: first, the practice of patriarchy is done by Richie when he is the decision maker. He is also the one who rules the family. The women also have to obey him. Besides, his authority causes violence in toward the women. Second, the women experience domestic violence. Sabrina experiences domestic violence in form of physical abuse, emotional abuse, economic abuse, and psychological abuse. Eleanor also experiences domestic violence in form of emotional abuse and psychological abuse. The violence is done by Richie. He often treats the women harshly. Third, both of women struggle against it. Sabrina struggles by encouraging Eleanor. She is also smart to find an opportunity when Richie is negligent. She can spend Richie’s money on thing that he does not realize. Then, she leaves the house after Eleanor runs away. Eleanor survives by avoiding Richie because she does not want to get in trouble with him. She is also brave enough to run away from Richie’s house so that she is detached from the oppression.

ABSTRAK

UTAMI, ARUM SRI. Women’s Struggle against Domestic Violence Caused by Patriarchy as Seen through Eleanor and Sabrina in Rainbow Rowell’s Eleanor and Park. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang tergambar di novel Rainbow Rowell yang berjudul Eleanor and Park. Novel ini bercerita tentang seorang gadis bernama Eleanor dan keluarganya yang berantakan. Dia sering mendapat perlakuan kasar dari ayah tirinya. Sabrina, sebagai ibunya juga menjadi objek kemarahan Richie.

Ada tiga tujuan di dalam penelitian. Tujuan pertama adalah menemukan gambaran patriarki di dalam keluarga. Tujuan kedua adalah menganalisa kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami oleh para wanita. Tujuan ketiga adalah melihat perjuangan para wanita untuk melawan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga.

Metode penelitian yang diganakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Penulis mengumpulkan referensi dari buku dan dokumen lainnya. Pendekatan yang diganakan adalah kritik feminis karena penulis ingin menyingkap penindasan terhadap wanita.

Seteleh menganalisa penelitian ini, hasilnya adalah: yang pertama, praktek patriarki dilakukan oleh Richie yang sebagai pembuat keputusan. Dia juga yang mengatur keluarga. Para wanita harus patuh kepadanya. Selain itu, kekuasaannya terhadap wanita juga menimbulkan kekerasan terhadap wanita. Yang kedua, para wanita mengalami kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Sabirna mengalaminya dalam bentuk kekerasan fisik, kekerasan emosional, kekerasan ekonomi, dan kekerasan psikologis. Eleanor juga mengalaminya dalam betuk kekerasan emosional dan kekerasan psikologis. Kekerasan tersebut dilakukan oleh Richie. Dia sering memperlakukan wanita dengan kasar. Yang ketiga, para wanita tersebut berjuang melawannya. Sabrina berjuang dengan menyemangati Eleanor. Dia juga cerdas untuk mendapatkan kesempatan ketika Richie lalai. Dia membelanjakan uang Richie untuk hal – hal yang dia tidak sadari. Kemudian, dia meninggalkan rumah setelah Eleanor kabur. Eleanor bertahan dengan menghindari Richie karena dia tidak ingin mendapat masalah dengannya. Dia juga cukup berani untuk kabur dari rumah Richie sehingga dia terlepas dari penindasan.