Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made By Blending Type I Portland Cement and Pozzolan.
Table of contents
Periodical:
Applied Mechanics and Materials
Volume: 776 (2015)
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Papers published in this volume:
Preface
Sustainable Development of Concrete Using GGBS: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the
Strength Development of Concrete
Gidion Turu'allo
p.3
Properties of Sand Sheet Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Waste Plastic
I. Nyoman Arya Thanaya, I. Gusti Raka Purbanto, I.G. Wikarga
p.9
Asphalt Pavement Temperature Profile for Tropical Climate in Indonesia
I. Made Agus Ariawan, B.S. Subagio, B.H. Setiadji
p.17
The Development of Slurry Seal Design with Ordinary Portland Cement Replacement by
Low Calcium Fly Ash
Ary Setyawan, D. Sarwono, M.S. Adnan
p.24
The Structural Properties Assessment of Thin Hot Mixture Asphalt for Pavement
Preservation
Ary Setyawan, Abdul Hakim Mustafa Elshawesh, Sholihin As'ad
p.30
Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made by Blending Type I Portland Cement and
Pozzolan
I. Made Alit Karyawan Salain
p.36
Laboratory Tests on Failure of Retaining Walls Caused by Sinusoidal Load
Anissa Maria Hidayati, R.W. Sri Prabandiyani, I. Wayan Redana
p.41
Deformation Behavior of Concrete due to the Influence of the Steel Ring Width Variations
as the External Confinement
Endah Safitri, Iswandi Imran, Nuroji, Sholihin Asa'ad
p.47
Evaluation of High Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Quality Using NonDestructive Testing Technique
Ni Nyoman Kencanawati, Jauhar Fajrin, Buan Anshari, Akmaluddin, Mitsuhiro Shigeishi
p.53
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 776 (2015) pp 36-40
© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.36
Submitted: 2015-02-19
Accepted: 2015-04-10
Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder
Made By Blending Type I Portland Cement and Pozzolan
I Made Alit Karyawan Salain1,a
1
Civil EngineeringDepartment, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
a
imaksalain@yahoo.com
Keywords: portland cement, pozzolan, flexural tensile strength, compressive strength
Abstract.The mechanical strength of hydraulic binder made by blending type I Portland
cement(PC) and pozzolan has been examined at the age of 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days.The mechanical
strength test was realized by using mortar specimens measuring 40x40x160 mm according to NF
EN 196-1. The mix proportion of mortarwas 0.5 water :1.0 hydraulic binder : 3.0 sand, by
weight.The hydraulic binder was a mixture of 80% PC and 20% pozzolan. Five types of pozzolan
were used in this study: two natural pozzolan and three artificial pozzolan. As a control, it was
made a mortar havingthe same proportion except that the hydraulic binder was 100% PC. The test
result showsthat all of pozzolan present a good pozzolanic reactivity. At 3 days,the strength of the
mortar with blended binder (MBB) is lower than the strength of the control mortar(CTM). At that
time, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength of the MBB rangerespectively from
5.23 to 6.81 MPa and from 13.61 to 18.37 MPa, whereas the CTM strength has reached 7.30 MPa
and 27.92 MPa. The MBB strength increasesand it canachieve or even exceed the CTM
strengthwith increasing age of hydration. In fact, at 90 days, the flexural tensile strength and the
compressive strength ofMBB can reach about 10.08 to 11.06 MPa and 49.69 to 54.17 MPa
respectively. In this period of hydration, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength
of CTM are only 10.13 MPa and 49.00 MPa. The different development of the mechanical strength
of MBB could be stronglyrelated to the chemical content of the pozzolan used, especially, reactive
silica and reactive alumina.
Introduction
Portland cement is the main component in concrete technology that serves as a hydraulic binder
to unify aggregates into a solid mass. Various types of Portland cement have been developed in
accordance with the requirements of the type of building and the environment in which the concrete
will be used. One type of Portland cements which is developed as an effort to reduce production
cost as well as environmental problems is the Portlandpozzolan cement (PPC). This type of cement
is made by grinding together a mixture of Portland cement clinker and material
havingcharacteristics of pozzolan [1].
Pozzolan is a mineral containing mainly of silica and alumina which when in finely divided form
and in the presence of water, at normal temperatures, will react with lime to form calcium silicate
hydrates(C-S-H) and calcium aluminate hydrates (C-A-H) compounds, similar to the compounds
produced in the hydration process of Portland cement. It is well known that, the main mineral of
Portland cement, C3S and C2S, willreact with water to produce C-S-H and free lime Ca(OH)2. Free
lime less contributes to the strength and even tends to be detrimental in terms of durability, when in
the course of time, the free lime reacts with the aggressive elements such as sulfate [2-4]. By
grinding a mixture, in certain proportion, of Portland cement clinker and pozzolan, it will obtain a
type of cement,named PPC, which has characteristics such as lower heat of hydration and better
workability, strength and resistance to sulfate attacks when compared withtype I Portland cement
[2-4].
Pozzolan used in the manufacture of PPC can be derived from natural such as pumice or from
industrial wastes such as fly ash. However, the characteristics of each pozzolan may vary from one
type to the others, as pozzolan is not a fabrication product. Therefore, an examination is necessary
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 103.29.196.19-09/05/15,03:49:03)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
37
to determine whether a pozzolan can be used as a material in the production of PPC. This can be
realized by examining the reactivity of the pozzolan by blending it with Portland cement, hydrating
the blend and then measuring the mechanical strength of the hydrated blend.
Materials and Experimental Method
It was used type I Portland cement (PC), natural and also artificialpozzolan as the ingredient of
the hydraulic binder.Two natural pozzolan: pumice 1 (P1) and pumice 2 (P2) and three artificial
pozzolan: fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA) and waste of tile fragments (WT) were used in this study.
All of pozzolan, except FA, were grounded so that their grains passed through sieve No. 200 (75
µm). The content of some chemical elements of PC and pozzolan is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical composition of type I Portland cement and pozzolan
Oxide
[%]
PC
Al2O3
CaO
SiO2
Fe2O3
5.22
56.76
25.97
4.03
P1
0.44
0.43
75.93
0.32
Pozzolan
P2
FA
BA
15.25
0.27
68.84
5.28
2.96
1.84
66.62
2.72
1.37
1.64
82.15
5.50
WT
1.33
0.36
81.58
2.70
Percent passing
Natural sand was used as fine aggregate. The grain distribution of fine aggregate was designed to
meet grading zone 2 according to SNI 03-2834-2000[5]. The fineness modulus of this fine
aggregate was 2.69.The grain distribution of the sand is presented in Fig. 1.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Upper limit
Lower limit
Grading curve of sand
0
0.15
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.4
4.8
9.6
Size of opening (mm)
Fig. 1. Grading curve for sand with SNI 03-2834-2000zone 2 grading limits
Five types of mortar were produced by mixing water, hydraulic binder and sand. The mix
proportion of each mortar was 0.5 water : 1.0 hydraulic binder : 3.0 sand,by weight.The hydraulic
binder was a mixture of 80% PC and 20% pozzolan. As a control, it was made a mortar havingthe
same proportion except that the hydraulic binder was 100% PC. The characteristics of each mortar
are given in Table 2.
38
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Table 2. Characteristics of mortar
Mortar
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
Hydraulic Binder
80% PC + 20% P1
80% PC+ 20% P2
80% PC+ 20% FA
80% PC+ 20% BA
80% PC+ 20% WT
100% PC
Water: Hydraulic Binder: Sand
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
Specimens that have been casted, in the form of prisms sizing 40x40x160 mm, were left in the
mould for 24 hours and thenwere released from the mould for curing. The curing was carried out by
immersing the specimens in water up to the time specified for the test: 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days.
The mechanical strength test concerning flexural tensile strength and compressive strength was
realized according to NF EN 196-1 [6] by using 3 specimens for each type of mortar. First, the
flexural tensile strength test was conductedby giving a load at the centre span of the specimen
which was free supported at two ends, until the specimen was fracture. And then, the compressive
strength test was realized by using eachfracture of this specimen. The mechanical strength test
equipment and the prismatic specimens sample are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Mechanical strength test equipment and prismatic specimens 40x40x160mm
Results and Discussion
Results. The development of flexural tensile strength and compressive strength of each mortar
based on hydration time is given in Fig. 3.It is clearly observed that the strength development is
strongly influenced by the type of pozzolan used in the blended binder.
At the age of 3 days, it appears that the strength of the mortar with blended binder (MBB) is
lower than the strength of the control mortar (CTM). At that time, flexural tensile strength and
compressive strength of the MBB range respectively from 5.23 to 6.81 MPa and from 13.61 to
18.37 MPa, whereas the CTM strength has reached 7.30 MPa and 27.92 MPa. However, with
increasing age of hydration, the MBB strength increasesand it can achieve or even exceed the CTM
strength. In fact, at the age of 90 days, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength of
MBB can reach about 10.08 to 11.06 MPa and 49.69 to 54.17 MPa respectively. It is clearly noted
that M2 and M3develop the highest flexural tensile strength and compressive strengthrespectively.
In this period of hydration, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength of CTM are
only 10.13 MPa and 49.00 MPa.
12
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Flexural Tensile Strength (MPa)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
10
8
6
4
0
20
40
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
60
Age (days)
80
100
39
60
48
36
24
12
0
20
40
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
60
80
100
Age (days)
Fig. 3. Flexural tensile strength and compressive strength development
The flexural tensile strength of mortar usingfly ash (M3) or waste of tile fragments (M5)
develops rapidly in the first 28 days but tends to develop more slowlysubsequently. On the contrary,
it is observed that theflexural tensile strength ofmortar using pumice or bottom ash (M1, M2 or
M4)developsslowly atearly agebutmore quickly at long term hydration. Generally, the flexural
tensile strength of MBB can exceed the flexural tensile strength of CTMafter 28 days of hydration,
except for M3 that could realizeit only after 7 days.
The development of compressive strength in all mortar is relatively equal to the age of 28 days,
but after that period, M2 and M3 show a fasterdevelopmentthanthe others. It is also noted that the
compressive strength of MBB can generally exceed the compressive strength of CTMfrom 14 days
of hydration.
Discussion. Test result shows that all of five pozzolan used in this study present a good pozzolanic
reactivity. In fact, the five types of mortar that made by using a blend of 80% PC and 20% of
pozzolan as a hydraulic binder can produce a strength that can reach or even exceed the strength of
mortar made by using 100% PC. This indicates that silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) that exist in
each pozzolan are reactive and can bind free lime released during PC hydration to form additional
binder compounds such as C-S-Hand C-A-H that contribute to strengthdevelopment.
The test result also shows that the development of strength as well as the strength at the age of 90
days vary depending on the type of pozzolan used. Thiscould be related to the fact that all of the
pozzolan used are not derived from the same source as well as their chemical contents vary,
therefore their pozzolanic reactivity are different.
Conclusion
•
•
•
Five pozzolan used in this study showa good pozzolanic reactivity in terms of mechanical
strength, so it is worth considering as an ingredient of PPC.
The mechanical strength of mortar using blended binder is lower than the strengthof control
mortarat early age but itincreasesand can achieve or exceed the control mortarstrengthat
long term hydration.
The different development of the mechanical strength of the mortar with blended
bindercould bestrongly related to the chemical content of pozzolan used, especially, reactive
silica and reactive alumina.
40
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
References
[1] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia Semen Portland Pozzolan SNI 150302-2004, 2004.
[2] F.M. Lea, The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1970.
[3] P. K. Mehta,Properties of Concrete Structure, and Materials, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
1986.
[4] A. M. Neville and J. J. Brooks,Concrete Technology, Longman, Singapore, 1998.
[5] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia Untuk Tata Cara Pembuatan Rencana
Campuran Beton Normal SNI 03-2834-2000, 2000.
[6] NF EN 196-1, Méthodes d’essais des ciments - Partie 1 : détermination des résistances
mécaniques, Avril 2000
Mechanical Strength of
Hydraulic Binder Made by
Blending Type I Portland
Cement and Pozzolan
by Alit Salain
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Ahmed, Mohd., Khalid Mohammad El Hadi,
Mohammad Abul Hasan, Javed Mallick, and
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Tian, and Nan Guo Jin. "Experimental Study
on Strength and Abrasion-Resistance
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Desbois, Tiffany, Robert Le Roy, Alexandre
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Pavoine, Gérard Platret, Adélaïde
Feraille, and Amina Alaoui. "Effect of
gypsum content on sulfoaluminate mortars
stability", European Journal of Environmental
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Technologies for Environmental Cleanup
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Solikin, Mochamad, and Budi Setiawan.
"Mechanical Properties of Class C High
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Duran Atis, C.. "Strength properties of highvolume fly ash roller compacted and
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Chandra, S.. "Influence of presaturation and
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Periodical:
Applied Mechanics and Materials
Volume: 776 (2015)
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Papers published in this volume:
Preface
Sustainable Development of Concrete Using GGBS: Effect of Curing Temperatures on the
Strength Development of Concrete
Gidion Turu'allo
p.3
Properties of Sand Sheet Asphalt Mixture Incorporating Waste Plastic
I. Nyoman Arya Thanaya, I. Gusti Raka Purbanto, I.G. Wikarga
p.9
Asphalt Pavement Temperature Profile for Tropical Climate in Indonesia
I. Made Agus Ariawan, B.S. Subagio, B.H. Setiadji
p.17
The Development of Slurry Seal Design with Ordinary Portland Cement Replacement by
Low Calcium Fly Ash
Ary Setyawan, D. Sarwono, M.S. Adnan
p.24
The Structural Properties Assessment of Thin Hot Mixture Asphalt for Pavement
Preservation
Ary Setyawan, Abdul Hakim Mustafa Elshawesh, Sholihin As'ad
p.30
Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made by Blending Type I Portland Cement and
Pozzolan
I. Made Alit Karyawan Salain
p.36
Laboratory Tests on Failure of Retaining Walls Caused by Sinusoidal Load
Anissa Maria Hidayati, R.W. Sri Prabandiyani, I. Wayan Redana
p.41
Deformation Behavior of Concrete due to the Influence of the Steel Ring Width Variations
as the External Confinement
Endah Safitri, Iswandi Imran, Nuroji, Sholihin Asa'ad
p.47
Evaluation of High Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Quality Using NonDestructive Testing Technique
Ni Nyoman Kencanawati, Jauhar Fajrin, Buan Anshari, Akmaluddin, Mitsuhiro Shigeishi
p.53
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol 776 (2015) pp 36-40
© (2015) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.776.36
Submitted: 2015-02-19
Accepted: 2015-04-10
Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder
Made By Blending Type I Portland Cement and Pozzolan
I Made Alit Karyawan Salain1,a
1
Civil EngineeringDepartment, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
a
imaksalain@yahoo.com
Keywords: portland cement, pozzolan, flexural tensile strength, compressive strength
Abstract.The mechanical strength of hydraulic binder made by blending type I Portland
cement(PC) and pozzolan has been examined at the age of 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days.The mechanical
strength test was realized by using mortar specimens measuring 40x40x160 mm according to NF
EN 196-1. The mix proportion of mortarwas 0.5 water :1.0 hydraulic binder : 3.0 sand, by
weight.The hydraulic binder was a mixture of 80% PC and 20% pozzolan. Five types of pozzolan
were used in this study: two natural pozzolan and three artificial pozzolan. As a control, it was
made a mortar havingthe same proportion except that the hydraulic binder was 100% PC. The test
result showsthat all of pozzolan present a good pozzolanic reactivity. At 3 days,the strength of the
mortar with blended binder (MBB) is lower than the strength of the control mortar(CTM). At that
time, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength of the MBB rangerespectively from
5.23 to 6.81 MPa and from 13.61 to 18.37 MPa, whereas the CTM strength has reached 7.30 MPa
and 27.92 MPa. The MBB strength increasesand it canachieve or even exceed the CTM
strengthwith increasing age of hydration. In fact, at 90 days, the flexural tensile strength and the
compressive strength ofMBB can reach about 10.08 to 11.06 MPa and 49.69 to 54.17 MPa
respectively. In this period of hydration, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength
of CTM are only 10.13 MPa and 49.00 MPa. The different development of the mechanical strength
of MBB could be stronglyrelated to the chemical content of the pozzolan used, especially, reactive
silica and reactive alumina.
Introduction
Portland cement is the main component in concrete technology that serves as a hydraulic binder
to unify aggregates into a solid mass. Various types of Portland cement have been developed in
accordance with the requirements of the type of building and the environment in which the concrete
will be used. One type of Portland cements which is developed as an effort to reduce production
cost as well as environmental problems is the Portlandpozzolan cement (PPC). This type of cement
is made by grinding together a mixture of Portland cement clinker and material
havingcharacteristics of pozzolan [1].
Pozzolan is a mineral containing mainly of silica and alumina which when in finely divided form
and in the presence of water, at normal temperatures, will react with lime to form calcium silicate
hydrates(C-S-H) and calcium aluminate hydrates (C-A-H) compounds, similar to the compounds
produced in the hydration process of Portland cement. It is well known that, the main mineral of
Portland cement, C3S and C2S, willreact with water to produce C-S-H and free lime Ca(OH)2. Free
lime less contributes to the strength and even tends to be detrimental in terms of durability, when in
the course of time, the free lime reacts with the aggressive elements such as sulfate [2-4]. By
grinding a mixture, in certain proportion, of Portland cement clinker and pozzolan, it will obtain a
type of cement,named PPC, which has characteristics such as lower heat of hydration and better
workability, strength and resistance to sulfate attacks when compared withtype I Portland cement
[2-4].
Pozzolan used in the manufacture of PPC can be derived from natural such as pumice or from
industrial wastes such as fly ash. However, the characteristics of each pozzolan may vary from one
type to the others, as pozzolan is not a fabrication product. Therefore, an examination is necessary
All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans
Tech Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 103.29.196.19-09/05/15,03:49:03)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
37
to determine whether a pozzolan can be used as a material in the production of PPC. This can be
realized by examining the reactivity of the pozzolan by blending it with Portland cement, hydrating
the blend and then measuring the mechanical strength of the hydrated blend.
Materials and Experimental Method
It was used type I Portland cement (PC), natural and also artificialpozzolan as the ingredient of
the hydraulic binder.Two natural pozzolan: pumice 1 (P1) and pumice 2 (P2) and three artificial
pozzolan: fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA) and waste of tile fragments (WT) were used in this study.
All of pozzolan, except FA, were grounded so that their grains passed through sieve No. 200 (75
µm). The content of some chemical elements of PC and pozzolan is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical composition of type I Portland cement and pozzolan
Oxide
[%]
PC
Al2O3
CaO
SiO2
Fe2O3
5.22
56.76
25.97
4.03
P1
0.44
0.43
75.93
0.32
Pozzolan
P2
FA
BA
15.25
0.27
68.84
5.28
2.96
1.84
66.62
2.72
1.37
1.64
82.15
5.50
WT
1.33
0.36
81.58
2.70
Percent passing
Natural sand was used as fine aggregate. The grain distribution of fine aggregate was designed to
meet grading zone 2 according to SNI 03-2834-2000[5]. The fineness modulus of this fine
aggregate was 2.69.The grain distribution of the sand is presented in Fig. 1.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Upper limit
Lower limit
Grading curve of sand
0
0.15
0.3
0.6
1.2
2.4
4.8
9.6
Size of opening (mm)
Fig. 1. Grading curve for sand with SNI 03-2834-2000zone 2 grading limits
Five types of mortar were produced by mixing water, hydraulic binder and sand. The mix
proportion of each mortar was 0.5 water : 1.0 hydraulic binder : 3.0 sand,by weight.The hydraulic
binder was a mixture of 80% PC and 20% pozzolan. As a control, it was made a mortar havingthe
same proportion except that the hydraulic binder was 100% PC. The characteristics of each mortar
are given in Table 2.
38
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
Table 2. Characteristics of mortar
Mortar
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
Hydraulic Binder
80% PC + 20% P1
80% PC+ 20% P2
80% PC+ 20% FA
80% PC+ 20% BA
80% PC+ 20% WT
100% PC
Water: Hydraulic Binder: Sand
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
0.5:1.0:3.0
Specimens that have been casted, in the form of prisms sizing 40x40x160 mm, were left in the
mould for 24 hours and thenwere released from the mould for curing. The curing was carried out by
immersing the specimens in water up to the time specified for the test: 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90 days.
The mechanical strength test concerning flexural tensile strength and compressive strength was
realized according to NF EN 196-1 [6] by using 3 specimens for each type of mortar. First, the
flexural tensile strength test was conductedby giving a load at the centre span of the specimen
which was free supported at two ends, until the specimen was fracture. And then, the compressive
strength test was realized by using eachfracture of this specimen. The mechanical strength test
equipment and the prismatic specimens sample are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Mechanical strength test equipment and prismatic specimens 40x40x160mm
Results and Discussion
Results. The development of flexural tensile strength and compressive strength of each mortar
based on hydration time is given in Fig. 3.It is clearly observed that the strength development is
strongly influenced by the type of pozzolan used in the blended binder.
At the age of 3 days, it appears that the strength of the mortar with blended binder (MBB) is
lower than the strength of the control mortar (CTM). At that time, flexural tensile strength and
compressive strength of the MBB range respectively from 5.23 to 6.81 MPa and from 13.61 to
18.37 MPa, whereas the CTM strength has reached 7.30 MPa and 27.92 MPa. However, with
increasing age of hydration, the MBB strength increasesand it can achieve or even exceed the CTM
strength. In fact, at the age of 90 days, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength of
MBB can reach about 10.08 to 11.06 MPa and 49.69 to 54.17 MPa respectively. It is clearly noted
that M2 and M3develop the highest flexural tensile strength and compressive strengthrespectively.
In this period of hydration, the flexural tensile strength and the compressive strength of CTM are
only 10.13 MPa and 49.00 MPa.
12
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Flexural Tensile Strength (MPa)
Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 776
10
8
6
4
0
20
40
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
60
Age (days)
80
100
39
60
48
36
24
12
0
20
40
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
60
80
100
Age (days)
Fig. 3. Flexural tensile strength and compressive strength development
The flexural tensile strength of mortar usingfly ash (M3) or waste of tile fragments (M5)
develops rapidly in the first 28 days but tends to develop more slowlysubsequently. On the contrary,
it is observed that theflexural tensile strength ofmortar using pumice or bottom ash (M1, M2 or
M4)developsslowly atearly agebutmore quickly at long term hydration. Generally, the flexural
tensile strength of MBB can exceed the flexural tensile strength of CTMafter 28 days of hydration,
except for M3 that could realizeit only after 7 days.
The development of compressive strength in all mortar is relatively equal to the age of 28 days,
but after that period, M2 and M3 show a fasterdevelopmentthanthe others. It is also noted that the
compressive strength of MBB can generally exceed the compressive strength of CTMfrom 14 days
of hydration.
Discussion. Test result shows that all of five pozzolan used in this study present a good pozzolanic
reactivity. In fact, the five types of mortar that made by using a blend of 80% PC and 20% of
pozzolan as a hydraulic binder can produce a strength that can reach or even exceed the strength of
mortar made by using 100% PC. This indicates that silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) that exist in
each pozzolan are reactive and can bind free lime released during PC hydration to form additional
binder compounds such as C-S-Hand C-A-H that contribute to strengthdevelopment.
The test result also shows that the development of strength as well as the strength at the age of 90
days vary depending on the type of pozzolan used. Thiscould be related to the fact that all of the
pozzolan used are not derived from the same source as well as their chemical contents vary,
therefore their pozzolanic reactivity are different.
Conclusion
•
•
•
Five pozzolan used in this study showa good pozzolanic reactivity in terms of mechanical
strength, so it is worth considering as an ingredient of PPC.
The mechanical strength of mortar using blended binder is lower than the strengthof control
mortarat early age but itincreasesand can achieve or exceed the control mortarstrengthat
long term hydration.
The different development of the mechanical strength of the mortar with blended
bindercould bestrongly related to the chemical content of pozzolan used, especially, reactive
silica and reactive alumina.
40
Recent Decisions in Technologies for Sustainable Development
References
[1] Badan Standardisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia Semen Portland Pozzolan SNI 150302-2004, 2004.
[2] F.M. Lea, The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1970.
[3] P. K. Mehta,Properties of Concrete Structure, and Materials, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
1986.
[4] A. M. Neville and J. J. Brooks,Concrete Technology, Longman, Singapore, 1998.
[5] Badan Standarisasi Nasional, Standar Nasional Indonesia Untuk Tata Cara Pembuatan Rencana
Campuran Beton Normal SNI 03-2834-2000, 2000.
[6] NF EN 196-1, Méthodes d’essais des ciments - Partie 1 : détermination des résistances
mécaniques, Avril 2000
Mechanical Strength of
Hydraulic Binder Made by
Blending Type I Portland
Cement and Pozzolan
by Alit Salain
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Mechanical Strength of Hydraulic Binder Made by Blending
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