Figurative Expressions In John Steinbeck’s The Pearl
FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S THE PEARL
A THESIS
BY:
ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
REG. NO. 11705025
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S THE PEARL
A THESIS
BY
ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
REG. NO. 110705025
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of
Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural
Studies University of Sumatra Utara,Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara on December 22nd, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. MuhizarMuchtar, MS
………………………..
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D
………………………..
Drs. M. Syafie’ie Siregar, M.A
………………………..
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
………………………..
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ENY NOVEYONA PURBA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF
THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF
THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS
BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.
NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT THE AWARD OF ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: December 23rd, 2015
v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
TITLE OF THESIS
: FIGURATIVE
EXPRESSIONS
IN
JOHN
STEINBECK’S THE PEARL
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: December 23rd, 2015
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, praise and gratitude I send up only to Jesus Christ who strengthens
me and has given the mercy, the blessing, guarding, and guidance in my life, especially
in accomplishing this thesisas one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra
from English Department at Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara..
Along with this finished thesis, Iwould like to thank those who have given their
helps either directly or indirectly. The first sincere gratitude is given to mybeloved
family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my father, Jhon S. Purba, my mother,
Narma Saragih, my brothers, Erick, Tomy and Wirado who always give supports,
advices, motivations and prayers to me in finishing this thesis.
I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr.H.Syahron
Lubis, MA and Sir Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., as my co-supervisor who
always inspires, encourages and stimulates critical thought as well asguiding me in
finishing this thesis.
My next sincere gratitude goes to all my lecturers in English Literature
Department who have taught and given me precious knowledge during my study.I also
thank Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the Chief of English Department, Rahmadsyah
Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, the Secretary, for their attention to all my academic affairsand Dr.
Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies of the University of
Sumatera Utara as well as the members of administration for their valuable help
throughout the academic years.
vii
I would also like to thank all of my best friends, Reny Andari, Rena Andari,
Nadia Gutari, Elsa Grace Indira, mamibos and babebos who always present in any
situations, for all support and motivation you have given to me and thank you for being
there in every struggle, sadness and happiness I have been through.Thank for your
prayer, love and care. And thanks to all my friends in English Department 2011 whose
names can’t be mentioned one by one, thank for spending our great times together in
four years.
Finally, I am truly appreciate criticism and suggestion from the readers to make
it better. Despite my effort to produce a faultless thesis, I am well aware that the readers
will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.
Writer,
ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
Reg. No: 110705025
viii
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl”
describes about the types of the figurative expressions and to identify it. The theory is
transference meaning by Geoffrey Leech (1969:48) is used in this thesis. The method
used in collecting the data related to the subject of this research is quantitative method.
This thesis was conducted by collecting any relevant data and information about the
topic or problem of the study from books and internet that are available for the
analysis. The data collection used the following steps: reading the full novel, and
then selecting the data that used the types of figurative language. While the steps to
analyze the data are identifying the types of figurative language according to Leech,
identifying the type of figurative expression and followed by interpreting the data. The
result shows that the total of analysis is 129 cases of figurative expressions in John
Steinbeck’s The Pearl. There are 65 cases of personification, 40 cases of simile, 20
cases of metaphor, 3 cases of synecdoche and 1 case of metonymy The most dominant
type of figurative expressions in Steinbeck’s The Pearl is personification which
represents (50,38%) of whole cases, followed by simile (31,00%), metaphor
(15,50%), synecdoche (2,32%), and metonymy (0,77%). It can be indicated that the
dominant type of figurative language in the novel is personification. The author uses
personification figurative expression to describe the circumstances, to make the
characters alive, to express how the characters feel, and to make his writing vividly
imaginable.
Keywords: semantics, figurative expressions, meaning
ix
ABSTRAK
Judul skripsi ini adalah “Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck’s The
Pearl” menjelaskan tentang jenis ekspresi figuratif dan mengidentifikasinya. Teori
transferensi makna oleh Geoffrey Leech (1969: 48) digunakan dalam tesis ini. Metode
yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data yang berkaitan dengan subjek penelitian ini
adalah metode kuantitatif. Skripsi ini dilakukan dengan dengan cara mengumpulkan data
dan informasi yang relevan tentang topik atau masalah penelitian dari buku-buku dan
internet yang tersedia untuk dianalisis. Pengumpulan data mengggunakan langkahlangkah berikut: membaca seluruh isi novel, dan kemudian memilih data yang
menggunakan jenis bahasa kiasan. Sedangkan langkah-langkah untuk menganalisis data
adalah dengan cara mengidentifikasi jenis bahasa kiasan menurut Leech,
mengidentifikasi jenis ekspresi figuratif dan diikuti dengan menafsirkan data. Hasilnya
menunjukkan bahwa total analisis adalah sebanyak 129 kasus ekspresi figuratif pada
novel John Steinbeck, The Pearl. Ada 65 kasus personifikasi, 40 kasus simile, 20 kasus
metafora, 3 kasus sinekdot dan 1 kasus metonimi. Jenis yang paling dominan tentang
ekspresi figuratif di novel John Steinbeck, The Pearl adalah jenis personifikasi yang
mewakili (50,38%) dari kasus keseluruhan , diikuti oleh simile (31,00%), metafora
(15,50%), sinekdot (2,32%), dan metonimi (0,77%). Hal ini dapat menunjukkan bahwa
jenis dominan bahasa kiasan dalam novel adalah personifikasi. Penulis menggunakan
ekspresi figuratif jenis personifikasi untuk menggambarkan keadaan, untuk membuat
karakter hidup, untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana perasaan karakter, dan untuk
membuat tulisannya bias jelas dibayangkan.
Kata kunci : sematik, ekspresi figuratif, makna
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION................................................................................
v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................
ix
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ...........................................................................................
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Study .................................................
1
1.2
Problems of The Study.......................................................
4
1.3
Objectives of The Study.....................................................
5
1.4
Scope of The Study ............................................................
5
1.5
Significance of The Study ..................................................
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Semantic .............................................................................
6
2.2
Scope of Semantic..............................................................
8
2.3
Meaning .............................................................................
9
2.4
Varieties of Meaning.......................................................... 10
2.4.1 Linguistic Meaning ................................................ 10
2.4.2 Speaker Meaning.................................................... 11
2.4.2.1
Literal Meaning ..................................... 11
2.4.2.2
Non Literal Meaning ............................. 12
2.5
Sense and Reference .......................................................... 12
2.6
Goal of Semantics .............................................................. 14
2.7
Semantic Deviation ............................................................ 14
2.8
Definition of Figurative Expression................................... 18
2.9
Types of Figurative ............................................................ 19
2.9.1 Personification .......................................................... 19
2.9.2 Metaphor ................................................................... 20
2.9.3 Simile ........................................................................ 21
2.9.4 Synecdoche ............................................................... 22
2.9.5 Metonymy ................................................................. 23
2.10 Related Study ..................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Research Design................................................................. 25
3.2
Data and Data Source......................................................... 25
3.3
Data Collection Method ..................................................... 26
3.4
Data Analysis Method........................................................ 26
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1
Analysis.............................................................................. 28
4.2
Finding .............................................................................. 41
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
5.1
Conclusion ......................................................................... 42
5.2
Suggestion ......................................................................... 42
A THESIS
BY:
ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
REG. NO. 11705025
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN JOHN STEINBECK’S THE PEARL
A THESIS
BY
ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
REG. NO. 110705025
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of
Sumatra Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural
Studies University of Sumatra Utara,Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara on December 22nd, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatra Utara
Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. MuhizarMuchtar, MS
………………………..
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA, Ph.D
………………………..
Drs. M. Syafie’ie Siregar, M.A
………………………..
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A
………………………..
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ENY NOVEYONA PURBA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF
THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF
THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS
BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.
NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT THE AWARD OF ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: December 23rd, 2015
v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
TITLE OF THESIS
: FIGURATIVE
EXPRESSIONS
IN
JOHN
STEINBECK’S THE PEARL
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: December 23rd, 2015
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, praise and gratitude I send up only to Jesus Christ who strengthens
me and has given the mercy, the blessing, guarding, and guidance in my life, especially
in accomplishing this thesisas one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra
from English Department at Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara..
Along with this finished thesis, Iwould like to thank those who have given their
helps either directly or indirectly. The first sincere gratitude is given to mybeloved
family. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my father, Jhon S. Purba, my mother,
Narma Saragih, my brothers, Erick, Tomy and Wirado who always give supports,
advices, motivations and prayers to me in finishing this thesis.
I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr.H.Syahron
Lubis, MA and Sir Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., as my co-supervisor who
always inspires, encourages and stimulates critical thought as well asguiding me in
finishing this thesis.
My next sincere gratitude goes to all my lecturers in English Literature
Department who have taught and given me precious knowledge during my study.I also
thank Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the Chief of English Department, Rahmadsyah
Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D, the Secretary, for their attention to all my academic affairsand Dr.
Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies of the University of
Sumatera Utara as well as the members of administration for their valuable help
throughout the academic years.
vii
I would also like to thank all of my best friends, Reny Andari, Rena Andari,
Nadia Gutari, Elsa Grace Indira, mamibos and babebos who always present in any
situations, for all support and motivation you have given to me and thank you for being
there in every struggle, sadness and happiness I have been through.Thank for your
prayer, love and care. And thanks to all my friends in English Department 2011 whose
names can’t be mentioned one by one, thank for spending our great times together in
four years.
Finally, I am truly appreciate criticism and suggestion from the readers to make
it better. Despite my effort to produce a faultless thesis, I am well aware that the readers
will find numerous imperfections, for which I apologize.
Writer,
ENY NOVEYONA PURBA
Reg. No: 110705025
viii
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl”
describes about the types of the figurative expressions and to identify it. The theory is
transference meaning by Geoffrey Leech (1969:48) is used in this thesis. The method
used in collecting the data related to the subject of this research is quantitative method.
This thesis was conducted by collecting any relevant data and information about the
topic or problem of the study from books and internet that are available for the
analysis. The data collection used the following steps: reading the full novel, and
then selecting the data that used the types of figurative language. While the steps to
analyze the data are identifying the types of figurative language according to Leech,
identifying the type of figurative expression and followed by interpreting the data. The
result shows that the total of analysis is 129 cases of figurative expressions in John
Steinbeck’s The Pearl. There are 65 cases of personification, 40 cases of simile, 20
cases of metaphor, 3 cases of synecdoche and 1 case of metonymy The most dominant
type of figurative expressions in Steinbeck’s The Pearl is personification which
represents (50,38%) of whole cases, followed by simile (31,00%), metaphor
(15,50%), synecdoche (2,32%), and metonymy (0,77%). It can be indicated that the
dominant type of figurative language in the novel is personification. The author uses
personification figurative expression to describe the circumstances, to make the
characters alive, to express how the characters feel, and to make his writing vividly
imaginable.
Keywords: semantics, figurative expressions, meaning
ix
ABSTRAK
Judul skripsi ini adalah “Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck’s The
Pearl” menjelaskan tentang jenis ekspresi figuratif dan mengidentifikasinya. Teori
transferensi makna oleh Geoffrey Leech (1969: 48) digunakan dalam tesis ini. Metode
yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data yang berkaitan dengan subjek penelitian ini
adalah metode kuantitatif. Skripsi ini dilakukan dengan dengan cara mengumpulkan data
dan informasi yang relevan tentang topik atau masalah penelitian dari buku-buku dan
internet yang tersedia untuk dianalisis. Pengumpulan data mengggunakan langkahlangkah berikut: membaca seluruh isi novel, dan kemudian memilih data yang
menggunakan jenis bahasa kiasan. Sedangkan langkah-langkah untuk menganalisis data
adalah dengan cara mengidentifikasi jenis bahasa kiasan menurut Leech,
mengidentifikasi jenis ekspresi figuratif dan diikuti dengan menafsirkan data. Hasilnya
menunjukkan bahwa total analisis adalah sebanyak 129 kasus ekspresi figuratif pada
novel John Steinbeck, The Pearl. Ada 65 kasus personifikasi, 40 kasus simile, 20 kasus
metafora, 3 kasus sinekdot dan 1 kasus metonimi. Jenis yang paling dominan tentang
ekspresi figuratif di novel John Steinbeck, The Pearl adalah jenis personifikasi yang
mewakili (50,38%) dari kasus keseluruhan , diikuti oleh simile (31,00%), metafora
(15,50%), sinekdot (2,32%), dan metonimi (0,77%). Hal ini dapat menunjukkan bahwa
jenis dominan bahasa kiasan dalam novel adalah personifikasi. Penulis menggunakan
ekspresi figuratif jenis personifikasi untuk menggambarkan keadaan, untuk membuat
karakter hidup, untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana perasaan karakter, dan untuk
membuat tulisannya bias jelas dibayangkan.
Kata kunci : sematik, ekspresi figuratif, makna
x
TABLE OF CONTENT
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION................................................................................
v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ............................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................
ix
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENT ...........................................................................................
xi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Study .................................................
1
1.2
Problems of The Study.......................................................
4
1.3
Objectives of The Study.....................................................
5
1.4
Scope of The Study ............................................................
5
1.5
Significance of The Study ..................................................
5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Semantic .............................................................................
6
2.2
Scope of Semantic..............................................................
8
2.3
Meaning .............................................................................
9
2.4
Varieties of Meaning.......................................................... 10
2.4.1 Linguistic Meaning ................................................ 10
2.4.2 Speaker Meaning.................................................... 11
2.4.2.1
Literal Meaning ..................................... 11
2.4.2.2
Non Literal Meaning ............................. 12
2.5
Sense and Reference .......................................................... 12
2.6
Goal of Semantics .............................................................. 14
2.7
Semantic Deviation ............................................................ 14
2.8
Definition of Figurative Expression................................... 18
2.9
Types of Figurative ............................................................ 19
2.9.1 Personification .......................................................... 19
2.9.2 Metaphor ................................................................... 20
2.9.3 Simile ........................................................................ 21
2.9.4 Synecdoche ............................................................... 22
2.9.5 Metonymy ................................................................. 23
2.10 Related Study ..................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
Research Design................................................................. 25
3.2
Data and Data Source......................................................... 25
3.3
Data Collection Method ..................................................... 26
3.4
Data Analysis Method........................................................ 26
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING
4.1
Analysis.............................................................................. 28
4.2
Finding .............................................................................. 41
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
5.1
Conclusion ......................................................................... 42
5.2
Suggestion ......................................................................... 42