The Mood Types Analysis Of Informal Language Found In “Kids With Guns”
THE MOOD TYPES ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL LANGUAGE FOUND IN “KIDS WITH GUNS”
A THESIS BY
ULI A SIMANUNGKALIT REG NO. 100705023
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014
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Approved by Department of English, Faculty of Cultural studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
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THE MOOD TYPES ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL LANGUAGE FOUND IN “KIDS WITH GUNS”
A THESIS By:
ULI A SIMANUNGKALIT REG NO. 100705023
Supervisor, Co- Supervisor,
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL NIP. 195409161980032003 NIP. 195703081984031004
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014
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Accepted by the Board of Examineers in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on April, 10th 2014.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr.H. Syahron Lubis,MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examineers
Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar, MS ... Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.Ph.D ... Prof.Dra.Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A.,Ph.D ………. Drs.Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL ………. Dra.Hj.Masdiana Lubis, M.hum ……….
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ULI A SIMANUNGKALIT DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed : Date :
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : ULI A SIMANUNGKALIT
TITLE OF THESIS :THE MOOD TYPES ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL LANGUAGE FOUND IN “KIDS WITH GUNS”
QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA
DEPATMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed : Date :
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Allein Gott in der Hoeh sei Ehr. ..
All what is going through is known by my faithful Saviour, Jesus Christ. His presence in my weakness and trial always give me strength in doing all my efforts. I humbly thank You for the great confidence in the present and great hope for the future. I also say my gratitude to Jesus especially in the process of completing this thesis.
Thank you very much to Dean of Faculty of Letters USU, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Head of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D, and all of my lecturers in Department of English for the guidance and knowledge given to me during in my study. Furthermore, I give my gratitude to my supervisors to Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D and Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed. TESOL for the patience, and guidance during the process of completing this thesis.
To my father Harry Simanungkalit and my mother Luminar Simanjuntak, I give to them my uncountable gratitude. You are the people whom I have to thank the most. I will always give them my best though I will not be able to response all their unconditional sincerities. I also gratitude to my mother for her affection and her ceaseless pray. I dedicate this graduation for them! I would like to say my thankful to my brothers and sisters Pagiel, Yohana, Ditha, and Gunawan. They are some of the reasons why I have to finish this degree.
The last but not the least, I give my gratitude to all of my classmates in class “A” of English Literature Department. We had been together in more or less than 4 years. We had been in all the struggle, happiness, and barrier. I wish u good luck.
Vielen dank fuer unsere schoene Erfahrung! Was macht Ihr da?
Medan, April 25th 2014
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul THE MOOD TYPES ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL LANGUAGE FOUND IN “KIDS WITH GUNS”, yang menganalisis tentang penggunaan struktur Mood dalam bahasa informal. Data yang digunakan dalam analisi ini diambil dari sebuah artikel berjudul “Kids With Guns”. Artikel tersebut merupakan salah satu dari banyak artikel yang terdapat di dalam buku “Our Times” oleh Robert Atwan.Tujuan dari analisis ini adalah untuk mengetahui serta mangamati struktur Mood dalam bahasa informal serta tipe Mood yang paling dominan dipakai.
Dari hasil analisis tersebut terdapat 349 klausa informal. Tipe mood yang paling sering digunakan dalam bahasa informal ialah Declarative clause sebanyak 337 klausa (96,56%), diikuti oleh Interrogative clause sebanyak 7 klausa (2,00%), kemudian Imperative clause sebanyak 4 klausa(1,14%), dan yang paling sedikit digunakan ialah Exclamative clause sebanyak 1 klausa (0,28%).
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ABSTRACT
The mood system is the grammar of systematic system. Mood is one of the types of the interpersonal meaning. The structure of Mood is subject and finite plus polarity. This research applies the descriptive qualitative method. The writer takes the data from the informal clauses found in “Kids with Guns” article. This article is written by Eric Pooley. After analyzing the informal clauses found in the article it is found that the informal declarative clauses 96,56 % is the most dominant type of Mood which is found the text “Kids with Guns”, then followed by Interrogative clauses 2,00 %, Imperative clauses 1,14%, and the least dominant is Exclamative clauses 0,28%.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Problem of the Study 4
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
1.5 Significance of the Study 5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework 6
2.1.1. An Overview of Discourse Analysis 6 2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) 7
2.1.3 Interpersonal Function 8
2.2 Mood System 9
2.2.1 Mood Types 10
2.2.1.1 Declarative 10
2.2.1.2 Polar Interrogative 11
2.2.1.3 Tagged Declarative 11
2.2.1.4 W-h Interrogative 11
2.2.1.5 Imperative 12
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2.2.1.7 Elliptical Clause 13
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2.2.1.7.2 Elliptical Polar Interrogative 13 2.2.1.7.3 Elliptical wh- Interrogative 13 2.2.1.7.4 Elliptical Imperative 14
2.2.1.7.5 Elliptical Exclamative 14
2.2.1.8 Minor Clause 14
2.2.1.9Non-Finite Clause 15
2.3 The Informal Language and Some Rules of Its Grammar 16
2.3.1 Tag Controlled Deletion 16
2.3.2 Deletion of Be 17
2.3.3 Deletion and Recovery of Information 17
2.4 Relevant Studies 19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method of the Study 21
3.2 Data and Source 21
3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis 21
CHAPTER IV : THE ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 The Analysis of the Data 23
4.1.1 The Analysis Of The Informal Clauses in the text
“Kids with Guns” 23
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusions 85
5.2 Suggestions 85
REFERENCE 86
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Table of Abbreviation
S = Subject M = Mood C = Complement
CA1 = Circumstantial Adjunct CA2 = Conjunctive Adjunct CA3 =Continuity Adjunct IA1 = Interpersonal Adjunct IA2 = Intensity Adjunct WC =Wh Complement WA =Wh Adjunct F = Finite
R = Residue
MA = Mood Adjunct P = Predicator
PA = Polarity Adjunct HA = Holding Adjunct TA = Temporally Adjunct SW = Subject Wh
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul THE MOOD TYPES ANALYSIS OF INFORMAL LANGUAGE FOUND IN “KIDS WITH GUNS”, yang menganalisis tentang penggunaan struktur Mood dalam bahasa informal. Data yang digunakan dalam analisi ini diambil dari sebuah artikel berjudul “Kids With Guns”. Artikel tersebut merupakan salah satu dari banyak artikel yang terdapat di dalam buku “Our Times” oleh Robert Atwan.Tujuan dari analisis ini adalah untuk mengetahui serta mangamati struktur Mood dalam bahasa informal serta tipe Mood yang paling dominan dipakai.
Dari hasil analisis tersebut terdapat 349 klausa informal. Tipe mood yang paling sering digunakan dalam bahasa informal ialah Declarative clause sebanyak 337 klausa (96,56%), diikuti oleh Interrogative clause sebanyak 7 klausa (2,00%), kemudian Imperative clause sebanyak 4 klausa(1,14%), dan yang paling sedikit digunakan ialah Exclamative clause sebanyak 1 klausa (0,28%).
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ABSTRACT
The mood system is the grammar of systematic system. Mood is one of the types of the interpersonal meaning. The structure of Mood is subject and finite plus polarity. This research applies the descriptive qualitative method. The writer takes the data from the informal clauses found in “Kids with Guns” article. This article is written by Eric Pooley. After analyzing the informal clauses found in the article it is found that the informal declarative clauses 96,56 % is the most dominant type of Mood which is found the text “Kids with Guns”, then followed by Interrogative clauses 2,00 %, Imperative clauses 1,14%, and the least dominant is Exclamative clauses 0,28%.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
Language can not be used similarly in the all situations. We have many ways to say a thing. It depends on where you are, who you are talking to, and how you feel. According to the formality of language, language can be classified into two categories they are formal and informal language varieties (Jendra, 2010:28). The informal language is one of the language varieties.The informal language or casual conversation takes occasional liberties with grammar. The informal language is different from the formal language. The informal language is the language which we tend to use when people talk in supermarket, hospital, or bus station. While the formal language is referred to the variety used in writing official letters, research reports, academic seminars, writing condolence letters, etc. (Jendra 2010:42).In conversation, people tend to use the informal language rather than the formal one because they have the interpersonal goal that is “to kill the time”. On another hand, the formal language is usually used by the speakers in such kind of ways, for instance like in the legal affair.
Sometimes, people are still unable to differ the occasion of using the formal or the informal language. They also think that grammar in language is all about tenses, punctuations, etc. The informal language which is used in the informal occasion can also be identified grammatically by looking into its role relation.Role relation is the grammar of casual conversation (Eggins and Slade 1997:67). The formal language defines that language is a set of rules for sentence construction. This
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concept is prescriptive. The informal language has the different concept. It is interesting to analyze the informal language because the informal language is
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functional, descriptive, and happening. Conrad and Leech (2002:7) in their book say that prescriptive grammar dictate how people “should” use the language. However, speakers do tend to be aware of some aspects of disputed usage and sometimes have strong opinions about what forms are “correct”.
The informal language can also be analyzed by using the mood systems as the grammar of systematic system. We can not deny that nowadays people tend to use the informal language in communication due to its simplicity and efficiency. Language is developed and we can see this case in the society. The informal language which is spoken by the speakers in the casual situation also has the grammatical features in role relation. The grammatical categories of, e.g., tense, aspect, mood, voice and case can only be understood in depth if they are investigated in relation to texts. The role relation deals with the mood analysis. It is not only the formal but also the informal one. In English, the difference between the formal and informal variety can be seen in the use of forms and vocabularies.
The informal language found in one of the articles in “Our Time” book is analyzed by looking into the grammatical features focused into the role relations. In this study, the major focuses deal with the role relation that is mood. The formal and informal language which is uttered by the speakers in the interactive conversation can be constructed through the contributions of each speaker. Through their grammatical choices interactants take up roles in the language used in their conversation.
People give more attention to the pattern and the structure of the formal language. The English learners are also more focused on it. Thus, in this study, the writer gives an obvious description of the roles, structures, and the patterns of the informal language because the informal language is very close to us.
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Usually, people are more interested in studying and describing how the language used rather than how actually the speakers use the language to convey the meanings to the listeners. The informal language which is effective to kill the time with many variations also has its own systems of construction. That grammatical system can be analyzed by using the interpersonal meaning based on the theory of Halliday. The analysis of those perspectives are expected to describe the aspects of how talk works.
For example, there are some variations we can find in the mood system in English. Are they normal? Are they understandable? Can they be said as English? Let’s consider the following examples.
a. You ain’t my friend b.
(informal) You are not my friend
Both informal and formal languages do not affect the Mood systems. What about the following examples?
(formal)
c. Want some coffee d.
?(informal) Do you want some coffee
In this case, the mood structure is different. Want is a predicate whereas Do is a finite. The sentence “Want some coffee?” has no finite as it is an informal language which has liberties with grammar.
? (formal)
Let us look at some more clauses below: a. He sees
b. me She c. don’t They d. has me
But she can’t so, she
e. I
don’t dunno she was
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The components of each informal clauses above are considered as Mood feature. The informal language can be seen by looking into the use of forms and vocabularies.Role relation is the grammar of casual conversation. The major pattern which enacts role relation is mood. Mood refers to pattern of clause type, such as interrogative, imperative, and declarative (Eggins and Slade 1997:74).The study is referred to the theory of Halliday (1985, 1994, 2004) in the scopes of role relation in approach to interpersonal meanings.
In this study, the analysis is focused on the informal English in “Kids with Guns “article by looking into the mood types. The informal language is interesting to be analyzed because of its liberties with grammar. Therefore, it is interesting to find the Mood system of the informal one because mostly people are concerned only to the formal one.
1.2. Problems of the Study
Based on the description above, questions can be formulated as follows: a. What types of mood are occurring in the informal language found in “Kids
with Guns” article?
b. What are the dominant types of mood used in informal language found in
“Kids with Guns” article?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The purposes of the study can be summarized as below:
a. To describe the types of mood occurred in the informal language found in the
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b. To describe the dominant types of mood used in informal language found in
“Kids with Guns” article.
1.4. Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is the grammatical analysis focused on the role relations of informal English found in one of the articles found in “Our Time” book. The title of the article is “Kids with Guns”, edited by Robert Atwan. The article is analyzed by using a descriptive qualitative method.
1.5. Significance of the Study
This study is expected to show the readers about the varieties of language. It is also aimed to show that the informal language can also be analyzed by using role relation theory. It aims to broaden the knowledge of the readers about the informal language in usage and the role relation focused on the mood types’ analysis. Hopefully, it can make us perceive about the phenomenon of language found in the society. It is also expected that the students of English Literature Department will be more interested in discourse analysis.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis has a wide scope. It is not only applied in the spoken but also in the written text. Discourse analysis can also be applied in many different social languages included in the informal language found in “Kids with Guns”
article. Discourse always involves more than language. Discourse analysis aims to achieve the exact meaning intended by the writer to the reader. There are some functions which are aimed to be gained related to discourse analysis:
a. Enable us to understand the text meaning in order that we can understand the text well.
b. Enable us to understand what social languages are involved in order that we can understand the social situated identities.
Gee (1999:18) says that discourses are always embedded in a medley of social institutions, and often involve various ‘props” like books and magazines, classroom, laboratories, and the other objects.
The discourse analysis which is analyzed in the study has a correlation with the informal language. It is one of the different styles of language that we use to enact. The language which is used represents the identity of somebody. Through the discourse analysis of the informal language used in “Kids with Guns” article, we can see that it is not only the formal English that could be analyzed but also the informal one.
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2.1.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a study which is used in the approach of discourse analysis. The term Systemic Functional Linguistics is used by someone in order to recognize the goals. The goals are achieved by implementing the theory based on the context of situation and the context of culture. Gerot and Wignel in Making Sense of Functional Linguistics (1994:6) say that functional grammars view language as a resource for making meaning. These grammars attempt to describe language in actual use and so focus on text and the context. They are concerned not only with the structures but also with how those structures construct the meaning. Functional grammars start with the question, “How are the meanings of this text realized?”
We are particularly concerned with the relational relationship between language and context. The aspects of Systemic Functional Linguistics can be identified in linguistic units of all sizes: in the word, phrase, clause, sentence and text.
In the units of text, we also find three types of meanings in the systemic model. According to Eggins and Slade (1997:49), there are three types of meaning, they are: a. Ideational meaning: meanings about the world, representation of reality
(examples: topics or the subject matter). This involves looking at what topics get talked about, when, by whom, and how topic transition and closure is achieved, etc.
b. Interpersonal meaning: meanings about roles and relationships (examples: status, intimacy, contact, sharedness between interacants). This involves looking at what kinds of role relations are established through talk, what attitude interactants
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express to and about each other, what kinds of things they find funny, and how they negotiate to take turn, etc.
c. Textual meaning: meanings about the message (examples: foregrounding and types of cohesion). This involves looking at different types of cohesion used to tie chunks of the talk together, different patterns of salience and foregrounding, etc. In this study, the focus is only for the interpersonal meaning.
2.1.3 Interpersonal Function
The interpersonal function is commonly found in informal language. The interpersonal language involves designing your sentences as to shape how your hearers or readers can interact with your over meaning. In interpersonal function the speaker is using language as the means of his own intrusion into the speech: the expression of his comments, his attitudes, and evaluations, and also of the relationship that he sets up with the listeners. In particular, the communication role that he adopts, of informing, questioning, greeting, persuading, and the like. The set of communication roles is unique among social relations in that it is brought into being and maintained solely through language. The interpersonal function in language is both interactional and personal; there is in another word, a component in language which serves at one and the same time to express both the inner and the outer surfaces of individual, as a single undifferentiated area of meaning potential that is personal in the broadest sense (Halliday, 2002:56).
At the clause level, the major patterns which enact roles and role relations are those of mood. Mood refers to patterns of clause type, such as interrogative, imperative and declarative. These patterns have to do with the presence and
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configuration of certain “negotiable” elements of clause structure (Eggins & Slade, 1997: 74).
The interpersonal meaning that functions as clauses as exchange represents the speech’s role relationship. The mood system of language is represented by the mood structure of the clause. It has two major elements they are: (1) mood and (2) residue. A mood element of an English clause typically consists of a subject and a finite, while a residue element of predicator consists of one or more complements or any number of different types of adjuncts.
2.2. MOOD SYSTEMS
The interpersonal meanings are realized in the lexicogrammar through selectionfrom the system of mood. The mood element consists of two parts:
• The subject, which is realized by a nominal group
• The finite element, which is part of the verbal group
Halliday (1985:76) in his book says”The Subject when it first appear, may be any nominal group. If it is a personal personal pronoun, it is simply repeated each time replaced by the personal pronoun correspondence to it. The finite element is one of the small number of verbal operators expressing tense or modality. However, that in some instances the Finite element and the lexical verbs are fused into a single word e.g loves. The reminder of the clause we shall call the Residue. The Residue consists of functional elements of three kinds: predicator, complement, and adjunct”.
Here are some descriptions of the basic mood classes according to Eggins and Slade in their book “Analyzing Casual Conversation”:
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Mood types Examples
Declarative: full He Declarative: elliptical
plays the double-bass This
Imperative: full
year
Look at that man walking up Imperative: elliptical
there
Wh- interrogative: full
Look
When are you gonna do…all your odds‘n
Polar interrogative: full
subjects?
Yeah but what is Polar interrogative: elliptical
it? Does he
Exclamative: full
?
What rubbish you talk, Brad Exclamative: elliptical
! What rubbish
Full English clauses that are clauses which have not any elements left out ellipsed generally consist of two pivotal constituents: a subject and a finite.
!
2.2.1 Mood Types
Gerot and Wignel in Making Sense of Functional Grammar (2001:38) say that mood in English is realized by the position in the clause of the subject and finite. These are the description of each mood types:
2.2.1.1 Declarative
Declarative clauses can be identified as clauses in which the structural element of subject occurs before the finite element of the clause. Declarative presents both factual information and attitudinal option. However, declaratives are also used to query prior talk, to challenge, and to counter-challenge.
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2.2.1.2 Polar Interogatives
Polar interrogatives also known as yes-no interrogatives can be identified as clauses where the finite element occurs before the subject. Full polar interrogatives are typically used to initiate an exchange by requesting information from others. It is not usual in casual or informal situation.
Example: Are you a student?
2.2.1.3. Tagged Declarative
This clause type falls midway between the declarative and polar interrogative. Structurally, it has the sequence of a declarative, with the subject occurring before the finite element. However, unlike the simple declarative, the tagged declarative has what is called a “mood tag” added to it. The mood tag consists of:
• The finite element: if finite was merged with the predicator in the main clause.
• The subject of the main clause, expressed in pronoun form.
The functions of the tagged declarative are to claim the status role of the informant and at the same time recognizes the role of other interactants to confirm or refute the information.
Example: “Yo, you got money?”
2.2.1.4. Wh- Interrogative
W-h interrogative consist of a wh-question word , e.g wh, what, which, when, where, in what way, in what reason, how, etc. the purpose of the wh-word is to probe for a missing element of clause structure, for example, when probes for a
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circumstantial adjunct; who probes for the subject; and what probes for either the subject or the complement of a clause. The order depends on which element of clause structure is being probed. The function of a W-h interrogative is to elicit additional circumstantial information. It is also used to challenge prior talk and to achieve commands.
Example : Yo-whatchoo doin’ with my bitch?
2.2.1.5. Imperative
Imperative typically does not contain the elements of subject or finite but consists of only a predicator, plus any of the participants of complement and adjunct. The omission of the subject in an imperative occurs because all imperatives are implicitly addressed to the addressee. Imperative often function to make command and to demand that someone does something. However, in informal talk, imperatives are often used to encode advice.
Example: “G’head, set it off!”
2.2.1.6.Exclamative
An exclamative clause is not merely a word or clause produced with an emphatic or surprised intonation. Exclamative clauses have a specific structure. The order is: first the wh- elements, followed by the subject, and the finite, predicator and other constituents. The function of exclamative is to encode a judgement.
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2.2.1.7. Elliptical Clauses 2.2.1.7.1. Elliptical Declaratives
When a speaker produces a declarative as a respond, they will frequently omit all but the informationally significant components of the structure. One common context for elliptical declarative is when a second speaker responds to a first speaker by co-operatively adding some information to the first speaker’s clause.
Example: Everybody doesn’t know how to go there….um….except you
2.2.1.7.2.Elliptical polar interrogative
If a speaker wishes to initiate a sequence of talk by finding out a yes/no answer, then they will need to package into the interrogative all the information necessary for the respondent to formulate a response, e.g. Are you a student of USU?. However, if a speaker is reacting to prior talk and simply needs, for example to make a confirmation, they can abbreviate the interrogative structure, e.g. Do you? Example: Is he?
2.2.1.7.3.Elliptical Wh-interrogative
All elements except the key question word may be ellipsed from a wh-interrogative, provided the ellipsed elements can be clearly retrieved from the context.
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2.2.1.7.4. Elliptical Imperatives
All elements in an imperative except the predicator can be ellipsed. Ellipsed in imperative is often due to the fact that the ellipsed constituents can be retrieved from physical context.
Example: Take!
2.2.1.7.5 Elliptical Exclamative
Elliptical exclamative must retrain the wh-elements which are the keys to their exclamative import. Thus where the wh-element was attached to either the subject or the complement, typically both subject and all verbal elements are ellipsed.
Example: What a lucky!
2.2.1.8. Minor Clauses
One very important category of clauses in informal situation is that of minor clauses. These are clauses which have no mood structure at all. Minor clauses tend to be very brief, and are often formulaic. They do not consist of elements of subject, finite, etc. It can not be ambiguously retrieved. It also can not be negated. A minor clause can not be made to take a negative polarity. The functions of the minor clause are as preludes to negotiation as in the typically reciprocated use of minor clauses in greetings or as closures.
There are three common types of minor clauses in informal language:
a. Lexicalized minor clauses
These are minor clauses which are full lexical items which operate in other structures in the language. These words are usually adjectives or adverbs, and have
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evaluative dimensions. Swearing when expressed as an autonomous expression fits into this category. These types of minor clauses typically as a responding.
Example: Exactly true
b. Formulaic expression
!
These are typically of greeting and thanks. Example: G’day
c. Non-lexical items
!
The functions are as conventionalized feedback and backchannel indicators. Such items tend to have no standardized written form. They also have no experiential content, but play a very important interpersonal role in interactive discourse.
Example: Uhuuuh
2.2.1.9. Non-Finite Clauses
….
A non-finite clause is a clause in which there is no finite element present. Typically they consist only of a predicator, plus any of a complements or adjuncts. They also have no subject. However in the informal language non-finite clauses are rare.
Example: She comes
2.3. THE INFORMAL LANGUAGE AND SOME RULES OF ITS
GRAMMAR
Based on the descriptive language, it can be perceived that language is based on how actually language functions in the social contexts and how those contexts can actually constraint the structure and the use of language. Dillard (1972) says, “Some speakers of English, notably self-styled educated speakers, often equate the formal language style with standard language; the informal style, if discussed at all, is
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dubbed a form of sloppy speech or even slang, especially in language classes in public schools. But on closer investigation of the investigation of the actual details of informal language, it turns out that the informal style, far from being merely a sloppy form of language , is governed by rules every bit as precise, logical, and rigorous as the rules governing formal language.”
A well-known difference between formal and informal language styles in English (and indeed in many other languages) is that the formal style has a greater amount of abbreviation, shortening, contraction, and deletion. The informal languages are strict to the point. Let us compare the examples below:
a. Do you feel so tired b.
? (Formal) Tired
You tired? (Informal) ? (Informal)
The informal style is brief compared with the formal one. The two important grammatical features of the informal language are:
a. The dropping of the subject of the sentence b. The dropping of the auxiliary verb
Below are the descriptions of the grammatical styles in informal language based on Conrad and Leech (2007):
2.3.1 Tag Controlled Deletion
In a tagged sentence, there are two important properties of a sentence: (1) the tag contains the auxiliary verb found in the sentence, or (in the case of do) the auxiliary verb found in the min sentence, and (2) the pronoun in the tag agrees with the subject of the sentence. The tag question thus contains, in part, a repetition of some of the information found in the main sentence. Tag controlled deletion is the
(34)
rule of the abbreviated style in informal language. Even though the subjects and the auxiliaries are missing from the main clauses, the information can easily be recovered from the tag.
Examples: Been waiting for so long time again, haven’t you?
2.3.2 Deletion of Be
Another informal style of English involves abbreviated questions. Want some coffee? is an example of one type of abbreviated question; another type, the one we will be examining here, involves the deletion of the verb be.
Examples: Gonna leave soon?
2.3.3 Deletion and Recovery of Information
We have seen that the abbreviated questions are formed by deleting elements. It is important to realize that apparent abbreviations also occur in the informal style in English example, in a situation where we might use the abbreviated question Want some coffee? We might also be able to ask simply, Coffee?. To take another example, suppose you see a friend wearing shoes you haven’t seen before. You might point them and ask, New? These single word utterances are quite common in casual styles and are perfectly appropriate and comprehensible.
The deletion of subjects and contractible verbs in, for example, abbreviated questions is governed by a systematic rule, with strict conditions. Not just any kind of deletion of subject and verb is possible, even if the context would make the abbreviation perfectly clear.
(35)
Besides by looking at the forms of the language, we can also caracterize the informal language based on its vocabularies.
(36)
2.4 RELEVANT STUDIES
Suksiroji, Amarapa. 2009. A study of Informal English Language Used in the Movie ‘‘The Holiday’’.Unpublished thesis. Thailand: Faculty of Liberal Arts. In his thesis, he aims to divide the sang, idiom, and comparison between informal and formal sentence with Standard English Grammar. After collecting all the data, he finds that there are totally 28 slangs and 42 idiom. The characters in the movie communicate by using informal in order to have a comfort way, naturalization and promptness.
Ikhwal, 2012. The Analysis of Mood Types in Debate Contest of Festival Pendidikan at Muria Kudus University on 14th June, 2012.
u
npublished thesis. Kudus: Universitas Muria Kudus. In his thesis, he analyses about the types of Mood and the Process types by using the descriptive qualitative method. He analyses the debate skill because it can sharpen the critical thinking, communication, listening, persuasion,etc. After analysing the data, he finally finds that most of the type which is used in the debate is declarative (2,88 %), imperative (95,24%), and interrogative is only (2,88%). Then, the percentage of process types is 19,55%, material 3,63%, mental 65,41%, relational 0,50, behaviour 0,50%verbal 8,62%, existential 2,26%, and meteorological 0%.Nasution, Fazdilah, Dian. 2010. An Analysis of Mood Types in William Shakespeare’s Play “Romeo and Juliet”: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara. In her thesis, she analyses about the most dominant Mood types by applying the theory of M.A.K Halliday. By studying some books and some related literature, she finally finds that the most dominant Mood type is declarative 222 (82,7%), compared to interrogative and declarative.
(37)
Kholifah, Nor. 2013. Mood Types Analysis in the Script of Barrack Obama’s Victory Speech 2012 On Election Night.Unpublished thesis. Kudus:Universitas Muria Kudus. In her thesis, she analyses the Mood types used in the script of Barrack Obama’s victory speech 2012 on election night by finding the mostly used type of Mood in his speech. So, by using the descriptive qualitative method, she finds that the declarative (94,53%) is mostly used rather than interrogative (5,08%), and imperative (0,39%).
(38)
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of the Study
This study uses descriptive qualitative method which is applied by giving a description of the mood types in the article Kids with Guns. Abdurrahmat (2006) says that descriptive qualitative method is a method of research which aims to serve the information accurately and precisely about the characteristics of a population. It is also applied to answer the question “how” and “why”.
3.2 Data and Source Data
The data are collected from Robert Atwan’s book. “Our Time” book is edited by Robert Atwan. It was published in 1995 by Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press. This book was manufactured in USA. The book consists of 15 chapters with 63 subchapters. The subchapter 11 from the fifth chapter is analyzed. The title of the article found in this subchapter is Kids with Guns. This article is written by Eric Pooley. This article was ever published on August 5, 1991 in New York Times
Magazine. Specifically, the writer would like to analyze this article by using Mood types theory. The data consists of the clauses that are found in the data source.
3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis
There are some techniques will be used in the analysis such as the followings: a. To read the article Kids with Guns
b. To select the clauses which have informal language by looking into the forms and vocabularies
(39)
d. To analyze the clauses by using role relation theory e. To describe the analysis
(40)
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data Analysis
In this chapter, the writer analyzes an article entitled “Kids with Guns”
written by Eric Pooley, which is taken from “Our Time” book edited by Robert Atwan. This article is once published in New York magazine on August, 5th 1991. The writer focuses the analysis on the mood types of the informal language found in the article. The mood types of the informal language is consisted of declarative, polar interrogative, tagged declarative, wh-interrogative, imperative, exclamative, elliptical clauses, minor clauses, and non-finite clauses.
In order to carry out a mood analysis, the text must first be divided into clauses. The clauses are labeled as C for complement, CA1 for Circumstantial Adjunct, CA2 for Conjunctive Adjunct, CA3 for Continuity Adjunct, F for Finite, HA for Holding Adjunct, IA1 for Interpersonal Adjunct, IA2 for Intensity Adjunct, M for Mood, MA for Mood Adjunct, P for Predicator, PA For Polarity Adjunct, R for Residue, S for Subject, SW for Subject Wh, TA for Temporality Adjunct, WA for Wh Adjunct and the last one is WC for Wh Complement. The analysis can be seen as follows:
(1.) I wasn’t S
playing
F P
M R
(41)
(2.) He is a good S
kid F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(3.) His mother and father have to tried to shield him from the S
crack
F P C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (4.) Be
Finite clause declarative scientist
(5.) Or a construction worker like my CA2
pops
S CA2 C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(6.) Just fifteen, he seems more like IA
twelve S P IA CA2 C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (7.) His eyes too big for his
S
head
C CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative F C
(42)
(8.) He can’t remember a S
time
F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(9.) When he hasn’t heard gunfire in the night
A/Wh S F P C CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(10.) He has watched teenager
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(11.) He knows spray 9-mm slugs into the face of another local kid
S P C P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (12.) Raymond doesn’t deal,
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(13.) But he doesn’t make him safe
CA1 S F P C
R M R
(43)
(14.) It’s rough around here S F CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(15.) Especially if you haven’t done all your growing yet
MA CA2 S F P S TA
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(16.) It’ s always shorty do this do that S F IA IA P C P C
M R R
Finite clause declarative
(17.) And I ’m like naw-naw CA2 S F CA2 C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(18.) Tired of running to the deli for the dealers P CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (19.) How he’d been bullied
WA S F P
R M R
(44)
(20.) I don’t want to get in with those people
S F P CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(21.) I ain’t want to have my father back up all my battles
S F P C P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(22.) When Raymond’s father gave him a bike
WC S P C C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (23.) Yo, Lemme ride
CA3 P C P R
Nonfinite clause imperative (24.) And didn’t bring it back
CA2 F P C CA1 R
Finite clause declarative
(25.) That’s when I started not caring S F CA S P
(45)
Finite clause declarative
(26.) The kid that took my bike came back to” house” me
S P C P CA1 C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (27.) Yo, You got money?
CA3 S P C
R M R
Nonfinite clause polar interrogative
(28.) He ain’t going to be able to do that
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(29.) Cause either he gonna get hurt
CA2 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative ;
(30.) Or I’m gonna get hurt
CA1 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(31.) As he rode away on raymond’s bike
S P CA1
(46)
Nonfinite clause declarative
(32.) Raymond told him he needed his bike back
S P C S P C
M R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(33.) Three kids opened their down coats
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (34.) I wasn’t playin’ no more
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(35.) The thief gave back the bike
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(36.) You’re gonna have to protect yourself
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(37.) I wasn’t ready for the kick S F C
(47)
Finite clause declarative
(38.) Raymond’s father doesn’t let him take the gun outside
S F P C P C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(39.) When his parents aren’t home
WA S F CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(40.) And Raymond wasn’t the only kid suddenly carrying
CA2 S F C P
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(41.) All the young ones runnin’ with guns now
S P CA2 C CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (42.) Now, there’s no more
CA1 S F CA2
R M R
Finite clause declarative (43.) Can’t be dissin’ ‘em
F P C
(48)
Finite clause declarative (44.) He a bigger nigger now
S C CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(45.) He hasn’t yet fired thing in anger
S F TA P C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (46.) Where I’m from
WA S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(47.) I’m still thinking about it
S F MA P CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(48.) It’s just like a part of life S F MA CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative (49.) Bein’ strapped
F P R
(49)
Finite clause declarative
(50.) Having joint in case you got beef P C CA2 S P C
R F R
Finite clause declarative (51.) But he’s learning that
CA2 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(52.) If people know you’re strapped CA3 S P C F P
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(53.) They might buck you right off
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(54.) Not wait for you to pork yours out
PA P C P C CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(55.) You got to be ready to use it
S F P C
(50)
Finite clause declarative (56.) And buck them
CA2 P C R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(57.) Or mess with any one of my family CA2 P CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(58.) I don’t want to shoot nobody S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(59.) They’re justgoing to have to get it
S F MA F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (60.) That’sthat it’s about
S F CA2 S F CA2
M R M R
Finite clause declarative
(61.) Two boys pumped five slugs into a fifteen year old
S P C CA1
(51)
Nonfinite clause declarative (62.) While they stole his bike
CA2 S P C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (63.) Teenagers die over less
S P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (64.) There’s nothing unusual
S F IA1 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(65.) What’s received fat less attention
SW F P C CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(66.) Some of them good kids
S C
R
(52)
(67.) The gluts of guns being
S P
R
Finite clause declarative
(68.) When one was nabbed for doing so in east Harlem
WA S F P CA1
S M R
Finite clause declarative (full)
(69.) But the high-powered slugs also find babies in their cribs or strollers
CA2 S P C C2
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (full) (70.) Grandmas on their couches
S CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (ellipt) (71.) It didn’t even make the papers
S F CA2 P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (full) (72.) Isn’t confined to New York
F P CA1
R
(53)
(73.) A “dis” that leads to a “beef’
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(74.) And we haven’t even hit the deep water yet
CA2 S F CA2 P C TA
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(75.) We’re just skimming the surface
S F MA P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (76.) Now, I’m into guns
TA S F CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(77.) Fifty kids from thrteen to eighteen
S CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(78.) From frightened child to gangster CA1
R
(54)
(79.) What’s abnormal SW F C
M R
Finite clause polar interrogative (80.) A friend who’s strapped
S WA F P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(81.) An older brother who’s got a “swammie”
S WA F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(82.) More kids carry guns in winter
S P C CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (83.) If he’s not
CA2 S F IA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative (84.) This man is down
S F C
(55)
Finite clause declarative (85.) He’s getting paid
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(86.) A lot was younger kids emulating drug dealers
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (87.) He can’t copy that
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (88.) He isn’t
S F M
Finite clause declarative
(89.) Other crack crews didn’t dissolve
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(90.) If they don’t want to become dealers
CA2 S F P C
R M R
(56)
(91.) But many youngster don’t even have to buy their first gun
CA1 S F CA1 F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(92.) If you ’re playing baseball
CA1 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(93.) You’ve got to have a glove S F P F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(94.) You’ve got to have a gun
Finite clause declarative (95.) It’s scary
S F C M R Finite clause declarative
(96.) It ’s the way kids are thinking S F C S F P
M R M R
Finite clause declarative S F P F C
(57)
(97.) It’s impossible to understand S F C P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(98.) I didn’t mean to step on your toe
S F IA1 P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(99.) I didn’t mean to say that
S F IA1 P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(100.) He ’s ready to finish with this guns
S F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(101.) There are just too many ways to get beef and die
CA1 F MA S P C
R M R
Finite clause declrative (102.) And yaow-got beef
CA2 S P C
R M R
(58)
(103.) Friends have beef and shoot each other over nothing
S P C CA2 P C CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(104.) Yo -what choo doin’ with my bitch? CA3 WA F S P C
R M R
Finite clause polar interrogative (105.) Pow, and it’s over
CA3 CA2 S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (106.) Then the guy be beatin’
CA2 S F P
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(107.) The kid layin’ there bleedin’
S P CA P
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (108.) This thing?
C R
(59)
(109.) It aint got much kick
Finite clause declarative
(110.) But it’s a good summer gun CA2 S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(111.) You can’t be hiding much under your T-shirt
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (112.) I’ve only had ita week
S F MA F C CA2
M R
Finite clause declarative
(113.) It’s not business thing for me
S F C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(114.) He doesn’t sell drugs or rob S F P C CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
S F P C
(60)
(115.) I ain’t interested in that
S F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(116.) That don’t mean we’re criminals S F P S F C
M R M R
Finite clause declarative
(117.) Bug’s gun isn’t a tool yet
S F C TA
M R
Finite clause declarative (118.) It’s time to kill
S F C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(119.) Maybe they won’t mess
IA S F P
R M R
Finite clause declarative (120.) It’ s just nice to have
S F MA C CA
M R
(61)
(121.) A schoolteacher doesn’t know he has it
S F P S F C
M R M R
Finite clause declarative (122.) She’d probably kill me
S F IA1 P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (123.) He hasn’t had to use it
S F P C
M P
Finite clause declarative
(124.) I’ve never shot at someone S F IA1 P CA1`
M R
Finite clause declarative (125.) I don’t think about it
S F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(126.) The gun want to get blood on itself
S P C CA1
M R
(62)
(127.) It want to get body on it
S P C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(128.) Having a gun isn’t enough
P C F C
R Finite clause declarative (129.) You’ve got to use it
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (130.) It’s just a “front”
S F MA C
M R
Finite clause declarative (131.) It’ s simple
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (132.) He was gonna pop him
S F P C
M R
(63)
(133.) I seen a gun S P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(134.) But he didn’tpop the teacher after all
CA2 S F P C CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative (135.) Y, look what got
IA1 P SW P
R M
Nonfinite clause imperative
(136.) I held it crazy tight in both hands and shot
S P C CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(137.) I didn’t know it would kick so S F P S F P PA
M M
Finite clause declarative
(138.) Made me see why they call it buckin’
P C P WA S P C
R M R
(64)
(139.) In less than a month
CA1 C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(140.) The kid I was with had a ring and change
C S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(141.) But these kids still beat him
CA2 S TA P C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (142.) I saw the kids that done it
S P C P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(143.) Malcom wasn’t much of a shot
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(144.) I didn’t know it would kick so
S F P S F P
M M
(65)
(145.) He didn’t hit his targets
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(146.) I’m behind acar shooting S F CA1 C P
M R
Finite clause declarative (147.) We was out of there
S F CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(148.) Why I didn’t want to go to no movies
WC S F P CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(149.) I didn’t want to stop shooting
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(150.) The brothers don’t think about consequences
S F P CA1
M R
(66)
(151.) Then wised up and went to college
CA2 P CA2 P CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (152.) Because he can’t die CA2 S F P
R M
Finite clause declarative (153.) I don’t care
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(154.) You can’t catch thirty bullets
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(155.) And stick up a white person CA2 P C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (156.) That ’s a ritual
S F C
M R
(67)
(157.) You’re a nobody a wannabe
S F C C
M R
Finite clause declarative (158.) You’re a man
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(159.) You want to be seen as cold crazy S P F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (160.) You get that rep
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (161.) This man’s gone
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative (162.) That’ s all here
S F CA1
M R
(68)
(163.) They was tight themselves
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(164.) David don’t pay Ernest for five dollars
S F P C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (165.) He’ll have to be shot
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(166.) He’s in jail now S F CA1 CA!
M R
Finite clause declarative
(167.) I don’t think people realize
S F P C P
M R
Finite clause declarative (168.) It too damn easy
S C
R
(69)
(169.) A slug entered the back of Joe’s left leg
S P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (170.) They be goin around
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (171.) They tryin’
S P
M
Finite clause declarative
(172.) They just can’t dead me S MA F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (173.) It ain’t hurt too bad
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(174.) If I was shot in the head or something CA2 S F P CA2 CA2 C
(70)
Finite clause declarative (175.) Hurt like a bitch
P C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (176.) It’s almost midnight
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (177.) That’s firecrackers
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(178.) That’ s a nine-millimeter
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (179.) He’s lithe
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (180.) You ain’t tryin’
S F C
(71)
Finite clause declarative
(181.) This one’s a twelve-gauge shortie
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(182.) ‘Cause you’re always reloading
CA2 S F IA P
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(183.) That’s why mostly we like to have automatics
S F CA1 IA1 S P O
M R M R
Finite clause declarative
(184.) Something that’s gonna hold a lot of bullets
S CA2 F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (185.) Know what I’m sayin’
P WC S F P
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(186.) Something that’s gonna spit
S CA2 F P
M R
(72)
(187.) Something that says pawpawpaw
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (188.) Know’m sayin’
P F P
R
Nonfinite clause polar interrogative
(189.) If the man you got beef with got a 380 CA2 C S P C CA1
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (190.) Cause you reloadin’
CA2 S P
R M
Nonfinite clause declarative (191.) And he on you
CA2 S CA1 R
Nonfinite clause declarative (192.) You ain’t goin’ nowhere
S F P CA1
(73)
Finite clause declarative
(193.) Gus wasn’t allowed to play with toy guns or water pistols
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(194.) His mother, a nurse, wouldn’t let him
S S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (195.) Moms don’t like ‘em
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(196.) We was just kids having fun
S F MA C P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(197.) Gus liked being a TV cop
S P F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(198.) He was running with a crew of kids from around central park
S F P C CA1
M R
(74)
(199.) We was going all out for each other
S F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (200.) You my man
S C R
Nonfinite clause declarative (201.) So, I’m all out for you
CA2 S F IA1 C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (202.) Jumping other kids
P C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (203.) It’s like this period
S F CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative (204.) You runnin’ around
S P CA1
(75)
Nonfinite clause declarative (205.) Doing little kid shit
P C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (206.) That’s how it starts
S F WA S P
R M
Finite clause declarative (207.) He got the dope shit!
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (208.) It wasn’t about protection
S F CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(209.) But you can only front for so long CA2 S F MA P CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(210.) Before you have to prove something’s behind
S F P IA F CA1
M R
(76)
(211.) You’re among your peers
S F CA1 C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(212.) While you’ re still in the game room
WA S F TA CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative (213.) He’s on street
S F CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(214.) He driving around in the Benz
S P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(215.) Other people comin’ by with the fresh sneakers on
S P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (216.) Damn! got to got me some
CA3 F P C
R
(77)
(217.) Even if I wasn’t CA1 S F
R M
Finite clause declarative
(218.) Gus and his crew became stick up kids
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (219.) You survivin’ in the street
S P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (220.) That’s your way of life
S F CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(221.) You’re this rabbit gangster
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (222.) I’m bad
S F C
(78)
Finite clause declarative (223.) I’ll do anything
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (224.) But you’re a little so
CA2 S F MA CA1
S M R
Finite clause declarative
(225.) We did wrong shit, okay?
S P C PA
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (226.) Like you’re getting paid
CA2 S F P C
R F R
Finite clause declarative
(227.) The stereotype is that moms is on drugs
S F C F CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (228.) So, the kids run wild
PA S P C
(79)
Nonfinite clause declarative (229.) But it wasn’t like that
CA2 S F CA2 C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (230.) She wasn’t
S F R
Finite clause declarative (231.) I wasn’t no angel
S F PA C
M R
Finite clause declarative (232.) Doing no hard time
P PA C R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(233.) All the kids are in crew now S F CA1 CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(234.) A lot of kids that never were wild got cold wild real fast
S PA F C CA1
M R
(80)
(235.) Then he do boom CA2 S P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (236.) I’ m like
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (237.) Yo, that shit feel great
HA S P C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (238.) It knock him out
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(239.) He didn’t want to see nothing
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (240.) You handling drug
S P C
M R
(81)
(241.) Handlin’ money
P C
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (242.) You Aladdin now
S C CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (243.) You’re bad
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(244.) You’re making a little money
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(245.) You got to watch your back
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(246.) People be comin’ back at you
S F P CA1
M R
(82)
(247.) Tryin’ to smoke you
P C
R Finite clause declarative
(248.) Damn, got beef , can’t go uptown CA3 F C F P C
R Finite clause declarative
(249.) Gets to the point where you’re tired of watching back
P C CA2 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause imperative
(250.) I don’t actually really think about it
S F IA2 P CA2 C
M R
Finite clause declarative (251.) I won’t do
S F P
M R
Finite clause declarative (252.) What’s got to be done
SW F P
R M
(83)
(253.) You can’t be thinking about it
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (254.) Don’t forget
F P R
Finite clause imperative
(255.) Some kids went beeefin’ with us
S P C CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (256.) They ain’t got no joints
S F P PA C
M R
Finite clause declarative (257.) Pap,pap, start shooting
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(258.) My man comes around the cab
S P CA1
M R
(84)
(259.) And bucks him in face, pap,pap,D.O.A
CA3 P C CA1 C
R Nonfinite clause declarative (260.) Now, my friend on the run
CA1 S CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (261.) Police looking for him
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(262.) The people of the kid who get killed
S WC P
M Nonfinite clause declarative (263.) They lookin’ for us
S P C
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(264.) So we looking over our shoulders
CA2 S P C
R M R
(85)
(265.) Wonderin’ what’s next P WA F C
R Finite clause declarative (266.) If it’s fun
CA2 S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (267.) That’s not fun, man
S F IA2 C IA
M R
Finite clause declarative (268.) It’s fun
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (full) (269.) While the shit goin’ on
WA S P CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative (270.) Ain’t nothing fun
F C
R Finite clause declarative
(86)
(271.) You hidin’ behind wall
S P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (272.) Don’t know
F P
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (273.) The bulletscomin’ from
S P CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (274.) Don’t know who’s who
F P WA F C R
Finite clause declarative
(275.) You dodgin’ and buckin’
S P CA2 P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(276.) And lookin’ out for your crew
CA2 P CA1
(87)
Nonfinite clause declarative (277.) Your blood’s pumpin’
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative (278.) But got to stay calm
CA2 F P C R
Finite clause declarative
(279.) There’s fun aspects to it
S F C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(280.) But it’s some deadly serious shit CA2 S F C MA C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (281.) Me personally?
S CA1 R
Nonfinite clause polar interrogative (282.) That’s hard to say
S F P
(88)
Finite clause declarative
(283.) Cause it’s very seldom one on one CA2 S F IA1 C CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(284.) It’s usually a bunch of us buckin them
S F IA1 CA1 P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(285.) And a bunch of them bucking us
CA2 S P C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative
(286.) These wasn’t citizens in midtown
S F C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(287.) If we hadn’t inflicted pain CA2 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (288.) I’m sorry they shot
S F P S P
(89)
Finite clause declarative (289.) But glad it ain’t me
CA2 P S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(290.) Evenso,He’s cutting the brakes on
CA3 S F P C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (291.) It’s time to slow down
S F C P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(292.) It isn’t always about running wild S F IA CA2 P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (293.) If you don’t slow down
CA2 S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(294.) Cause you get people watching you
CA2 S P C P C
(90)
Nonfinite clause declarative
(295.) You going to end up dead or in jail
S F P C CA2 CA1
M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (296.) I don’t want to die yet
S F P C PA
M R
Finite clause declarative (297.) He’s still not sure
S F TA PA P
M R
Finite clause declarative
(298.) I’m tryin’ to stash a little money away
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(299.) This ain’t gonna be here forever
S F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(300.) I ain’t gonna be here forever
S F P CA1
(91)
Finite clause declarative (301.) So I’mtryin’ to get paid
PA S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (302.) But I’ll tell you
CA2 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative (303.) Once it’ s in you
TA S F CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative (304.) How you get rid of it?
CA1 S P CA1 R
Nonfinite clause wh interrogative (305.) Gus can’t figure out
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (306.) I done seen it all
S F P C
(92)
Finite clause declarative
(307.) That’s what you see father’s doin’ S F WA S P S F P
M R M M
Finite clause declarative (308.) When you’re little
WA S F C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(309.) That’s what you start doin’ soon S F WA S P C TA
M R M R
Finite clause declarative
(310.) When you’re livin’ in the projects WA S F P CA1
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(311.) You can’t live without a weapon
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(312.) It’s goddam hard to live in the projects
S F C P CA1
(93)
Finite clause declarative
(313.) When all beef is dead and they unite WC S F P CA2 S P
R M R M
Finite clause declarative (314.) It’s all back to normal
S F C P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(315.) It’s not just boys that got guns S F PA TA S WC P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(316.) Or we’d go fight other females
CA2 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(317.) A pudgy woman with a crooked smile
S CA2 C
R Nonfinite clause declarative (318.) I’m not into guns anymore
S F PA P C
(94)
Finite clause declarative
(319.) Cause the cops never searced me
CA2 S PA P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(320.) I’d walk around big and bad
S F P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(321.) That’s how you usually get your first one
S F WA S IA P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(322.) A jolly yellow who looks like Malcom-jamal worker
S WC P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(323.) It’s a gift from an older brother in your crew
S F C CA2 C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (324.) It’s amazing
S F C
(95)
Finite clause declarative
(325.) Or I could just head the trigger and it spat CA2 S F MA P C CA S P
R M R M
Finite clause declarative
(326.) Then the stories start again:almost shooting the cop
CA2 S P TA MA P C
R M R
Nonfinite clause declarative (327.) Beefs between posses
S CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (328.) Here’s the A team
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(329.) And everyone ’s against the niggers from the middle
CA2 S F P C CA2
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(330.) Ricardo and his crew has a dispute with the A team
S F CA1
M R
(96)
(331.) Here’ s the A team
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(332.) Porking out all these joint pawpawpaw
P CA1
R
Nonfinite clause declarative (333.) I seen the bullets flyin past
S P C CA1
R
Nonfinit clause declarative (334.) Didn’t know what to do
F P WC P
R
Finite clause declarative (335.) It’s exciting man!
S F C IA
M R
Finite clause exclamative
(336.) It’s hard to imagine the project without guns
S F C P C
M R
(97)
(337.) Now, they’ve put down their guns
CA1 S F P C
R M R
Finite clause declarative
(338.) They’re trying not to pick them back up
S F P PA P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(339.) They don’t want to reenter the game
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (340.) They’re not sure S F PA C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(341.) That’s when their real work begins
S F WC C P
M R
Finite clause declarative (342.) Before they’re arrested
CA2 S F P
P M P
(98)
(343.) But the young gunners surely won’t blink at the mayor’s ban
R Finite clause declarative
(344.) There’s a stigma attached to not having one
S F C P CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative (345.) It’s a dead situation
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(346.) He’s gonna have to evict everybody to do that
S F P C P C
M R
Finite clause declarative (347.) I don’t see a solution
S F P C
M R
Finite clause declarative
(348.) There’s more guns out of there now than ever
S F C CA1
M R
Finite clause declarative
(99)
(349.) It’s the fourth of July
S F C
M R
Finite clause declarative
4.2 The Findings
The distribution of declarative, interrogative, exclamative, and imperative clauses of the informal language found in the article “Kids with Guns” are described in the following tables:
Types of Mood Number Of
Clauses
Percentage
Declarative mood
types 337 96,56% Interrogative mood
types 7 2,00%
Imperative mood types
4
1,14%
Exclamative mood types
1 0,28 %
From the findings above, we can conclude that the informal clauses in the text have the declarative mood type as the most dominant one, then followed by interrogative, imperative, and the last one is exclamative. From the analysis, it is found that there are 349 informal clauses, which consists of 337 declarative clauses, 7 interrogative clauses, 4 imperative clauses, and 1 exclamative clauses.
(1)
199. We was going all out for each other 200. You my man
201. So, I’m all out for you 202. Jumping other kids 203. It’s like this period 204. You runnin’ around 205. Doing little kid shit 206. That’s how it starts 207. He got the dope shit! 208. It wasn’t about protection
209. But you can only front for so long
210. Before you have to prove something’s behind 211. You ’reamong your peers
212. While you’ re stil in the game room 213. He’s on street
214. He driving around in the Benz
215. Other people comin’ by with the fresh sneakers on 216. Damn! got to got me some
217. Even if I wasn’t
218. Gus and his crew became stick up kids 219. You survivin’ in the street
220. That’s your way of life 221. You’re this rabbit gangster 222. I’ m bad
(2)
224. But you’re a little so 225. We did wrong shit, okay? 226. Like you’re getting paid
227. The stereotype is that moms is on drugs 228. So, the kids run wild
229. But it wasn’t like that 230. She wasn’t
231. I wasn’t no angel 232. Doing no hard time
233. All the kids are in crew now
234. A lot of kids that never were wild got cold wild real fast 235. Then he do boom
236. I’ m like
237. Yo, that shit feel great 238. It knock him out
239. He didn’t want to see nothing 240. You handling drug
241. Handlin’ money 242. You Aladdin now 243. You’re bad
244. You’re making a little money 245. .You got to watch your back 246. People be comin’ back at you 247. Tryin’ to smoke you
(3)
249. Gets to the point where you ’re tired of watching back 250. I don’t actually really think about it
251. I won’t do
252. What’ s got to be done
253. You can’t be thinking about it 254. Don’t forget
255. Some kids went beeefin’ with us 256. They ain’t got no joints
257. Pap,pap, start shooting
258. My man comes around the cab
259. And bucks him in face, pap,pap,D.O.A 260. Now, my friend on the run
261. Police looking for him
262. The people of the kid who get killed 263. They lookin’ for us
264. So we looking over our shoulders 265. Wonderin’ what’ s next
266. If it’s fun
267. That’s not fun, man 268. It’s fun
269. While the shit goin’ on 270. Ain’t nothing fun 271. You hidin’ behind wall 272. Don’t know
(4)
274. Don’t know who’ s who 275. You dodgin’ and buckin’ 276. And lookin’ out for your crew 277. Your blood’s pumpin’
278. But got to stay calm 279. There’s fun aspects to it
280. But it’s some deadly serious shit 281. Me personally?
282. That’ s hard to say
283. Cause it’s very seldom one on one 284. It’s usually a bunch of us buckin them 285. And a bunch of them bucking us 286. These wasn’t citizens in midtown 287. If we hadn’t inflicted pain
288. I’m sorry they shot 289. But glad it ain’t me
290. Evenso,He’s cutting the brakes on 291. It’s time to slow down
292. It isn’t always about running wild 293. If you don’t slow down
294. Cause you get people watching you 295. You going to end up dead or in jail 296. I don’t want to die yet
297. He’s still not sure
(5)
299. This ain’t gonna be here forever 300. I ain’t gonna be here forever 301. So I’ m tryin’ to get paid 302. But I’ll tell you
303. Once it’s in you 304. How you get rid of it? 305. Gus can’t figure out 306. I done seen it all
307. That’s what you see father’s doin’ 308. When you’re little
309. That’s what you start doin’ soon 310. When you’re livin’ in the projects 311. You can’t live without a weapon 312. It’s goddam hard to live in the projects 313. When all beef is dead and they unite 314. It’s all back to normal
315. It’s not just boys that got guns 316. Or we’d go fight other females
317. A pudgy woman with a crooked smile 318. I’ m not into guns anymore
319. Cause the cops never searced me 320. I’ d walk around big and bad
321. That’s how you usually get your first one
322. A jolly yellow who looks like Malcom-jamal worker 323. It‘s a gift from an older brother in your crew
(6)
324. It’s amazing
325. Or I could just head the trigger and it spat
326. Then the stories start again:almost shooting the cop 327. Beefs between posses
328. Here’s the A team
329. And everyone’s against the niggers from the middle 330. Ricardo and his crew has a dispute with the A team 331. Here’s the A team
332. Porking out all these joint pawpawpaw 333. I seen the bullets flyin past
334. Didn’t know what to do 335. It’ s exciting man
336. It’s hard to imagine the project without guns 337. Now, they’ve put down their guns
338. They’re trying not to pick them back up 339. They don’t want to reenter the game 340. They ’re not sure
341. That’s when their real work begins 342. Before they’re arrested
343. But the young gunners surely won’t blink at the mayor’s ban 344. There’s a stigma attached to not having one
345. It’ s a dead situation
346. He’s gonna have to evict everybody to do that 347. I don’t see a solution
348. There’s more guns out of there now than ever 349. It’ s the fourth of July