Staff Site Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
Statistics
Nur Hidayanto PSP
English Education Dept.
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
RESEARCH
• STATISTICS
WHAT’S THE
RELATIONSHIP?
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
RESEARCH
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Prepositivistic
RESEARCH
positivistic
Postpositivistic
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Data
Initial Observation
(research Question)
Generate Theory
Identify Variables
Measure Variables
- Graph data
- Fit a model
Generate Hypothesis
Collect data to test theory
Analyze data
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!
"
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
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SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
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+
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
VALIDATING YOUR
INSTRUMENTS
QUESTIONNAIRE
AND
TESTS
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
What is the relationship between you
instrument and data?
Instrument
• Valid
• Not valid
Data?????
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
VALIDITY
What is validity?
If your instrument is valid, so what?
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
How do you validate your
instruments?
• Expert judgment
• Using computer software
– Questionnaire: items: SPSS
– Tests : item difficulty, discrimination index,
distractors: iteman
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
So?
• Do all the “theses” in the library show the
reality that happens in the field?
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
• GARBAGE IN – GARBAGE OUT
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
COMMON MISTAKES
• NO TRY OUT-- INVALID
INTRUMENT --- INVALID DATA --WRONG CONCLUSION
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Go to the library
Find a thesis which used a questionnaire
as one of the instruments in collecting the
data.
a. Did the researcher conduct a try out to validate the questionnaire?
b. Are all the items in the questionnaire good?
c.SStatistics/Nur
What is the
implication?
Hidayanto
PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Data
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
Tabular
Methods
Graphical
Methods
•Frequency
Distribution
•Rel. Freq. Dist.
•% Freq. Dist.
•Crosstabulation
•Bar Graph
•Pie Chart
Tabular
Methods
•Frequency
Distribution
•Rel. Freq. Dist.
•Cum. Freq. Dist.
•Cum. Rel. Freq.
Distribution
•StemStem-andand-Leaf
Display
•Crosstabulation
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Graphical
Methods
•Dot Plot
•Histogram
•Ogive
•Scatter
Diagram
The students of Mr. Enjoy class are expected to judge the use
of new teaching technique “CAT” by choosing :excellent,
above average, average, below average, or poor. The
following data show the answers of 20 different students in his
class.
Below Average
Above Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Below Average
Poor
Excellent
Above Average
Average
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Above Average
Above Average
Below Average
Poor
Above Average
Average
Relative
Rating
Percent
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Poor
Below Average
Average
Above Average
Excellent
Total
2
3
5
9
1
20
.10
.15
.25
.45
.05
1.00
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
10
15
25
45
5
100
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!"#
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!
"
$
%
#
#
!
&
%
#
!
#
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
"
#
"
"
"
#
"
$
"
"
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
%
!'
"
Name
score
Name
acore
A
65
P
55
B
68
Q
70
C
70
R
65
D
85
S
80
E
90
T
95
F
87
U
70
G
95
V
85
H
76
W
85
I
70
X
80
J
90
Y
76
K
90
Z
60
L
80
A1
78
M
90
B1
68
N
75
C1
O
60
D1
!
#
)
' *++,
&
#
-
.
%
%
90 Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur
70
(
&
&
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!'
"
Name
score
Name
acore
A
65
P
55
B
68
Q
70
C
70
R
65
D
85
S
80
E
90
T
95
F
87
U
70
G
95
V
85
H
76
W
85
I
70
X
80
J
90
Y
76
K
90
Z
60
L
80
A1
78
M
90
B1
68
N
75
C1
O
60
D1
• What is the median?
90 Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur
70
!'
"
Name
score
Name
acore
A
65
P
55
B
68
Q
70
C
70
R
65
D
85
S
80
E
90
Measurements
T
95
F
87
U
70
G
95
V
85
H
76
W
85
I
70
X
80
J
90
x
3
5
5
1
7
2
6
7
0
4
Y
76
K
90
Z
60
L
80
A1
78
M
90
B1
68
N
75
C1
O
60
D1
%
90 Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur
70
&
)
'(
' $
'
'
,
$
)
" +,
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
*
!'
Measurements Deviations
x
3
5
5
1
7
2
6
7
0
4
40
x - mean
-1
1
1
-3
3
-2
2
3
-4
0
0
Square of
deviations
1
1
1
9
9
4
4
9
16
0
54
-
. /012 . 3
!
4
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
)
*
$
5
-
.3
. $
. $
3 . 6 0/
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
/#
%
7
7
8
%
7
7
8
%
9
7
:
7
5
.
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Nur Hidayanto PSP
English Education Dept.
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
RESEARCH
• STATISTICS
WHAT’S THE
RELATIONSHIP?
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
RESEARCH
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Prepositivistic
RESEARCH
positivistic
Postpositivistic
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Data
Initial Observation
(research Question)
Generate Theory
Identify Variables
Measure Variables
- Graph data
- Fit a model
Generate Hypothesis
Collect data to test theory
Analyze data
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!
"
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
#
$
#
%
$
)*+
&
'(
$
%
(, &
+
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
/
0
1
2
$
$
$
3
-
$
/
"
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
$
.
$
.
4
4 "
$
$
4
$
(56
$
$
(56
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
#
#
$
$
$
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
7
8
$
"
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
/
$
.
/
0
9
)
3
*
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
/
%
1
% /
$
+$
$
*
$
%
+
%
$
+
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
$
$
+
&:
%
3 /
+ /
/
$
.
/
/
%
$
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
+
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
*
)
/
-
$
/%
%
+
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
+
1 :
/
%
$
"
$
7
0
2#&9
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
1
$
-
.
/
&
%
$
12; 1*+
:
*
&
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
7
*
$
$
7
$
$
*
$
$
$
%
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
$
)
+
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
VALIDATING YOUR
INSTRUMENTS
QUESTIONNAIRE
AND
TESTS
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
What is the relationship between you
instrument and data?
Instrument
• Valid
• Not valid
Data?????
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
VALIDITY
What is validity?
If your instrument is valid, so what?
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
How do you validate your
instruments?
• Expert judgment
• Using computer software
– Questionnaire: items: SPSS
– Tests : item difficulty, discrimination index,
distractors: iteman
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
So?
• Do all the “theses” in the library show the
reality that happens in the field?
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
• GARBAGE IN – GARBAGE OUT
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
COMMON MISTAKES
• NO TRY OUT-- INVALID
INTRUMENT --- INVALID DATA --WRONG CONCLUSION
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Go to the library
Find a thesis which used a questionnaire
as one of the instruments in collecting the
data.
a. Did the researcher conduct a try out to validate the questionnaire?
b. Are all the items in the questionnaire good?
c.SStatistics/Nur
What is the
implication?
Hidayanto
PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Data
Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
Tabular
Methods
Graphical
Methods
•Frequency
Distribution
•Rel. Freq. Dist.
•% Freq. Dist.
•Crosstabulation
•Bar Graph
•Pie Chart
Tabular
Methods
•Frequency
Distribution
•Rel. Freq. Dist.
•Cum. Freq. Dist.
•Cum. Rel. Freq.
Distribution
•StemStem-andand-Leaf
Display
•Crosstabulation
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Graphical
Methods
•Dot Plot
•Histogram
•Ogive
•Scatter
Diagram
The students of Mr. Enjoy class are expected to judge the use
of new teaching technique “CAT” by choosing :excellent,
above average, average, below average, or poor. The
following data show the answers of 20 different students in his
class.
Below Average
Above Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Average
Above Average
Below Average
Poor
Excellent
Above Average
Average
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
Above Average
Above Average
Below Average
Poor
Above Average
Average
Relative
Rating
Percent
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Poor
Below Average
Average
Above Average
Excellent
Total
2
3
5
9
1
20
.10
.15
.25
.45
.05
1.00
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
10
15
25
45
5
100
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!"#
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!
"
$
%
#
#
!
&
%
#
!
#
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
"
#
"
"
"
#
"
$
"
"
$
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
%
!'
"
Name
score
Name
acore
A
65
P
55
B
68
Q
70
C
70
R
65
D
85
S
80
E
90
T
95
F
87
U
70
G
95
V
85
H
76
W
85
I
70
X
80
J
90
Y
76
K
90
Z
60
L
80
A1
78
M
90
B1
68
N
75
C1
O
60
D1
!
#
)
' *++,
&
#
-
.
%
%
90 Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur
70
(
&
&
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
!'
"
Name
score
Name
acore
A
65
P
55
B
68
Q
70
C
70
R
65
D
85
S
80
E
90
T
95
F
87
U
70
G
95
V
85
H
76
W
85
I
70
X
80
J
90
Y
76
K
90
Z
60
L
80
A1
78
M
90
B1
68
N
75
C1
O
60
D1
• What is the median?
90 Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur
70
!'
"
Name
score
Name
acore
A
65
P
55
B
68
Q
70
C
70
R
65
D
85
S
80
E
90
Measurements
T
95
F
87
U
70
G
95
V
85
H
76
W
85
I
70
X
80
J
90
x
3
5
5
1
7
2
6
7
0
4
Y
76
K
90
Z
60
L
80
A1
78
M
90
B1
68
N
75
C1
O
60
D1
%
90 Hidayanto PSP/PBI
SStatistics/Nur
70
&
)
'(
' $
'
'
,
$
)
" +,
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
*
!'
Measurements Deviations
x
3
5
5
1
7
2
6
7
0
4
40
x - mean
-1
1
1
-3
3
-2
2
3
-4
0
0
Square of
deviations
1
1
1
9
9
4
4
9
16
0
54
-
. /012 . 3
!
4
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
)
*
$
5
-
.3
. $
. $
3 . 6 0/
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI
/#
%
7
7
8
%
7
7
8
%
9
7
:
7
5
.
SStatistics/Nur Hidayanto PSP/PBI