TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN ENGLISH” IN CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS Task Design Of “Leading In English” In Candlin Perspective (1987): Task Analysis.
TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN ENGLISH” IN
CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
WAHYU PURNANINGTYAS
A 320100144
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
APPROVAL
TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN ENGLISH” IN
CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS
RESEARCH PAPER
by
WAHYU PURNANINGTYAS
A 320 100 144
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant I
Consultant II
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum
NIK. 274
ii
NurHidayat,S.Pd
NIK.771
ACCEPTANCE
TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN ENGLISH” IN
CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS
Accepted and Approved by Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta on
February 5th, 2014
Team of Examiners:
1. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum
(
)
(
)
(
)
(Chair Person)
2. Nur Hidayat, S. Pd
(Member I)
3. Drs. H. Maryadi, MA.
(Member II)
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno
NIP. 19650428199303001
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in writing research paper, many powers, spirit,
motivation, concentration, and seriousness are needed. It is impossible to finish
this final subject in the process of getting bachelor degree without reading up and
doing intensively. Looking for some references, consultation, and analyses are
some ways to finish this research. There is no perfect fit in every writing research.
Hence, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this research
paper; hence I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, 27 February 2014
The Writer
Wahyu Purnaningtyas
A 320100144
iv
MOTTO
“Dream it, Plan for it, Work for it, Never give up and You
will always Successful in your Dreams” (Dr. Rajesh M.
Buddhadev)
Motivasilah mereka, maka dirimu akan termotivasi olehNya.
Tak ada yang sia-sia di dunia ini, sekecil apapun, ia pasti
memiliki manfaat.
Everything needs a process. Just enjoy it!
There are no boundaries in a patient.
Always think Positive!
Thankful in every time!
Always try to do the best to get the best!
(The Writer)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT who always show me the way for finishing something, keep
and increase my patient, and always give me the best;
My beloved mother and father, thanks for your motivation, love, and
pray;
My lovely brother; and
Everyone around me who always give me motivation and pray.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullaahi Wabarakaatuh.
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘alamiin,all praises just for Allah SWT, the Lord of the
universe, the One who sent the Messenger Muhammad SAW to guide human to
safest religion, Islam. Thanks for blessing her in finishing her research paper
entitled “Task Design of “Leading in English” In CandlinPerspective (1987):
Task Analysis.” She also would like to say thank for Muhammad Prophet, a
glory person who gives his blessing to his masses in the next day, peace be upon
him.
Thus, the writer would like to express her great gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat,S. Pd, M. Hum., Ph. D, Head of English Department
of School of Teacher Training and Education,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., the academic adviser and the first
consultant, who has given great help, guidance, advice, and correction from the
beginning up to the completion of this research paper,
4. Nur Hidayat, S. Pd. as the second consultant who patiently gave his guidance
and motivation,
5. Drs. H. Maryadi, MA.as the third examiner of this research paper.
6. All of the lecturers of English Education Department, thank you so much
for the knowledge and guidance,
vii
7. Her beloved mother and father, Kimi and M. Budi Supono, who always
pray, love, care, give support and motivation, and have been a source of
inspiration. It wills not enough to reveal all of their sacrifice. May Allah SWT
always love them,
8. Her lovely brother, Agus Purwo Nugroho and sister-in-law, Sri Mulyantiwho
always support and motivate her,
9. Her truly friendship, Vita Wulandari, Luthfi Yulidar, Indah Susilasari and
Dewita Nur Azizah who always support and advice her in accomplishing this
research paper,
10. Her beloved family in Kosta Zam-Zam I, mbak Rifa who always remind
her to finish this research paper, Yuyun, Eva, mbak Siti, Ayudha, Lely,
Umay, Riska, Titik, Risyda, Eva II, Heni, Diana, mbak Fitri, Nining, Tri,
thanks for everything,
11. Her cheerful friends in D class of English Education Department ’10,
12. Her friend in PPL SMP Al-Islam 1 Surakarta and lovely students, thanks
for your support and motivation,
13. All of her families, friends, and teachers that cannot be mentioned one by
one,
Last but not least, the writer realizes that this research paper is still far from
being perfect. Therefore, suggestion and positive criticism are hoped and needed
to make this research paper better.
viii
The writer hopes that this research paper can contribute to useful reading for
the esteemed readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullaahi Wabarakaatuh.
Surakarta, February 2014
The Writer,
Wahyu
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ................................................................ .................................................i
APPROVAL........................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE ..................................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY......................................................................................................iv
MOTTO ..............................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................x
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................1
B. Limitation of the Study ................................................................................7
C. Problem Statement .......................................................................................7
D. Objective of the Study .................................................................................8
E. Benefit of the Study .....................................................................................9
F. Research Paper Organization .......................................................................10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Study .............................................................................................11
B. Underlying Theory .......................................................................................17
1. Material Development .............................................................................18
a. Notion .................................................................................................18
x
b. Model ..................................................................................................18
2. Task .........................................................................................................19
a. Notion .................................................................................................19
b. Component of Task ............................................................................21
c. Tasks Model .......................................................................................24
d. Criteria of Good Task .........................................................................29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Study .........................................................................................54
B. Data and Data Source ...................................................................................54
C. Data Collection Technique...........................................................................54
D. Data Analysis Technique .............................................................................55
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Finding
1. Task Design to Promote Attention to Meaning, Purpose and
Negotiation ........................................................................................... 58
2. Task Design to Draw Objectives from the Communicative Needs of
Learners ................................................................................................ 70
3. Task Design to Allow for Different Solutions Depending on Skills
and Strategies Drawn on by Learner………………………………. ... 76
4. Task Design to Involve Learner Contributions, Attitudes, and
Affects .................................................................................................. 82
5. Task Design to Require Input from All Learners in Terms of
Knowledge, Skill and Participation ...................................................... 90
xi
6. Task Design to Involve Language Use in Solving of the Task ............ 97
7. Task Design to be Challenging but not Threatening, to Promote Risk
Taking................................................................................................... 105
8. Task Design to Provide Opportunities to Language Practice .............. 116
B. Discussion……………………………………………………………...…123
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION AND
SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ...................................................................................................128
B. Pedagogical Implication ...............................................................................129
C. Suggestion ....................................................................................................131
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
xii
SUMMARY
Wahyu Purnaningtyas. A 320 100 144. TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN
ENGLISH” IN CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS.
Research Paper.Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2014.
This study focuses on task design in a workbook entitled ‘Leading in English’
based on Candlin Perspective (1987). This study is aimed at describing how the
tasks in the workbook entitled ‘Leading in English’ are designed based on the
eight criteria suggested by Candlin (1987).
This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data are taken from the tasks in the
workbook. To collect the data, the writer uses documentary method. The data
were analyzed by reading, typing, and coding the tasks; analyze the tasks based on
Candlin’s criteria; finding the tasks that are not appropriate with Candlin’s
criteria; matching the tasks with tasks model by Jane and Dave Willis; giving the
percentage of the total tasks whether it is appropriate or not based on Candlin’s
criteria and judging whether the tasks are good or not according to Candlin’s
perspective.
Based on the research finding, the results shows that the tasks in the workbook
designed based on the eighth criteria by Candlin include completion, translation,
matching, group discussion, statements and dialogues, role playing, oral
interview, understanding talk and teacher, formation, language games, multiple
choice, comprehension, cursory reading, constructing sentences, controlled
writing, dictation, simple question, composition, short talk, and punctuation task.
Keyword: task design, task model, criteria of good task.
Surakarta, 27 Februari 2014
Consultant I
Consultant II
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum
Nur Hidayat, S. Pd
Dean of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno
xiii
CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
WAHYU PURNANINGTYAS
A 320100144
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
APPROVAL
TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN ENGLISH” IN
CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS
RESEARCH PAPER
by
WAHYU PURNANINGTYAS
A 320 100 144
Approved to be Examined by Consultant
Consultant I
Consultant II
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum
NIK. 274
ii
NurHidayat,S.Pd
NIK.771
ACCEPTANCE
TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN ENGLISH” IN
CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS
Accepted and Approved by Board of Examiner
School of Teacher Training and Education
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta on
February 5th, 2014
Team of Examiners:
1. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum
(
)
(
)
(
)
(Chair Person)
2. Nur Hidayat, S. Pd
(Member I)
3. Drs. H. Maryadi, MA.
(Member II)
Dean,
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno
NIP. 19650428199303001
iii
TESTIMONY
Herewith, I testify that in writing research paper, many powers, spirit,
motivation, concentration, and seriousness are needed. It is impossible to finish
this final subject in the process of getting bachelor degree without reading up and
doing intensively. Looking for some references, consultation, and analyses are
some ways to finish this research. There is no perfect fit in every writing research.
Hence, if it is proven that there are some untrue statements in this research
paper; hence I will be fully responsible.
Surakarta, 27 February 2014
The Writer
Wahyu Purnaningtyas
A 320100144
iv
MOTTO
“Dream it, Plan for it, Work for it, Never give up and You
will always Successful in your Dreams” (Dr. Rajesh M.
Buddhadev)
Motivasilah mereka, maka dirimu akan termotivasi olehNya.
Tak ada yang sia-sia di dunia ini, sekecil apapun, ia pasti
memiliki manfaat.
Everything needs a process. Just enjoy it!
There are no boundaries in a patient.
Always think Positive!
Thankful in every time!
Always try to do the best to get the best!
(The Writer)
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT who always show me the way for finishing something, keep
and increase my patient, and always give me the best;
My beloved mother and father, thanks for your motivation, love, and
pray;
My lovely brother; and
Everyone around me who always give me motivation and pray.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullaahi Wabarakaatuh.
Alhamdulillahi Rabbil ‘alamiin,all praises just for Allah SWT, the Lord of the
universe, the One who sent the Messenger Muhammad SAW to guide human to
safest religion, Islam. Thanks for blessing her in finishing her research paper
entitled “Task Design of “Leading in English” In CandlinPerspective (1987):
Task Analysis.” She also would like to say thank for Muhammad Prophet, a
glory person who gives his blessing to his masses in the next day, peace be upon
him.
Thus, the writer would like to express her great gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat,S. Pd, M. Hum., Ph. D, Head of English Department
of School of Teacher Training and Education,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum., the academic adviser and the first
consultant, who has given great help, guidance, advice, and correction from the
beginning up to the completion of this research paper,
4. Nur Hidayat, S. Pd. as the second consultant who patiently gave his guidance
and motivation,
5. Drs. H. Maryadi, MA.as the third examiner of this research paper.
6. All of the lecturers of English Education Department, thank you so much
for the knowledge and guidance,
vii
7. Her beloved mother and father, Kimi and M. Budi Supono, who always
pray, love, care, give support and motivation, and have been a source of
inspiration. It wills not enough to reveal all of their sacrifice. May Allah SWT
always love them,
8. Her lovely brother, Agus Purwo Nugroho and sister-in-law, Sri Mulyantiwho
always support and motivate her,
9. Her truly friendship, Vita Wulandari, Luthfi Yulidar, Indah Susilasari and
Dewita Nur Azizah who always support and advice her in accomplishing this
research paper,
10. Her beloved family in Kosta Zam-Zam I, mbak Rifa who always remind
her to finish this research paper, Yuyun, Eva, mbak Siti, Ayudha, Lely,
Umay, Riska, Titik, Risyda, Eva II, Heni, Diana, mbak Fitri, Nining, Tri,
thanks for everything,
11. Her cheerful friends in D class of English Education Department ’10,
12. Her friend in PPL SMP Al-Islam 1 Surakarta and lovely students, thanks
for your support and motivation,
13. All of her families, friends, and teachers that cannot be mentioned one by
one,
Last but not least, the writer realizes that this research paper is still far from
being perfect. Therefore, suggestion and positive criticism are hoped and needed
to make this research paper better.
viii
The writer hopes that this research paper can contribute to useful reading for
the esteemed readers.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullaahi Wabarakaatuh.
Surakarta, February 2014
The Writer,
Wahyu
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ................................................................ .................................................i
APPROVAL........................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE ..................................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY......................................................................................................iv
MOTTO ..............................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT ......................................................................................x
SUMMARY ........................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................1
B. Limitation of the Study ................................................................................7
C. Problem Statement .......................................................................................7
D. Objective of the Study .................................................................................8
E. Benefit of the Study .....................................................................................9
F. Research Paper Organization .......................................................................10
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Previous Study .............................................................................................11
B. Underlying Theory .......................................................................................17
1. Material Development .............................................................................18
a. Notion .................................................................................................18
x
b. Model ..................................................................................................18
2. Task .........................................................................................................19
a. Notion .................................................................................................19
b. Component of Task ............................................................................21
c. Tasks Model .......................................................................................24
d. Criteria of Good Task .........................................................................29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of the Study .........................................................................................54
B. Data and Data Source ...................................................................................54
C. Data Collection Technique...........................................................................54
D. Data Analysis Technique .............................................................................55
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Finding
1. Task Design to Promote Attention to Meaning, Purpose and
Negotiation ........................................................................................... 58
2. Task Design to Draw Objectives from the Communicative Needs of
Learners ................................................................................................ 70
3. Task Design to Allow for Different Solutions Depending on Skills
and Strategies Drawn on by Learner………………………………. ... 76
4. Task Design to Involve Learner Contributions, Attitudes, and
Affects .................................................................................................. 82
5. Task Design to Require Input from All Learners in Terms of
Knowledge, Skill and Participation ...................................................... 90
xi
6. Task Design to Involve Language Use in Solving of the Task ............ 97
7. Task Design to be Challenging but not Threatening, to Promote Risk
Taking................................................................................................... 105
8. Task Design to Provide Opportunities to Language Practice .............. 116
B. Discussion……………………………………………………………...…123
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION AND
SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ...................................................................................................128
B. Pedagogical Implication ...............................................................................129
C. Suggestion ....................................................................................................131
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
xii
SUMMARY
Wahyu Purnaningtyas. A 320 100 144. TASK DESIGN OF “LEADING IN
ENGLISH” IN CANDLINPERSPECTIVE (1987): TASK ANALYSIS.
Research Paper.Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2014.
This study focuses on task design in a workbook entitled ‘Leading in English’
based on Candlin Perspective (1987). This study is aimed at describing how the
tasks in the workbook entitled ‘Leading in English’ are designed based on the
eight criteria suggested by Candlin (1987).
This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data are taken from the tasks in the
workbook. To collect the data, the writer uses documentary method. The data
were analyzed by reading, typing, and coding the tasks; analyze the tasks based on
Candlin’s criteria; finding the tasks that are not appropriate with Candlin’s
criteria; matching the tasks with tasks model by Jane and Dave Willis; giving the
percentage of the total tasks whether it is appropriate or not based on Candlin’s
criteria and judging whether the tasks are good or not according to Candlin’s
perspective.
Based on the research finding, the results shows that the tasks in the workbook
designed based on the eighth criteria by Candlin include completion, translation,
matching, group discussion, statements and dialogues, role playing, oral
interview, understanding talk and teacher, formation, language games, multiple
choice, comprehension, cursory reading, constructing sentences, controlled
writing, dictation, simple question, composition, short talk, and punctuation task.
Keyword: task design, task model, criteria of good task.
Surakarta, 27 Februari 2014
Consultant I
Consultant II
Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M. Hum
Nur Hidayat, S. Pd
Dean of Teacher Training
and Education Faculty
Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno
xiii