An analysis of English blends in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper 2012 edition.

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BLENDS
IN THE HEADLINES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
2012 EDITION
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN FINAL PAPER

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Weppy Widyastiarni
Student Number: 091214126
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BLENDS
IN THE HEADLINES OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER
2012 EDITION
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN FINAL PAPER

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Weppy Widyastiarni
Student Number: 091214126
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this final paper, which I have written, does not contain the
work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and

the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 13 September 2013
The Writer

Weppy Widyastiarni
091214126

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama

: Weppy Widyastiarni

Nomor Mahasiswa

: 091214126

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
An Analysis of English Blends
in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post Newspaper 2012 Edition
Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan
mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu minta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama
tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 20 Agustus 2013
Yang menyatakan,

(Weppy Widyastiarni)

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“The beginning is always today”

This final paper is dedicated to
my beloved mother and father
Rabeah Azhari & Hermanto

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ABSTRACT
Widyastiarni, Weppy. (2013). An Analysis of English Blends in the Headlines
of The Jakarta Post Newspaper 2012 Edition. Yogyakarta: English Language
Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty
of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This research analyzes English blends used in the headlines of The Jakarta
Post in January to December 2012 editions. An English blend is one type of word
formation that combines two words become one word by blending them (Plag,
2003, p. 122).
The aim of this research is to answer three research questions: (1) Do the

headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions use English
blends? (2) What are the types of blends used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post
in January to December 2012 editions? (3) What are the recommendations for
ELESP students to learn blends?
This research used content analysis as the research method. The data were
taken from The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions.
From the result of the data, the researcher discovered ten blends used in the
headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. According
to Plag (2003), there are 4 blends belonging to type 1: squeaks, boost, clemency,
and clashes. There are 3 English blends belonging to type 2; rampage, cinephiles,
criminologist and three were belonging to type 3; systemic, democratic, and
iconic. Based on Szymanek’s theory (1989), there are four ways in learning
English blends from their forms: (1) to learn blends by seeing blends as the
combination of two clipped forms in a single lexeme, (2) one can take the initial
portion of one word and the final section of the other, (3) blends are created from
one word appearing in their shorthened form, and (4) blends can be seen as two
words which partially overlap with each other.
Keywords: Blends, headlines, The Jakarta Post

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ABSTRAK
Widyastiarni, Weppy. (2013). An Analysis of English Blends in the Headlines
of The Jakarta Post Newspaper 2012 Edition. Yogyakarta: Program Study
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini menganalisis blends yang digunakan di dalam judul pada
koran edisi Januari sampai Desember 2012. Blends adalah salah satu jenis word
formation yang menggabungkan dua kata menjadi satu (Plag, 2003, p. 122).
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan: (1) Apakah juduljudul pada koran The Jakarta Post edisi 2012 menggunakan blends? (2) Tipe
blends apa saja yang digunakan di koran The Jakarta Post edisi Januari sampai
Desember 2012? (3) Apa yang direkomendasikan untuk mahasiswa PBI untuk
mempelajari blends?

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode content analysis. Data dalam penelitian
ini adalah koran The Jakarta Post edisi Januari sampai Desember 2012.
Dari hasil penelitian, terdapat sepuluh blends yang digunakan pada juduljudul koran edisi Januari sampai Desember 2012. Menurut Plag (2003), terdapat
empat blends pada tipe 1: squeaks, boost, clemency, dan clashes. Tiga blends
pada tipe 2: rampage, cinephiles, criminologist dan tiga blends pada tipe 3:
systemic, democratic,dan iconic. Berdasarkan teori Szymanek (1989), ada empat
cara mempelajari blends dari bentuknya: (1) melihat blends sebagai kombinasi
dua bentuk terpotong di leksim tunggal, (2) seseorang dapat mengambil bagian
awal dari satu kata dan bagian akhir yang lain, (3) blends dibentuk dari satu kata
yang muncul dalam bentuk yang lebih kecil, dan (4) blends dapat dilihat sebagai
dua kata yang tumpang tindih pada satu sama lain.
Kata Kunci: Blends, headlines, The Jakarta Post

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for the health and the spirit
that I get. It is amazing that after all struggles and pain, I can finish my final
paper.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd., for the
suggestions, corrections, ideas, patience, and time in guiding me during my final
paper writing. I am grateful to Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D., for the advice,
sources, support, and time that he gave to me. I would like to thank Selvi Yovina,
S.Pd., for the proofreading.
On a personal note, my gratitude and love go to my mother and father, who
support me all the time. I would like to say my particular thanks to my mother for
her patience. I thank my sisters, Wenny Widyastuti, S.Pd., Wonny Widyarti,
S.Pd., and my other siblings for the guidance to focus on working this paper.
I would also like to thank my roommates, Ratna, Iis, Miki, and Riska, for
always being ready to discuss my work, my problems, and my complaints.
Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to Barata Azeem Garay, for his love
and support.

Weppy Widyastiarni

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................

i

APPROVAL PAGES .................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................ iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ............................................ v
DEDICATION PAGE................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................ ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. x
LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................ xii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background ................................................................... 1
B. Research Method ........................................................... 4
CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION
A. Theories on Blends ........................................................ 7
B. The Research Findings ................................................... 12
CHAPTER III. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusions ................................................................... 17
B. Recommendations.......................................................... 18
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 21
APPENDICES............................................................................................... 23
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1: The Jakarta Post, January 5, 2012 ............................................... 24
Appendix 2: The Jakarta Post, January 18, 2012 ............................................. 25
Appendix 3: The Jakarta Post, January 26, 2012 ............................................. 26
Appendix 4: The Jakarta Post, April 10, 2012 ................................................. 27
Appendix 5: The Jakarta Post, May 5, 2012 .................................................... 28
Appendix 6: The Jakarta Post, May 8, 2012 .................................................... 29
Appendix 7: The Jakarta Post, May 23, 2012 .................................................. 30
Appendix 8: The Jakarta Post, June 5, 2012 .................................................... 31
Appendix 9: The Jakarta Post, December 15, 2012.......................................... 32
Appendix 10: Headlines of The Jakarta Post newspapers 2012 edition ............ 33

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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Table of Blends Analysis ................................................................... 6
Table 2. The Result of Blends Analysis in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post
Newspaper 2012................................................................................ 13

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The researcher divides this chapter into two parts: The background and
research method. The background part consists of information, ideas and some
reasons that support the research. The research method part shows the description
of the procedure and all aspects involved in the research.

A. Background
A blend word is one type of word formations that can create a new word “by
‘blending’ one word with another” (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, & Svartvik, 1985,
p. 1583). Combining two words to create a new word can be an interesting
activity. For example, the word brunch is from two words breakfast and lunch.
Being curious and eager to have a better understanding on English blends, the
researcher decided to analyze English blends written in a newspaper. Danks
(2003, p. 3) states that blends often occur in magazines and newspapers.
The researcher took the opportunity to study English blends through The
Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. There are various types of
English blends that can be found in the headlines of the newspapers. By providing
more description of blends, types of blends, and how to learn blends, this research
helps English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) students to find more
examples of blends which are used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post in January
to December 2012 editions. In this research, the researcher provides information
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on what English blends are, how many types of blends in English, and how to
study them. By studying blends as one part of word-formation, the learners will
have the ability to explore the base of words (Daulton, 2008, p. 218).
The researcher decided to choose a printed newspaper instead of the online
version because it is easier to be read, brought and analyzed. The printed
newspapers can reach some remote areas that do not have any internet connection.
People can file a printed newspaper, touch it, and recycle it. Thus, people do not
need to pay the internet and the electricity to update the news.
This research is also one of knowledge developments in a morphological
field that has several benefits for ELESP students. Through this research, the
students can see one rule in identifying blends from Plag (2003, p. 123). Plag
proposes one rule as stated in form of a formula, {A B + C D → A D}. A, B, C,
and D are the names which are given to each syllable of words. A, B are
represented two syllables of the first word and C, D are for the second word.
Finally, A and D are two syllables which created a new word which was the
combination of the first and second word.
Considering the fact that the ability to analyze blends is an effective way for
ELESP students, to learn and form blends, the researcher formulates three
research problems to be addressed in this research. The first is whether the
headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions use English
blends. The second is what the types of blends used in the headlines of The
Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions are. The third is what
recommendations for ELESP students to learn blends are.

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Related to the research problems, there are three objectives aimed to achieve
in this research. Firstly, this study aims to find out whether there are blends used
in the headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. To
achieve this first objective, morphological processes are needed to do to prove
that there are blends used in the headlines. Secondly, the objective of this research
is to identify the types of blends used in the headlines of The Jakarta Post in
January to December 2012 editions. Thirdly, this research is going to find out the
recommendations for ELESP students to learn blends.
In this part, the researcher would like to discuss the research limitation. The
content limitation of this research is focusing on headlines of The Jakarta Post
editions January to December 2012 as the source of data. The Jakarta Post is a
serial-published newspaper that contains news on current events of special or
general interest. The individual parts are listed chronologically or numerically. A
newspaper is normally daily published. A newspaper also reports the events that
have occurred within the 24-hour period (Library of Congress, 2002). It implies
that a newspaper is a serial of publication published frequently and it contains
news.
In this research, the researcher focuses on morphology, which concerns
about the form of words. One of the scopes of morphology is word formation,
which includes blends. Blend is a process of forming a new word from two
existing words by maintaining elements of both constituents (cf. Schmid 2005, pp.
224-225). O’Grady and Guzman (1997, p. 158) state that, “Blends are created
from non-morphemic parts of two already existing items.”

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Therefore, the researcher limits the data on the headlines of The Jakarta
Post in January to December 2012 editions. A headline should summarize the
news that follows and appear in the form of a sentence. A newspaper headline is
the first thing that the readers notice in a newspaper. It also helps the readers to
decide whether they want to continue reading the news or skip it (Paskova, 2009,
p. 1).

B. Research Method
The type of the reasearch chosen in this research was a qualitative research.
A qualitative research focuses on a message in the forms of written document
(Borg & Gall, 2007, p. 287). The focus of this research is to analyze blends used
in the headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions.
This research used content analysis as the research method. Content analysis
is “a technique that enables researchers to study human behavior in an indirect
way through an analysis of their communications” (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2008, p.
472). The researcher took the data from a newspaper as an indirect way to analyze
and interpret human communication. In this study, the newspapers were taken
from The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions.
According to Merriam (2002), data are collected through interviews,
observations, or document analysis. In this research, data were collected through
an observation. The observation was conducted from January to December 2012
in the library of Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta. After conducting the
observation, the researcher collected the data by listing the samples of blends in

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the headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. From
January to February 2013, the researcher input the data. Finally, from March to
April 2013, the researcher wrote the report.
The primary sources of the data were 900 headlines of The Jakarta Post in
January to December 2012 editions. The researcher chose The Jakarta Post in
January to December 2012 editions since it is Indonesia's leading Englishlanguage daily. The Jakarta Post was first published in April 25, 1983. The goals
of The Jakarta Post are to improve the standard of English media in Indonesia and
to produce quality newspapers with an Indonesian perspective. In this research,
the researcher also included Sunday Edition as the additional data sources which
was first published in September 18, 1994 (The Jakarta Post’s History Website).
The researcher used dictionaries as the secondary sources of the data. In
order to support the data and seek the base word of blends, the researcher used
Oxford

printed

dictionary,

and

Oxford

online

dictionary

from

web

http://oxforddictionaries.com/.
In collecting data, there were two instruments used in this qualitative
research. The primary instrument is the researcher (Merriam, 2002, p. 5). The
researcher plays a key role in collecting and analyzing the data.
The second instrument was a table. The table was used to analyze blends on
the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspapers. The researcher put the headlines,
the date of publishing, and the base word of blends (Bat-el, 2006).

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Table.1 Table of Blends Analysis
No

The Date

The
Headlines

Blends

Type of Blends
1

2

3

1.
2.

Note: 1 for Plag’s rule (2003), AB+CD =AD
2 for Plag’s rule (2003), AB+CD =ABD/ACD
3 for splinters (Bauer, 2006)
To analyze the data, the researcher used two theories on blends from Plag
(2003) and Bauer (2006). After collecting blends, the researcher used Oxford
dictionaries to find the base words of blends from the data. Finally, the researcher
classified blends into their types.
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that there were seven
steps were conducted in this research. Firstly, the researcher decided the topic to
be discussed. Secondly, the researcher conducted a library study in order to find
theories on blends. The researcher found theories from Szymanek (1989),
O’Grady (1997), Plag (2003), and Bauer (2006). Thirdly, the researcher analyzed
the data and found the base words of blends. In this step, the researcher took the
words from the headlines and looked for the base words from Oxford online
dictionary. After finding the base words, the researcher divided them into which
parts that were used and which were not used. The researcher gave them label A,
B, C, or D. The next step is classifying the blends to their types based on the
formula from Plag (2003). Finally, the researcher wrote the report as the results of
the research.

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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of review of related literatures and the findings as well
as the interpretation of the findings. The review of related literatures focuses on
the theories that support this research. The theories are on morphology, words,
morphemes, word formation, and types of blends.

A. Theories on Blends
In this research, the researcher attempts to present some theories on blends
from general ones to specific ones and provide some supporting ideas.
1. Morphology
Since blends are seen as a morphological process, the researcher begins
with the explanation of morphology itself. “Morphology is the system of
categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation“ O’Grady and
Guzman (1997, p. 132). In other words, morphology can be defined as the basic
principles of word structure. In addition, they state that, “Linguists use the term
morphology to refer to the part of the grammar that concerns with words and word
formation.”
2. Words
Words can be defined as the smallest free form found in language. “A free
form is an element that can occur in isolation and/or whose position with respect
to neighboring elements is not entirely fixed” O’Grady and Guzman (1997, p.
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132). A free form is simply an element that does not have to occur in a fixed
position with respect to neighboring elements.
3. Morphemes
Morpheme is the most important component of word structure that is the
smallest unit of meaning (O’Grady & Guzman, 1997). Words also have an
internal structure consisting of smallest units organized. In short, morphemes are
the minimal units of word building in a language; they cannot be broken down
any further into recognizable or meaningful parts (Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, &
Harnish, 1995, p. 16). Akmajian et al. (1995, p. 17) propose a basic classification
of English morphemes:
MORPHEMES

Free

Independent
ba s e s

Bound
Affixes
Prefixes

Bound
Bases

Contracted
Forms

Suffixes

a. Free and Bound Morpheme
According to O’Grady and Guzman (1997), free morpheme is a morpheme
that can be a word by itself. It can stand alone as an independent word in a phrase,
such as the word tree in John sat in the tree (Akmajian et al., 1995). On the other
hand, morpheme that must be attached to another element is a bound morpheme.
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but must be attached to another morpheme. For example, the plural morpheme –s,
which can only occur attached to nouns apple in order to become a word apples.
b. Affixes
Certain bound morphemes are known as affixes (e.g., -s). There are two
types of affixes, namely prefix, and suffix. Prefix is an affix that is attached in
front of the base, whereas suffix is an affix attached in the end of its base
(O’Grady & Guzman, 1997).
c. Bases
The morpheme to which an affixes is attached is the base (or stem)
morpheme Akmajian et al. (1995, p. 17). A base is “any unit whatsoever to which
affixes of any kind can be added” (Katamba, 1993, p. 45). Meanwhile, O’Grady
and Guzman say, “a base is the form to which an affix is added.
4. Word Formation
There are some types of word formation such as conversion, clipping,
backformation, acronyms, onomatopoeia, and blends. In this study, the researcher
focuses on blends.
A. Blends
1. Definition
Blend is a process of forming a new word from two existing words by
maintaining elements of both constituents (cf. Schmid 2005, p. 224-225).
O’Grady and Guzman (1997, p. 158) state that, “blends are created from nonmorphemic parts of two already existing items.”

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O’Grady and Guzman give a well-known example of blends like brunch
from breakfast and lunch, smog from smoke and fog, and infomercial from
information and commercial. Plag (2003, p. 121) states blends as another large
class of complex words whose formation is best described in terms of prosodic
categories. Blends can be defined as words that combine two (rarely three or
more) words into one, deleting material from one or both of the source words
(Plag, 2003, p. 121).
2. Types of Blends
In this research, the researcher takes three types of blends, which two types
from Plag (2003), and one type from splinters (Bauer, 2006).
a. Blends type 1
According to Plag (2003), blends are created by combining the first sylable
and the last sylable of two different words become a new word. As he forms a rule
of AB + CD = AD. This rule can be found in some words, such as motor + hotel
= motel, channel + tunnel = chunnel, and compressor + expander = compander.
The researcher takes this formula as the type 1 of blends.
b. Blends type 2
The researcher takes the second type of blends from Plag (2003). This type
of blends is formed by blending a word with the last syllable of another word. In
short, this type can be formulated as AB+CD = ABD or ACD. B or C can be null
and one of two words may appear in its full word. For examples, the word boatel
from boat + hotel, breathalyzer from breath + analyzer, and mocamp from motor
+ camp.

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c. Blends type 3
Bauer (2006) proposes one type of blends in form of splinters. Splinter as a
part of word that sometimes can be reanalyzed as a word, affixes, and as wordbuilding. There are familiar examples of splinters such as in words alchoholic,
chocoholic and shopoholic. In morphological terms, these words are divided into
alcohol and –ic, choco and –oholic, shop and –oholic.
Besides, splinters –on can be found in words such as dralon, nylon, rayon,
and xenon. The –x occurs in trade names such as Clorox, Kleenex, Pyrex, and
Tampax. The –on and –x does not carry any denotation, but they can create new
words (Bauer, 2006, p. 77). There are also some affixes that considered as
splinters, such as -thon(aerobathon), dino-(dinosploitation), -bilia(memorabilia), ploitation(rocksploitation), -unnel(chunnel), -oodle(poodle).
5. Newspapers
A newspaper is a serial publication, which contains news on current events
of special or general interests. The individual parts are listed chronologically or
numerically. It also appears frequently, usually at least once a week but
sometimes monthly. All general interest newspapers mainly reporting events that
have occurred within the 24-hour period before going to press (Library of
Congress, 2002). It implies that a newspaper is a serial publication that published
frequently and it contains news.
The Jakarta Post is one of popular English newspapers published in
Indonesia. Based on the history of The Jakarta Post newspaper (2012), it
containts 28 pages and consists of headlines, sports, businsses, opinion, current

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issues, nation, world, archipelago and music. It appears everyday in almost all
parts of Indonesia. It is first published in April 25, 1983. The goal of this
newspaper is to improve English language media in Indonesia with the higest
quality that provides complete news to its readers.
In 1994, The Jakarta Post published Sunday Post in order to provide more
analytical news and views that can be used by the readers. It contains about 40
pages and also the lastest news in weekday editions. Sunday Post is supported by
more entertainment, and probes in what is going on in world over.

B. The Research’s Findings
In this part, the researcher is going to answer the research questions by
providing data from The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions and
the interpretation of the findings. To answer the first question, whether the
headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions use English
blends, the researcher studied every headline published in 2012. There are 900
headlines in The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. By using
theories from Plag (2003), Bauer (2006), and also Oxford dictionary as supporting
sources in finding the base words, the researcher discovered ten blends out of 900
headlines in 2012. The blends together with their analysis are listed in Table. 1.
In order to answer the second question, what types of blends used in the
headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions, the
researcher provides data in Table 1.

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Table 2. Blends Analysis in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to
December 2012 editions
No

Date

The Headlines

1.

January 5, 2012

2.

January 18, 2012

3.

January 18, 2012

4.

January 26, 2012

5.

April 10, 2012

6.

May 5, 2012

7.

Blend

Romney squeaks out
Victory in Iowa
‘Systemic’ violations found
in 1965 purge
Counterterrorism to get
legal boost
Democratic party in dire
straits
Flew leads, no suspects in
Mulia runway rampage:
police
Cinephiles project high
expectations for giant Imax
screen

Democratic

May 8, 2012

8.

Squeaks

Type of Blends
1
2
3
√

Systemic
Boost

√
√
√

Rampage

√

Cinephiles

√

Impotent govt lets FPI
rampart: Top Criminologist

Criminologist

√

May 23, 2012

Corby’s clemency shamed

Clemency

√

9.

June 5, 2012

Clashes in central Sulawesi
‘engineered’

Clashes

√

10.

December 15,
2012

Iconic dishes set the scene
for RI culinary tourism

Iconic

√

There are four blends that belong to type 1, namely are squeaks, boost,
clemency, and clashes. These words can be classified as type 1 according to
Plag’s rule (2003, p. 123 ) AB + CD = AD. The word squeaks is from
squeal + shriek, boost is from boom + hoist, clemency is from clement + mercy,
and clashes is from clap + crash (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2012). These words
can be analyzed:
x

Squeal + shriek = Squeaks
A B+C D=A
D

x

Boom + hoist = Boost
A B+C D=A D

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x

Clement + mercy = Clemency
A
B+ C D = A
D

x

Clap + crashes = Clashes
A B+C D =A D

There are three blends belonging to type 2. They are rampage, from
ramp + rage, cinephiles from cinema + philes, criminologist from criminal +
logist (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2012). These words can be classified based on
Plag (2003), into AB + CD = ABD / ACD:
x

Ramp + rage = rampage
A B + CD = AB D

x

Cinema + philes = cinephiles
A B + C D = A CD

x

Criminal + logist = criminologist
A
B + CD = A
CD

There are also three forms of blends included in type 3. They are systemic,
democratic, and iconic. These three words fill the criteria of splinters –ic (Bauer,
2006, p. 77) at the end of the words.
x

Systemic = system(-ic)

x

Democratic = democrat(-ic)

x

Iconic = icon(-ic)

Based on the result, the researcher discovered that most of blends used in
headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions belong to
type 1. Thus, type 1 is the basic principle in forming blends. Bat-el (2006, p. 67)
gives many examples of blends that belong to type 1. For examples, the word

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alphameric comes from alphabetic + numeric, the word econocrat comes from
economist + bureaucrat, and the word Texaco comes from Texas + (New) Mexico.
Finally, the last research problem is asking about the recommendations for
ELESP students to learn blends from their forms. This problem can be answered
by using theories from Szymanek (1989, p. 100). He proposes four ways to learn
English blends from their forms.
The first way to learn blends is by seeing blends as the combination of two
clipped forms in a single lexeme (Szymanek, 1989, p. 100). For examples, the
word Amerind, comes from Amer(ican) + Ind(iand), and comintern, from
com(munist) + intern(ational).
Secondly, one can take the initial portion of one word and the final section
of the other (Szymanek, 1989, p. 100). For examples br(eakfast) + (l)unch =
brunch, Ox(ford) + (Cam)bridge = Oxbridge, and cap(sule) + (tab)let = caplet.
Thirdly, blends is created from one word appears in its shorthened form
(Szymanek, 1989, p. 100). For examples, the word urine + (an)alysis = urinalysis,
and cable + (tele)gram = cablegram.
The last, blends can be seen as two words which partially overlap upon each
other (Szymanek, 1989, p. 100). As can be seen in the following examples:
S|lang|
|lang|uage = slanguage

Cor|rect|
|rect|itute = correctitude

Mix|on|
(ec)|on|omics = nixonomics

Mo|t|(or)
(ho)|t|el = motel

ELESP students can learn blends through those four ways. The first one is
blends which is the combination of two clipped forms in a single lexeme. The

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second way is seeing the initial in the two basic words which one takes the initial
portion of one word and the final section of others. The third way is seeing one
word appears in its shortened form. The last one is the combination of two words
which overlap with each other (Szymanek, 1989, p. 100).

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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this paper, the researcher provides the conclusion of the study as the
answers of three problem formulations and provides the recommendations for
learners.

A. Conclusions
There were three research questions that needed to be solved. Firstly, do the
headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions use English
blends? Secondly, what are the types of blends used in the headlines of The
Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions? Thirdly, what are the
recommendations for ELESP students to learn blends?
In order to solve the first question, the researcher used morphological
processes to prove whether there were any English blends used in the headlines of
The Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. The researcher used two
theories on blends. The first theory is from Plag (2003), stating that blends can be
analyzed by a rule, A B + C D → A D. The second theory is from Bauer (2006, p.
77) stating that splinters are sometimes reanalyzed as words, sometimes affixes,
and sometimes as word-building elements that do not appear to have any
particular denotation.
The researcher discovered ten English blends out of 900 headlines of The
Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions. English blends used were
17

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squeaks, systemic, boost, democratic, rampage, cinephiles, criminologist,
clemency, clashes, and iconic.
In answering the second question, the researcher used three types of blends.
Two types of blends are from Plag (2003), and one type is from Bauer (2006).
The first type is AB+CD=AD, the second type is AB+CD=ABD (Plag, 2003). The
third type is usually used in the form of –ic in the word alchoholic, and –oholic in
the word chocoholic and shopoholic.
In this research, there are four English blends belonging to the first type.
The blends are squeaks, boost, clemency, and clashes. There are three English
blends belonging to the second type; rampage, cinephiles, criminologist, and three
blends belong to the third type; systemic, democratic, and iconic. From the data,
there are more blends type 1 used in The Jakarta Post in January to December
2012 editions because type 1 can be considered as the basic principle in forming
English blends.
The researcher implemented Szymanek’s theory (1989) to answer the third
problem. Szymanek (1989, p. 100) proposes four ways to learn English blends
from their forms. The first way to learn blends is by seeing blends as the
combination of two clipped forms in a single lexeme. For example, in the word
Amerind is from Amer(ican) + Ind(iand). Secondly, one can take the initial
portion of one word and the final section of the other. For example, the word
br(eakfast) + (l)unch = brunch. Thirdly, blends are created from one word appears
in its shorthened form. For examples, the word urine + (an)alysis = urinalysis. The

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last, blends can be seen as two words which partially overlap upon each other. For
example
S|lang|
|lang|uage = slanguage.
By employing those theories, the researcher concluded that ELESP students
can learn English blends through the headlines of The Jakarta Post in January to
December 2012 editions. Since English blends are used in the headlines of The
Jakarta Post in January to December 2012 editions in three different types of
blends. It is hoped this study can accommodate the needs to ELESP students in
preparing for their future researches. Another conclusion that can be considered in
using Szymanek’s theory is that ELESP students can learn English blends
occurring in different forms. It is also hoped that this study can help students to be
familiar with English blends so they can enhance their vocabulary.

B. Recommendations
The researcher provides recommendations for English teachers and future
researchers.
1. For ELESP Students
The ELESP students can identify blend words from many kinds of medias.
Furthermore, they can create or innovate their own blends. After creating their
blends, they can use them properly in daily activities and speeches.
2. For ELESP Lecturers
The lecturers can use blends analysis on the headlines of The Jakarta Post
in January to December 2012 editions as one of materials in morphology classes.

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The lecturers can give the opportunity to students analyzing or identifying blends
by giving the students example of blends. Besides, a blend analysis can be used
for students’ research projects. Lecturers can give it to in-class work or student’s
assignment.
3. For Future Researchers
English blends are an interesting topic to learn and to analyze. The future
researchers can conduct research on blends in many other media such as books,
magazines, and advertisements. The researchers can use theories on blends from
Plag (2003) and Bauer (2006) and check the base words in the dictionary. For the
new words, the researchers can check the content of the articles whether they have
any blends. The researchers can also analyze blends from televisions or from
radios.

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REFERENCES

Akmajian, A., Demers, R. A., Farmer, A. K., & Harnish, R. M. (1995).
Linguistics: An introduction to language and ccommunication. (4th ed.).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Anonymous. The history of the Jakarta post. Retrieved: September 10, 2012 from
http://www.thejakartapost.com/company_profile/thejakartapost_history
Anonymous. What is a newspaper? Retrieved: September 10, 2012 from
http://www.nla.gov.au/anplan/documents/documents/ANPlandefinitionofa
newspaper_000.pdf
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to research in
education. (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Bauer, L. (1988). Introducing linguistic morphology. (1st ed.). Edinburg: Edinburg
University Press.
Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology. (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C:
Georgetown University Press.
Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1983). Educational research: An introduction. (4th
ed.). London: Longman.
Carter, R. (1998). Vocabulary: Applied linguistic perspectives. (2nd ed.). London:
Routledge.
Danks, D. (2003). Separating blends: A formal investigation of the blending
process in English and its relationship associated word formation
processes.
Retrieved:
September
10,
2012
from
http://rdues.bcu.ac.uk/publ/Debbie_Danks_Thesis-Appendices.pdf
Daulton, F. E. (2009). Word formation and EFL in Japan. Retrieved: September
10, 2012 from http://repo.lib.ryukoku.ac.jp/jspui/bitstream/10519/293/1/rky_031_01_014.pdf
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2008). How to design and evaluate research in
education. (7th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Haspelmath, M. (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold.
Lehrer, A. (1996). Identifying and interpreting blends: an experimental approach.
Cognitive linguistics 7.4, 359-390.
21

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Merriam, S. B. (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion
and analysis. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nation, I. S. P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston, MA: Heinle
and Heinle.
Nurfatimah, E. (2010). English word blends. Retrieved: September 10, 2012 from
http://www.gunadarma.ac.id
O’Grady, W., Dobrovolsky, M., & Katamba, F. (1997). Contemporary linguistics:
An introduction. London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
Plag, I. (2003). Word-formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Praskova, E. (2009). Grammar in newspaper headlines. Retrieved: April 29, 2013
from http://dspace.upce.cz/bitstream/10195/34683/1/PraskovaE_GrammarIn
_PH_2009.pdf
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive
grammar of the English language. London: Longman.
Schmid, H. J. (2005). English morphology and word-formation: An introduction.
Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
Spencer, A. (1991). Morphological theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Szymanek, B. (1989). Introduction to morphological analysis. Warszawa:
Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

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APPENDICES

23

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APPENDIX 1: The Jakarta Post, January 5, 2012

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APPENDIX 2: The Jakarta Post, January 18, 2012

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APPENDIX 3: The Jakarta Post, January 26, 2012

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APPENDIX 4: The Jakarta Post, April 10, 2012

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APPENDIX 5: The Jakarta Post, May 5, 2012

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APPENDIX 6: The Jakarta Post, May 8, 2012

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APPENDIX 7: The Jakarta Post, May 23, 2012

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APPENDIX 8: The Jakarta Post, June 5, 2012

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APPENDIX 9: The Jakarta Post, December 15, 2012

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APPENDIX 10: Headlines of The Jakarta Post Newspapers 2012 Edition
NO

DATE

1

January 2, 2012

2

January 3, 29012

3

January 4, 2012

4

January 5, 2012

5

January 6, 2012

6

January 7, 2012

7

January 8, 2012

8

January 9, 2012

9

January 10, 2012

10

January 11, 2012

11

January 12, 2012

12

January 13, 2012

13

January 14, 2012

14

January 15, 2012

15

January 16, 2012

HEADLINES
Fireworks, car-free night mark New Year
Workers send home $6 billion
Shooting spree greets New Year in Aceh
SBY outlines economic strategy to IDX
Indonesia loses one of its rising fashion stars
Police-related crimes are down – but not far enough
Bi wants to scrapt SBI papers
Flip-Flops for cops – protesting injustice
As govt suggests moving, Shiites ask why
Inequality dogs Ri’s progress
Palu boy found guilty; freed by court
Romney squeks out victory in Iowa
Retired TNI general gets 2.5 yrs
One dies as storm wreaks havoc
South says ready to talk with hostile North
PNG irked by RI jet incident
French kiss puts students in hot seat
‘the raid’ makes ‘time.com’ movie list
Beware of heavy rain, wind: BMKG
Why fret about the Mayan prophecy, when the city needs
saving now?
Public trust in SBY govt at ‘record low’
Police probe alleged arms shipment
Unproductive govt spending may risk growth
RI reassures Oz on visas, cattle
Region will come Anwar’s acquittal on sodomy charges
Bird flu threat still lurking in Jakarta
Bird owners complacent despite H5N1 threat
Row looms over half- hearted FTA
Suu Kyi confirms run for parliament seat
RI to face ‘lost generation’
Papua needs justice, not just new buildings: VP
Google offers free website to smes
Land protest jam Jakarta
‘SBY must change in 2012’
Marine abuse tape may dent peace talk
Torture widespread in Papua
Former warden gets 13 years for drug dealing
Ministry moves to containt fallout after Lion Air drug
affair
US restores diplomatic ties with Myanmar
Best of luck: the good fortune of feeling fortunate
Indonesia new honey pot for expatriates
Floods take toll, slow down logistics
5 RI crewmen arrested ‘smuggling’ 10 cigarette packs

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NO

DATE

16

January 17, 2012

17

January 18, 2012

18

January 19, 2012

19

January 20, 2012

20

January 21, 2012

21

January 22, 2012

22

January 24, 2012

23

January 25, 2012

24

January 26, 2012

25

January 27, 2012

26

January 28, 2012

27

January 30, 2012

28

January 31, 2012

29

February 1, 2012

30

February 2, 2012

31

February 3, 2012

HEADLINES
RI to spend big on military
‘mallarangengs played key roles’ in graft
Officials fight to stop shackling the mentally ill
Counterterrorism to get legal boost
‘systemic’ violation founs in 1965 purge
New salary regulation unfair, says IPA official
New rating updaye shows faith in RI
Govt takes action as malnutrion rises
TNI looking to join war on terror
FDI rises to $19b amid global woes
Massive congestion as workers stage rallies
Labor row ‘threatens jobs’
Chinese descents make strides in politics
Hamas bans singing competition in Gaza
‘Racism remains for Chinese- Indonesians’
At least 120 killed in north Nigeria sect attacks
Hew to get lucky in water dragon year
Drunken, ‘high’ driving kills nine
Peaceful celebrations observed during Imlek
IM2 boss banned from travelling abroad
SBY looks to ends political infighting
Avian flu threatens to claim additional life
Police dig deep into deadly accident
Democratic Party in dire straits
A year on, Egyptian celebrate and protest
Liqour license’s planned hike angers toursm association
Minister says Shiite heretical
Businesses on high alert over violence
Miranda expect to reveal mastermind
Industries yield to labor power
KPK screens antigraft films
‘controversial religious affairs minister must go’
IDX sts good start for 2012; risks loom
Djokovic wins in longets Grand Slam final
Joyriding teenager injures 11 people
Shanghai becomes the world’s financial hub
After verdict, eyes turn to minister
Badung to regulate tattoo parlors
Rising costs, bad policy render Batam obsolete
Doing business in RI easier: World Bank
Police suggest murder charge for deadly driver
Another labor defeat for business
Lawmakers oppose Israeli-made UAV
10 associates of Cirebon bomber convicted
Egypt soccer violence kills 74, fans turn on army
Police talk tough on blockade

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NO

DATE

32

February 4, 2012

33

February 6, 2012

34

February 7, 2012

35

February 8, 2012

36

February 9, 2012

37

February 10, 2012

38

February 11, 2012

39

February 12, 2012

40

February 13, 2012

41

February 14, 2012

42

February 15, 2012

43

February 16, 2012

44

February 17, 2012

45

February 18, 2012

46

February 19, 2012

HEADLINES
President’s men in quest to find ‘Atlantis’
More will follow Angelina
EU prepares for potential gas crisis
Protesting pedestrians keep motorcyclists off sidewalks
Labor unrest spooks investors
Singapore faces growing pains
Anas’ fate depends on KPK, says SBY
Revision to labor low? Forget it
Growth in target at 6.5%; Java remains economic driver
String of mistakes opens door Giants’ Super win
Ministry denies ICW’s graft findings
pilots’ drug lifestyles worrying
Suu Kyi hits the campaign trail
High hopes new justice
Amir’s effort to root out bad apples in SBY’s party turn
sour
Notorious cleric reported for alleged sexual abuse
US firms want a piece of Indonesia
Airlines boost commitment to guaranteeing flight safety
Sanctions may disrupt RI-Iran trade
At least 14 killed as but plunges into ravine
Suspicions raised by cell visit
Hijab ban driving women away from soccer