Lexical Collocation in The Jakarta Post Newspaper.

LEXICAL COLLOCATION IN

THE JAKARTA POST

NEWSPAPER

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Aulia Rakhmawati Reg. Number A33213058

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017

ABSTRACT

Rakhmawati, Aulia. 2017. Lexical Collocation in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. State Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya

Advisor : Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd

Key Word : Lexical Collocation, Articles, Jakarta Post Newspaper

This study analyzes lexical collocation in the context. The meaning of context in this study is articles of each sections (news, sports, opinion, and living) in The Jakarta Post newspaper. This study focuses on the existence and the usage of lexical collocation in non-native newspaper,The Jakarta Post.

This study also provides answers the following problems: (1) What is type of lexical collocation presented in The Jakarta Post newspaper?;And (2) How is the usage of lexical collocation inThe Jakarta Post newspaper?.

This study uses content analysis approach to getting and to analyzing the data. In addition to help analyzing data, this study also uses application dictionary ( English Collocation Dictionary IELTS ) to help researcher search and check the lexical collocation words.Thus, the analysis is based on Benson who said lexical collocation has seven types.

The finding of this study show the articles in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

present only six types of lexical collocation. The types are lexical collocation verb(active) + noun, adjective + noun, noun + verb, noun + noun, adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb, and adverb + verb. And this result of this study show the usage of lexical collocation based on kind of articles (news, opinion, sport, and living) are different.

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ABSTRAK

Rakhmawati, Aulia. 2017. Lexical Collocation in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. State Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya

Advisor : Dr. A. Dzo’ulMilal, M.Pd

Key Word : Lexical Collocation, Articles, Jakarta Post Newspaper

Penelitian ini menganalisa lexical collocation dalam konteks. Konteks yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah artikel-artikel darisetiap rubric (berita, opini, olahraga, dan kehidupan) di koran The Jakarta Post. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk menunjukkan keberadaan dan eksistensi dari lexical collocation.

Penelitian ini juga menyediakan jawaban-jawaban dari massalah berikut: (1) Apa saja tipe-tipe lexical collocation yang dimunculkan di Koran The Jakarta Post; Dan (2) Bagaimana penggunaan lexical collocation di Koran The Jakarta Post?.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan content analysis untuk mendapatkan dan menganalisa data. Untuk membantu menganalisa data, penelitian ini juga menggunakan kamus aplikasi ( English Collocation Dictionary IELTS ) untuk membantu peneliti mencari dan memeriksa kata-kata lexical collocation yang ditemukan. Dan analisa ini berdasarkan pernyataan Benson, yang mengatakan bahwa ada tujuh tipe-tipe lexical collocation.

Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan artikel-artikel di koran The Jakarta Post hanya memunculkan enam tipe lexical collocation. Tipe-tipe tersebut antara lain lexical collocation verb(active) + noun, adjective + noun, noun + verb, noun + noun, adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb, and adverb + verb. Dan hasil dari penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan lexical collocation berbeda-beda berdasarkan jenis artikel atau konteks.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover... i

Inside Title... ii

Declaration... iii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet... iv

Thesis Examiner’s Approval sheet... v

Motto... vi

Dedication... vii

Acknowledgment... viii

Table of Contents... ix

Abstract... xii

Abstrak... xiii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1 Background of the Study... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problems... 8

1.3 Objectives of the Study... 9

1.4 Significance of the Study... 9

1.5 Scope of the Study... 9

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CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 11

2.1 Collocation... 11

2.2 The Usage of Collocation... 12

2.3 Categorization of Collocation... 15

2.3.1 Grammatical Collocation... 15

2.3.2 Lexical Collocation... 18

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 20

3.1 Research Design... 20

3.2 Data and Data Source... 20

3.3 Research Instruments... 21

3.4 Technique of Data Collection... 21

3.5 Data Analysis... 23

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION... 25

4.1 Types of Lexical Collocation... 25

4.1.1 Lexical Collocation in News Section... 25

4.1.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion Section... 30

4.1.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports Section... 38

4.1.4 Lexical Collocation in Living Section... 44

4.2 The Usage of Lexical Collocation... 48

4.2.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion Section... 50

4.2.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports Section... 51

4.2.4 Lexical Collocation in Living Section... 52

4.2.5 Lexical Collocation inThe Jakarta PostNewspaper... 53

4.2.6 Table the Usage of Lexical Collocations inThe Jakarta PostNewspaper ... 54

4.3 Discussion... 55

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION... 59

5.1 Conclusion... 59

5.2 Suggestion... 60

REFERENCES... 62

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is concerned about an overview of lexical collocation which is presented in The Jakarta Post newspaper. In this part the researcher describes the background of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

There has been some problem for L2 learners ( Second Language Learners ) to learning English. According to Sadeghi (2010), in the field of applied linguistics, a great deal of research efforts has been dedicated to the grammatical, phonological and orthographic aspects of language, while the lexical aspect has not aroused the same degree of interest. The effect of this is the lacking of knowledge about L2 (second language) lexical problems. Very little attention is paid to the syntagmatic aspect of lexis ability of items to co-occur, otherwise known as collocation. In this sense, L2 learners often rely on their native language in trying to communicate or translate. They assume that there always exists a one-to-one correspondence between L1 and L2 lexical items.

This strategy may be of some help to the learner at the beginning levels of language learning, but it is also a major cause of errors because even equivalent lexical items do not always convey the same sense in two languages for various reasons, including cultural differences which are reflected in the vocabulary of every language. This false assumption causes the learners to make collocation errors. According to Farrokh (2012), one of the most problematic areas for foreign language

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learning is collocation. Meanwhile, English is full of collocations, recurrent combinations of words that co-occur more often than expected by chance (Farrokh 2012). So, according to Tatsuya (2010), collocation will help L2 learners become successful communicators. So, L2 learners also have to know a large number of collocations to be able to produce and comprehend ideas accurately and fluently. Despite of the importance of collocation, this study brings collocation into focus to help readers of this research understand about collocation and to avoid collocation errors.

McCarthy & O’Dell (2007) stated collocation is combination two words or more that are often appeared and used together. Collocation appears in the whole field of the English language such as writing and speaking. There are no spoken English or written English which is free of collocation (Molaviet.al., 2014). Collocation in academic writing has also has significant role recently (Peacock 2012).

Collocation is categorized into two major groups, lexical collocation and grammatical collocation (Benson et. al 1986). A lexical collocation consists of nouns, adjectives, verbs, or adverbs. While, a grammatical collocation consists of a noun, an adjective, or a verb, and a preposition or grammatical structure like an infinitive or a clause (Farrokh 2012).The researcher chooses to analyze lexical collocation. Lexical collocation is essential to English learners when they want to speak or write naturally. Lexical collocation is also significance to English learners and not many students have chance to access it from native speakers and with whom they can try and practice the collocation possibilities of new words (Wen-Shuenn Wu 1996). So,

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lexical collocation can help non-native writers and speakers of English to get collocation’s words.

Some researches about collocation have been done by some researchers ( Chia-Lin Kuo 2009, Matthew Peacock 2012, Nafez Antonious Shammas 2013, Parisa Farrokh and Mahboobeh Alizadeh 2013, Ahmad Molavi et. al 2014 ).

Chia-Lin Kuo( 2009 ) had examined the usage of collocation by Intermediate EFL College Students in Taiwan. The data were 98 writing samples written by 49 students. The subjects of this study are college students who expert in English and students who in a private language school for 4 years. Students were asked to make an essay about four or five paragraphs (200-300 words), with the same topic in the same genre. This research focused on lexical collocation. But, this research just focused on two types of lexical collocation. These are V+N ,and Adj +N. This study was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method was used to analyze collocation error, meanwhile quantitative method was used to calculate the frequency and the accuracy. The software that used to identify collocations was The British National Corpus and collocation checker. This research was aimed to students’ error and students’ struggle to use collocation words correctly. Error analysis was adopted in this work to provide a measure of students to learning collocation.

The result of Chia-Lin Kuo (2009) showed that students made more mistakes with verb(V)+noun(N) collocations than with the Adjective(Adj)+Noun(N) collocations. It can be concluded that V+N collocation is more difficult for students

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to understand. It showed that many students were still lacking to acquire, to use, and to produce collocation. The lacking of this research was limited to a small number of students in a school which could not represent all situations. It was worthy to include more students from different schools. And this research just focused on two types of lexical collocation, V+N type and Adj+N.

Matthew Peacock (2012) had done a research about the high frequency collocations of nouns in research articles across eight disciplines. In his research, he examined how the distribution and the usage of the collocations in 320 research articles across eight disciplines: Chemistry, Computer Science, Materials Science, Neuroscience, Economics, Language and Linguistics, Management, and Psychology. He used corpus-based analysis. The corpus software was WordSmith tools. This research was aimed to find and list the highest-frequency collocations of nouns and investigate the frequency of these collocations across eight disciplines. The finding of Matthew Peacock (2012) showed that five disciplines showed over 50% variance from the overall results. It was also concluded that the collocations had an important part in the meanings and functions of the nouns. The lacking of this research was limited to focus on collocations of noun.

Meanwhile, Nafez Antonious Shammas (2013) examined collocation used by MA students at Arab Universities. He used questionnaires method to collect the data. The respondents were scholars and students in Arab Universities. His research was pointed to get understanding of the usage of collocation by students and scholars and to get understanding types of collocation used by students and scholars in Arab

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Universities. The lacking of this study was the subject of the research. The subject of the research was limited. The subject of this research was just from students in a school which the result of this research could not represent all situations. It was worthy to include more students from different schools. And this research did not focus on what types of collocation that would be analyzed.

Parisa Farrokh and Mahboobeh Alizadeh (2013) have analyzed English Grammatical Collocations in Azeri. The data of this research were five English novels along with their Azeri translations. Those novels were classified and summarized based on their frequencies for further analysis which come as follows. This research was corpus-based study, both qualitative and quantitative. This study was pointed to examine and investigate the Azeri translations of English grammatical collocations of noun + to-infinitive and English grammatical collocation of predicative adjective + to-infinitive. The results of the study showed that in the Azeri translation of English grammatical collocations of noun + to-infinitive and English grammatical collocation predicative adjective + to-infinitive , infinitive has been used more than gerund. The advantage of this research was researcher analyzed collocation from English translation novel by non-native country. The lacking of this study was just analyzed grammatical collocation. To complete research above, I do research about lexical collocation. I analyze lexical collocation inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper. And the significant of my research shows the usage of lexical collocation in published English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.

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Ahmad Molavi et. al (2014) had analyzed lexical collocation used in EFL textbooks. The collected data were from the selected course books. The selected course books were ranked based on corresponding categories and the occurrence of collocations ( Interchange 2 & 3, American Headway 2 & 3, American File 2 & 3 ) . He used corpus-based analysis and structural approach to analyze lexical collocation that presented in EFL textbooks. The process of data collection of this research was counting, grouping, and recording collocation units from the selected textbooks. This research pointed the distribution of lexical collocation in EFL textbooks and focused on pattern of lexical collocation. The finding of this research was types of lexical collocations Noun(N)+ Verb(V) and Adjective(Adj)+Noun(N) the most presented in this research. The lacking of this study was the subject of the research. It would be worthy if the researcher explored the usage of lexical collocation from book which published by non-native country. In order to know the usage of lexical collocation in non-native country.

From some researches above, researcher does new type of collocation research. This research focuses on all types of lexical collocations because there were many previous studies that did not focus on what types of collocation that would be analyzed and did not analyze all types of lexical collocations and also almost previous researchers use subject from native English. Furthermore, this research uses newspaper to analyze the usage of lexical collocation. Because newspaper is a serial publication which consists of many type of articles such as news, sport, opinion and lifestyle. So, it will give many various types of collocations based on kind of the

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articles. And also to get description how the usage of lexical collocation in each kind of the articles. Newspaper typically published daily or weekly. The researcher analyzes all types of collocations in published English newspaper from non-native country, The Jakarta Post. And analyzes how the usage of collocation in published English newspaper from non-native country, The Jakarta newspaper. The Jakarta Postis the most familiar English newspaper and the most English newspaper which is read by Indonesian people.

The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office in in the nation’s capital, Jakarta. It consists from news, sport, opinion and living section (Wikipedia). Definitely, those subjects have many articles to be analyzed. In order to know how the usage of lexical collocation in The Jakarta Post, researcher analyzes articles in each sections (news, opinion, sport and living). Also, this research is aimed to help Indonesian L2 learners, so it will be related if the subject of the research is from country of the L2 learners.

The researcher analyzes the usage of lexical collocation in some articles of online published English newspaper by non-native, The Jakarta Post which have been published in 1st_-14th _{May 2017. The researcher analyzes lexical collocation to}

help readers get know and acquire collocation’s word easily. The researcher uses The Jakarta Post newspaper as subject of the research because The Jakarta Post is the most known English newspaper by public. And to get some types of lexical collocations, the researcher analyzes various kind of articles (news, sport, opinion and

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living).Furthermore, the researcher takes articles which have been published recently to get the newest lexical collocation words. And, the researcher focuses on articles of each sections (news, opinion, sport and living). So, there will be various lexical collocations words to be analyzed and to know how the usage of lexical collocation in each sections.

In this research, the researcher adopts content analysis approach. Content analysis is a research methodology that examines words or phrases within a wide range of texts such as political speeches, transcribed interviews, and published literature (Trace, 2001). This research also uses application dictionary ( English Collocation Dictionary IELTS ) to help researcher search and check the collocation.

So, based on the review of previous studies above. The researcher doesa new type of research that explore those previous studies. Thus, this research explorestypes of lexical collocations and how the usage of lexical collocation in published English newspaper by non-native country, The Jakarta Post. And this research fills the research gap by attempting to get understanding about how the usage of lexical collocation and to describe types of lexical collocation in published English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Postnewspaper.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

This study is conducted to answer the problems formulated in the following questions:

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1. What are types of lexical collocations presented in The Jakarta Post

newspaper?

2. How is the usage of lexical collocations inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed :

1. To describewhat types of lexical collocations presented inpublished English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.

2. To describe and to get explanation how the usage of lexical collocation in published English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Lexical collocation is important to know by non-native writers and speakers of English. This research can help readers to get description about various types of lexical collocations. This research provides readers to knowing the existence of lexical collocation. This research also can give explanation how the usage of lexical collocation in each types of articles (news, opinion, sport and living).

1.5 Scope of the Study

The target of this study is to investigate and to describe the type of lexical collocation presented published English newspaper by non-native country, The Jakarta Post. Furthermore, this research will attempt to know what types of lexical

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collocation presented in various kind of articles (news, opinion, sport and living) and to describe how the usage of lexical collocation of each type of articles(news, opinion, sport, and living) in published English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms  Collocation

The term ‘collocation’ was from Latin verb ‘collocare’ which has meaning ‘to set in order or to arrange’. Collocation is defined as arbitrarily restricted two or more lexeme combination that form a whole meaning (Lewis, 1997).

 Lexical Collocation

Lexical collocation is arbitrary recurrent word combination. Lexical collocation usually consists of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs ( Benson, 1986 ).

 The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office in in the nation’s capital, Jakarta. It consists from news, sport, opinion and living section (Wikipedia).

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

To support analysis, this chapter reviews several theories related to this

research. Those are collocation, the usage of collocation, categorization of collocation and lexical collocation.

2.1 Collocation

Collocation was acquainted by Firth (1957) to describe a combination of words that associated with each other. Collocation is one of five dimensions of meaning (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic and semantic). He also wrote phrase “you shall know a word by the company it keeps”. Sinclair (1991) broke new ground with his suggestions that word combinations are not random and that they make an important contribution to the organization of language, while Hoey (1991) contends that collocation plays an important role in lexical cohesion.Collocation is also defined as arbitrarily restricted two or more lexeme combination that form a whole meaning (Lewis 1997). It examines how language learners (L2) to get understanding and to acquiring collocation word and pattern formed. Gledhill (2000) stated that collocations are fundamental units in texts, that they validate the existence of discourse communities, and that they are subconscious efforts to appropriate in discipline norms. Thus, Stubbs (2002) also stated that there are semantic relations between the node and collocates.

The same thought is emphasized by Leech (1974) but in different words. Leech (1974) stated that one level of the meaning of a word is the result of

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theassociations a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to occur in its environment. Meanwhile, Ghazala (2006) argued that collocations are words which are usually found next to other words, or are ‘co-located’ with one another. But, all of the definitions above the focus is placed on lexical collocation rather than grammatical collocation.

2.2 The Usage of Collocation

Thereareseveralreasons the importance of the usage of collocation. One reason is that collocations help learners use language, both with the development of fluency and like native.

For developing fluency, Pawley and Syder (1983) argued that there are hundreds of thousands of ‘lexicalized sentence stems’ that adult native speakers have at their disposal,andsuggestthatthesecondlanguagelearnermightneedasimilar number for native-like fluency. So, the chunked expressions allow learners to reduce cognitive effort, to save processing time, and to have language available for immediate use.

Meanwhile, Pawley and Syder (1983) also argued that there is usually more than one possible way to saying something but only one or two of these ways sound natural like a native speaker of the language. For example, ‘let me off here’ can also be expressed as ‘halt the car’. The second sentence is strictly grammatical, but the problem is that native speakers do not say it in that way. This unnatural language use is problematical for learners in EFL contexts where the focus ison grammar. They

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may produce grammatically correct sentences, but many of them may not sound like native. For example, drawing on their first language, Korean students are likely to say ‘lying story’ for ‘tall story’, ‘artificial teeth’ for ‘false teeth’, ‘thick tea’ for ‘strong tea’, etc.

Collocation in academic writing also attracted interest recently. Many writers provided the importance of collocation,collocation has been called an essential organizing principle of language in use (Schmitt & Carter 2004). Gledhill (2000) stated that collocations are fundamental units in texts, that they convinced the existence of discourse communities, and that they are subconscious efforts that took a part in discipline norms.

Hoey (1991) stated that collocation has an important role in lexical cohesion. Hoey (2007) examined some evidence through an analysis of the collocates of “sixty”, “60”, “forty”, and “40” in a corpus of The Guardian newspaper text. Hoey (2007) concluded that his analysis of these lexical units provides some evidence for such priming and for the unexpected decisions made by writers.

Gledhill (2000) analyzed salient words which he defined as words that occur significantly more often in one text or part of a text than another, though the research is not confined to nouns. He reported collocations in his Pharmaceutical Corpus of 150 RAs from 22 cancer and pharmacology journals, though not focusing on nouns. Some example collocations were “patients who had tumors” and “both accelerate and delay”.

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Ward (2007) examined common nouns and their collocations in Chemical Engineering textbooks, and compares the collocation frequency that found in four other engineering disciplines. The three most common nouns were “gas”, “liquid”, and “heat”. Ward asserts that while collocations are certainly discipline specific, this is not true of individual words. He observes that the important phrase is not “gas” but “gas +” and that collocations are a threshold to discipline membership.

Peacock (2012) analyzed the distribution of the high-frequency collocates of abstract nouns in 320 research articles across eight disciplines: Chemistry, Computer Science, Materials Science, Neuroscience, Economics, Language and Linguistics, Management, and Psychology. The result of this research showed that the collocations express different terminology, different topics, different research methods, and different content of discussions across the eight disciplines. In this case, these collocations are very important part of the meanings, and therefore of the functions, of these nouns. It was also evident that these meanings and functions often differ by discipline, and that these meanings and functions are expressed by the collocations.

So, those researches explain how different topics, different articles can influence type of collocation itself. And also show what the most usage collocation word in types of articles. In addition of analysis of this study, the writer also uses the concept of different collocation in different themes by Peacock (2012). Thus, researcher shows how the usage of all types of lexical collocations on each types articles inThe Jakarta Post newspaperthrough this research.

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2.3 Categorization of Collocation

Hsueh (2008) stated, classification of collocation has been divided into two kinds. According to Benson (1986) collocation can be divided into two main groups, lexical collocation and grammatical collocation.

2.3.1 Grammatical Collocation

Grammatical collocation is made up of a dominant word, such as a noun, an adjective, or a verb, and a preposition or grammatical structure like an infinitive or a clause. Grammatical collocation categorized the grammatical collocations into eight groups, marked as G1 to G8. Thus, G8 collocations contained nineteen English verb patterns. (Benson 1986).

i. G1. Noun + preposition

Example: Apathy toward

ii. G2. Noun + to infinitive

Example: He was a fool to do it.

iii. G3. Noun + that + clause

Example: He took an oath that he would do his duty

iv. G4. Preposition + noun

Example: in advance, at anchor

v. G5. Adjective + preposition

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vi. G6. Predicate adjective + to infinitive

Example: It was stupid for them to go.

vii. G7. Adjective + that + clause

Example: She was afraid that she would fail the exam.

viii. G8. There are 19 patterns:

 Subject + verb + object+ to object (or) subject + verb + object + object He sent a book to his brother. He sent his brother a book.\

 Subject + verb + object + to + object They described the book to her.

 Subject + verb + object + for + object (or) subject + verb + object + object She bought a shirt for her husband. (or) She bought her husband a shirt.

 Subject + verb + preposition + object (or) subject + verb + object + preposition + object

He came by train. (or) We invited them to the meeting.

 Subject + verb+ to infinitive They began to speak.

 Subject + verb + infinitive He had better go.

 Subject + verb + verb-ing They enjoy watching television.

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She asks me to come.

 Subject + verb + object + infinitive She heard them leave.

 Subject + verb + object + verb-ing I caught them stealing apples.

 Subject + verb+ possessive + verb-ing Please excuse my waking you so early.

 Subject + verb + (object) + that + clause They admitted that they were wrong.

 Subject verb+ object + to + be + compound We consider her to be very capable.

 Subject + verb + object + compound She dyed her hair red.

 Subject + verb + object + object We bet her ten pounds.

 Subject + verb + (object) + adverbial He carried himself well.

 Subject + verb + (object) + wh-word He wants what I want.

 Subject(it) + verb + object+ to infinitive (or) subject(it) + verb + object + that-clause

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It surprised me to learn of herdecision. It surprised me that our offer was rejected.

 Subject + verb + compound (adjective or noun) She was enthusiastic. The flowers smellnice.

2.3.2 Lexical Collocation

Lexical collocation is made up of nouns, adjectives, verbs, or adverbs. There are seven types of lexical collocations, marked as L1 to L7 (Benson 1986):

L1. Verb (donating creation or activation) + noun (pronoun or prep. phrase)

This type is consist of a verb denoting creation or activation and a noun/ a pronoun.

Example (denoting creation): come to an agreement, compose a music Example (denoting activation): set an alarm, launch a missile

However, not all verbs denoting creation and activation can be considered collacable to any nouns. Combinations of verbs, such as build, cause, cook, make, prepare, etc + nouns are limitless, their meanings are predictable. Therefore these combinations are not considered as collocations.

L2. Verb (meaning eradication or nullification) + noun

This type is combination between verb (nullification) and noun.

Example: revoke a license, demolish a house, annul a marriage, reject an appeal, withdraw an offer.

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Some verbs denoting similar meaning and that can be used with large number nouns are considered as free combination. For example the verb destroycan combine with almost any nouns denoting physical objects.

L3. Adjective + noun

This type is combination between adjective and noun. Thus, more than one adjective can collocate with same noun.

Example: strong coffee, a rough estimate, strong/weak tea, kind/best regards

L4. Noun + verb

This type is combination between noun and verb. It means the verbs names an action characteristic of the person or things designated by the noun.

Example: bees buzz, bombs explode, alarms go off, ceasefire agreement

L5. Noun + noun or Noun + of + noun

This type is combination between noun and noun. Or the lexical collocation which indicates the unit that is associated with a noun.

Example: a pack of dogs, a herdof buffalo, a bit of advice

L6. Adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective

This type is combination between adjective and adverb, or when adverb combine with adjective.

Example: sound asleep, hopelessly addicted, deeply absorbed, closely acquinted

L7. Verb + adverb

The last type is combination between verb combines and adverb. Example: anchor firmly, argue heatedly

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This part discusses the methodology of the research. It consists of research design, data collection, research instrument, data and data source, technique of data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This study adopted content analysis approach. Content analysis was a method used to analyze text data. Content analysis approach focused on the characteristic of the language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of the text (Weber 1990). Content analysis also counted word to examining language intensely and to classified large amount text into an efficient number categories that represent similar meaning. In addition, this research also used application dictionary (English Collocation Dictionary IELTS) to helped researcher searched and checked the collocation.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

The data of the research was lexical collocation words used in the articles of published English newspaper by non-native, The Jakarta Post. The data took from the articles which had been published from e-newspaper of Jakarta Post Newspaper in 1st_-14th_{May 2017. The researcher took 5 articles randomly from each sections (News,}

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3.3 Research Instruments

The instruments of this research was human, application dictionary, table sheet and charts. In this research, human was the instrument who collected the data and analyzed the data. Application dictionary (English Collocation Dictionary IELTS) helped researcher searched and checked the collocation. The table sheet helped the researcher classified the data. The researcher also used charts to show the percentage of the result of data.

3.4 Technique of Data Collection

Amount of The Jakarta Post newspaper available published in 1st_-14th _May

2017. There were about more than 100 articles. Those articles was randomly selected from each sections (News, Opinion, Sports and Living). Those articles was 20 selected articles which each sections (News, Opinion, Sports and Living) have 5 articles as samples. And those articles was taken from online database The Jakarta Postnewspaper.

1. OpenedThe Jakarta Postnewspaper via browser. Access the newspaperwww.thejakartapost.com. 2. Accessed the database of the articles.

3. Selected the article of each sections (News, Opinion, Sports and Living) randomly. Each section was needed 5 articles.

4. The researcher took coding based on section of the articles and date and month of the articles like the example in this articles:

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Coding for articles :

NA = news articles OA = opinion article SA=sports article LA = living article

NA1= news article 1 NA2 = news article 2 NA3= news article 3 NA4= news article 4 NA5= news article 5

OA1= opinion article 1 OA2 = opinion article 2 OA3= opinion article 3 OA4= opinion article 4 OA5= opinion article 5

SA1= sports article 1 SA2 = sports article 2 SA3= sports article 3 SA4= sports article 4 SA5= sports article 5

LA1= living article 1 LA2 = living article 2 LA3= living article 3 LA4= living article 4 LA5= living article 5

Example coding for date of articles:

D0105 = date 1, month 5 D0505= date 5, month 5 D1405=date 14, month 5 5. Identified the lexical word by underlining

Read the selected articles. Then, notice the lexical collocation words. After found the lexical collocation words, underlining the words and then checked it

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use application dictionary (English Collocation Dictionary IELTS). The findings were used as data.

3.5 Data Analysis

1. Categorized the lexical collocation which was found based on each types and each section.

The type of lexical collocation

section words L11 _L22 _L33 _L44 _L55 _L66 _L77

news opinion sports living

2. Determined and calculated. After classified the data researcher counted the total number of every types lexical collocation (n) times a hundred percent (100%) then divided the total number of all total data (N). The formulaThe result explained what type of lexical collocation that was used and how the

L = ver a tive + noun L = ver eradi ation + noun L = adje tive + noun

L = noun + ver L = noun + noun

L = adje tive + adver / adver + adje tive L = adver + ver

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usage of lexical collocation in The Jakarta Post newspaper. And then, the percentage results were showed using charts.

L = ver a tive + noun L = ver eradi ation + noun

L = adje tive + noun L = noun + ver

L = noun + noun or noun + of + noun L = adje tive + adver / adver + adje tive L = adver + ver

No. Type of lexical collocations

L18 _L29 _L310 _L411 _L5 12

L6

13

L7

14

1. News Data

Total

Frequency ..% ..% ..% ..% ..% ..% ..%

2. Opinion Data Total

Frequency ..% ..% ..% ..% ..% ..% ..%

3. Sport Data

Total

Frequency ..% ..% ..% ..% ..% ..% ..%

4. Living Data

Total

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CHAPTER 4

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results of the research and is divided into three sections. The first section presents and describes the examined data from articles of

The Jakarta Post newspaper. The data found are related to the lexical collocation from articles of each sections (news, opinion, sports and living). There are some examples to make the explanation clear. The second section consists of explanations on the usage of lexical collocation from articles of each sections (news, opinion, sports and living) found in The Jakarta Post newspaper and presented in terms of frequency and percentage. And the third section shows a discussion of the data found in articles. This section presents a deep explanation about the findings of lexical collocation from articles of each sections (news, opinion, sports and living) in The Jakarta Postnewspaper.

4.1 Types of lexical collocations

This section consists of the examined data from articles of each section (news, opinion, sports and living) which are presented and used by The Jakarta Post

newspaper.

4.1.1 Lexical Collocation in News section

News section is first section from The Jakarta Post newspaper which are analyzed by the researcher. About 60 lexical collocation words are found in 5 articles

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of news section. The types are found among lexical collocation = verb (active) + noun, lexical collocation = adjective + noun, and lexical collocation = noun + noun. The details are be explained below.

4.1.1.1 Verb (active) + Noun

The findings show 6 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun are used in 5 news articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings as samples. And the rest findings are written in the table.

(Data 1)

As one of the KPK's top investigators, Novel has led the investigationsinto several high-profile cases, such as those related to the procurement of driving simulators by the National Police and the construction of the Hambalang sports complex. (NA3:D0305)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb(active) + noun). There is written led which is a verb collocated with noun the investigations. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Investigation” can be mentioned as collocation if it is just collocated with verb such as, carry out, conduct, pursue, head, complete, lead and launch. It is written in English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.

(Data 2)

As a Kasum leader, Choirul has taken a lead in efforts to push the government to solve the long-abandoned murder case of prominent human rights activist Munir Said Thalib. (NA5.D0605)

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It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb(active) + noun). There is written taken which is collocated with noun a lead. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Lead” is can be mentioned as collocation if it is just collocated with verb such as, give, take, follow, hold, extend, increase, play, pursue, establish, maintain, lose and regain. It is written in English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.

Lexical collocation word

Received attention Drawn attention

Spread the message Led the investigation

4.1.1.2 Adjective + Noun

There are 34 lexical collocation = adjective + noun which are found in 5 news articles. But, the researcher only describes 4 findings the variation of adjective + noun. The variation is one noun can be used or collocated with different adjectives.

(Data 1)

Rizal said Islamic scholars countering the rhetoric of intolerant groups was nothing new. He mentioned respected figure Nurcholish Madjid, aka Cak Nur, as an Islamic scholar who spread the message of moderate Islam and therefore significantly contained violentreligious ideas. (NA2.D0205)

(Data 2)

“We need to reinforce the role of the UIN in countering radical ideas […] this is work for the UIN,” said Iding Rosyidin, head of the political sciences department at the university.(NA2.D0205)

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It can be seen two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, religious ideas and radical ideas. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same nounideasbut different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective religious. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectiveradical.

(Data 3)

As Jakartans are still reeling from the most divisive gubernatorial election the city has ever seen, which exacerbated sectarianism and fanned anti-Chinese sentiments, some citizens have called on the government to protect the capital from any threat from radicals. (NA4.D0405)

(Data 4)

The gesture came a few weeks after the Jakarta runoff election, described by experts as the country’s most polarizing election with racial and religious issues overshadowing the city’s most critical problems, including education and infrastructure. (NA4.D0405)

It is presented two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, gubernatorial election and runoff election. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same noun election but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective gubernatorial. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectiverunoff.

The rest lexical collocation words adjective + noun is written in table below.

Lexical collocation word

Local communities National commission Hard line

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Former president Written examination Medical treatment

Former chairman Respected figure Public debate

High profile cases Noxious substance Colorful flower

High ranking Official announcement Islamic scholars

Religious sentiment Religious conservatism Political analyst Religious conservatism Colorful flower Clear sign Professional background Missing persons

4.1.1.3 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun

There are 20 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 news articles. But, the researcher only describes 1 findings the variation of noun + noun. The variation is the combination between noun + noun but there is “of” between them.

(Data 1)

“They include the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Asian Species Partnership, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and EAZA Passerine TAG [Taxon Advisory Group],” said Tony, who is also director of the Indonesia Safari Park, recently. (NA1:D0105)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation (noun + noun). There is written “of” between two nouns. There isconservationwhich is a noun and collocated withnaturewhich is also a noun. “Nature” is considered as collocation if it is collocated with another noun, such as, conservation, reserve and trail.

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Lexical collocation word

Conservation bodies Government official City hall

Conservation group Morning prayer Deputy governor

Conservation areas Human rights Police headquarters

Forestry minister Public support Flower arrangements

Education minister Murder case Team member

Sports complex Track records

4.1.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion section

Opinion section is second section fromThe Jakarta Postnewspaper which are analyzed by the researcher. About 67 lexical collocation words are found in 5 articles of opinion section. The types are found among lexical collocation = verb (active) + noun, lexical collocation = adjective + noun, lexical collocation = noun + verb, lexical collocation = noun + noun, lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective and lexical collocation adverb + verb. The details are be explained below.

4.1.2.1 Verb (active) + Noun

The findings show 8 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun words are used in 5 opinion articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings as samples. And the rest findings are written in table below.

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(Data 1)

Western newspapers often report on problem identification without seeing their role in mobilizing the people to actually care and solve the problem, unlike media in another part of the world. (OA1.D0105)

It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) + noun). There is written solve which is a verb collocated with noun the problem. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Solve” only can be considered as collocation if it is combined with noun such as, case and problem. It is written in English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.

(Data 2)

Ahok is right toappeal the verdict. (OA3.D1005)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) + noun). There is written appealwhich is a verb collocated with noun the verdict. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Verdict” is considered as collocation if it is combined with verb, such as, consider, agree, reach, announce, deliver, enter, give, record, return, pass, pronounce, accept, appeal, reverse, uphold and overturn.It is written in English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.

Lexical collocation word

Raised questions Follow procedures Carrying banners

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4.1.2.2 Adjective + Noun

There are 30 lexical collocation = adjective + noun words which are found in 5 opinion articles. But, the researcher only describes 5 findings the variation of adjective + noun. The variation is one noun can be used or collocated with different adjectives. The rest findings are presented in table below.

(Data 1)

Reportage on major events such as general election and referendums lately has raised questions on the quality, impact and the credibility of journalism itself, along with its wide array of interests. (OA1.D0105)

(Data 2)

We’re still in the post-Jakarta gubernatorial election fever, particularly ahead of May 9, when outgoing Jakarta Governor Basuki “Ahok” TjahajaPurnama is to hear the sentence of his blasphemy trial. (OA2.0705)

It can be seen two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, general election and gubernatorial election. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun above use same noun election but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective general. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectivegubernatorial.

(Data 3)

There is a truth in Financial Times journalist John Lloyd's words, who states that "the decline of physical newspaper and the migration to internet media have put it into the

big waveof information, fantasy, leaks, conspiracy theories, compassionate and hate speech." (OA1.D0105)

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(Data 4)

Ahok has received a considerable morale boost with the thousands of flower boards arriving at City Hall, in what has become the first wave of the nation’s “flower revolution.” (OA2.D0705)

(Data 5)

Then, as the latest rally demanding the jailing of Ahok was held Friday, flower boards of the second wave were still being deployed to the headquarters of the National Police and the Indonesian Military (TNI) — partly in defiance of the burning of the boards around City Hall during May Day rallies. (OA2.D0705)

It is shown the three sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, big wave, first wave and second wave. And three lexical collocation adjective + noun above uses same noun wave but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective big. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjective first. And, the third lexical collocation word uses adjectivesecond.

Lexical Collocation Word

Political events Individual level Fun way

Political parties Important thing National police

Political activities Wide array Daily life

Societal change Professional standard Local government

Social criticism Mass organization Bad precedent

Practical issues Public disturbance Basic principle

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4.1.2.3 Noun + Verb

There are 2 lexical collocation = noun + verb which are found in 5 sports articles. The findings are described below.

(Data 1)

But today thesupport comeswith many limitations. (OA2.D0705)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + verb. There is written a noun support collocated withcomes which is a verb. “Support” can be said as collocation noun + verb if it is followed by verb, such as come, grow, rise and fall.

(Data 2)

Ahok also asked Djarot to anticipate price increases ahead of the Islamic IdulFitri holiday in late June. (OA5.D1405)

It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + verb. There is written a nounpricecollocated withincreaseswhich is a verb. “Price” can be said as collocation noun + verb if it is followed by verb, such as rise, drop, fall, increase, and slump.

4.1.2.4 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun

There are 22 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 opinion articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings the variation of noun + noun.

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The variation is the combination between noun + noun but there is “of” between them. And the rest finding are presented in table below.

(Data 1)

But the fact that they preferred to take into consideration the testimony of witnesses, including clerics who had openly expressed hatred against Ahok and even sought his death, overstatements of witnesses who did not see any intention to insult Islam on the defendant’s part, shows signs of a miscarriage of justice in this trial. (OA3.D1005) It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation (noun + noun). There is written “of” between two nouns. There is statements which is noun and collocated withproblemswhich is also noun.

(Data 2)

But the fact that they preferred to take into consideration the testimony of witnesses, including clerics who had openly expressed hatred against Ahok and even sought his death, over statements of witnesses who did not see any intention to insult Islam on the defendant’s part, shows signs of a miscarriage of justice in this trial. (OA3.D1005)

It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation (noun + noun). There is written “of” between two nouns. There is miscarriage which is noun and collocated withjusticewhich is also noun.

Lexical collocation word

Police officers News media Sociology professor

Police chief Conspiracy theory Key role

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City hall Campaign trail Security forces

Painting exhibition Law minister Flower pots

Military headquarters Deputy governor Human rights

4.1.2.5 Adjective + Adverb or Adverb + Adjective

There is 1 L6 lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective found in 5 opinion article. The finding is described below.

(Data 1)

The revolution surely doesn’t lie in the courage to stand up against a dictator, but in a revolutionary safe way to make a statement; depending on diverse views, it’s a more timid/cowardly/ strategic/creative/peaceful/laidback and fun way than the massive — also largely peaceful — rallies against Ahok, where participants were also enjoying themselves. (OA2.D0705)

It can be seen the sentence above used L6 lexical collocation adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb. There is written adverb largely collocated with adjective, peaceful. “Peaceful” is considered as collocation if it is combined with adverb, such as extremely, very, wholly, largely, comparatively, fairly, quiet, reasonably, relatively, and delightfully.

4.1.2.6 Adverb + Verb

There is 4 lexical collocation adverb + verb found in 5 opinion article. The findings are described below.

(Data 1)

Barely three weeks later the panel of judges unanimously declared Ahok guilty of deliberately insulting Islam, although state prosecutors had dropped the blasphemy

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charge and had merely demanded a suspended jail term for Ahok for insulting ulema. (OA3.D1005)

It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb. There is written adverbunanimouslycollocated with verbdeclared. “Declare” can be said as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as virtually, immediately, promptly, formally, officially, openly, proudly, loudly, brightly, hereby and unanimously. And there is adverb + verb combination in the sentence above merely demanded. But, it is not a collocation because “demand” can be considered as collocation if “demand” is combined with adverb, such as aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously, harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly and sharply.

(Data 2)

But the fact that they preferred to take into consideration the testimony of witnesses, including clerics who hadopenly expressedhatred against Ahok and even sought his death, over statements of witnesses who did not see any intention to insult Islam on the defendant’s part, shows signs of a miscarriage of justice in this trial. (OA3.D1005) It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb. There is written adverb openly collocated with verb expressed. “Express” is considered as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as, well, fully, openly, clearly, cogently, exactly, concisely, and eloquently.

(Data 3)

A popular habit of Ahok and Djarot was to arrive at the office early to meet with peoplepatiently waitingin line to air their grievances directly to them. This tradition began when Jokowi was governor. (OA.D1405)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb. There is written adverbpatientlycollocated with verb waiting. “Wait” is considered

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as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as, anxiously, eagerly, keenly, and patiently.

(Data 4)

Practically all by himself, Djarot now bears the responsibility of fiercely guarding

the incumbent’s reputation that serves as a benchmark for other heads of government in Indonesia. (OA.D1405)

It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb. There is written adverb fiercely collocated with verb guarding. “Guard” is considered as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as, well, carefully, fiercely, and jealously.

4.1.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports section

Sports section is third section from The Jakarta Post newspaper which are analyzed by the researcher. About 35 lexical collocation words are found in 5 articles of sports section. The types are found among L1 lexical collocation = verb (active) + noun, L3 lexical collocation = adjective + noun, L4 lexical collocation = noun + verb, L5 lexical collocation = noun + noun and L6 lexical collocation = adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective. The details are be explained below.

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The findings show 3 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun words are used in 5 sports articles. The 3 findings are explained below.

(Data 1)

However, any change to this policy could allow football's emerging power, China, to

make a bid for the 2030 tournament, just eight years after its AFC colleague, Qatar, controversially hosts the 2022 World Cup.

It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) + noun). There is writtenmakewhich is a verb collocated with nouna bid. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Bid” is said as collocation if it is combined with verb, such as, launch, make, mount, submit, increase, raise, accept, and retract.

(Data 2)

The meeting was abruptly cancelled after Saoud Al-Mohannadi, Qatar Football Association's vice-president, was stopped at the very last minute from standing for electionfor the FIFA council.

It can be seen the sentence above uses the variation of lexical collocation = (verb (active) + noun). There is writtenstanding forwhich is a verb collocated with noun election. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Election” can be considered as collocation if it is collocated with verb, such as, have, hold, call, contest, fight, stand for, lose, win and rig.

(Data 3)

However, last month, in a rare reversal, Mohannadi won his appeal against the ban handed down by a FIFA ethics committee.

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It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) + noun). The variation is verb (active) + prepositional phrase. There is written won

which is a verb collocated with pronoun phrase his appeal, which are called prepositional phrase because combination between a pronounhiswith a nounappeal. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Appeal” can be considered as collocation if it is collocated with verb, such as, issue, make, win, bring, lose, allow, consider, hear, deny, dismiss, reject, hold, support and launch.

4.1.3.2 Adjective + Noun

There are 15 lexical collocation = adjective + noun which are found in 5 sports articles. But, the researcher only describes 6 findings the variation of adjective + noun. The variation is one noun can used or collocated with different adjectives.

(Data 1)

Cristiano Ronaldo proved Atletico Madrid's Champions League destroyer once more with a hat-trick as Real Madrid took a commanding 3-0 semi-final, first leg lead on Tuesday. (SA1.D0305)

(Data 2)

The sides meet again for thesecond legon May 10. (SA3.D0305)

It is presented two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, first leg and second leg. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same noun legbut different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjectivefirst. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectivesecond.

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(Data 3)

Two years on from the corruption crisis which consumed FIFA, football's governing body meets for its latest annual congress in Bahrain this week still far from free of suspicion. (SA5.D0705)

(Data 4)

This vote has been delayed since last September when the AFC took just 27 minutes to abandon theirextraordinary congressin Goa. (SA5.D0705)

It can be seen two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, annual congress and extraordinary congress. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same noun congress but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective annual. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectiveextraordinary.

(Data 5)

The Spaniard also claimed his 10th title at the Monte Carlo Masters last week as he gears up for to go for his 10th French Open next month. (SA1.0105)

(Data 6)

Atletico boss Diego Simeone, meanwhile, told his side to forget their latest derby demolition and hope for a miracle at the last European match at their Vicente Calderon stadiumnext week. (SA3.D0305)

It is shown two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, last week and next week. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun used same noun week but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word

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uses adjective last. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjective

next.

The rest of lexical collocation adjective + verb are written in table below.

Lexical collocation word

First game Crucial moment Second half

First appearance Away win Close range

First time Opening stage Second half

4.1.3.3 Noun + Verb

There are 1 lexical collocation = noun + verb which are found in 5 sports articles. The findings are written and explained below.

(Data 1)

The ball rebounded up perfectly off the heels of Filipe Luis for Ronaldo to blast high past Oblak. (SA3.D03.05)

It can be seen the sentence above used lexical collocation noun + verb. There is written a noun ball collocated with rebounded which is a verb. “Ball” is can be

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considered as collocation if it is followed by verb, such as fly, go, roll, sail, hit, land, bounce, and rebound.

4.1.3.4 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun

There are 15 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 sports articles. The researcher only describing 2 finding as samples. And the rest finding are written in table below.

(Data 1)

Rafael Nadal hailed a "dream start" to hisclay courtseason after romping to his 10th Barcelona Open on Sunday with a 6-4, 6-1 win over Austria's Dominic. (SA1.D0105)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There is written a nounclay collocated with another noun court. “Court” is considered as collocation if it is combined with noun, such as basketball, tennis, squash, clay, and.

(Data 2)

Emre Can scored a sensational overhead bicycle kick as Liverpool galvanised their grip on third place in the Premier League by winning 1-0 at Watford on Monday. (SA2.D0205)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There is written a noun premier collocated with another noun league. “League” is said as collocation if it is collocated with noun, such as, champions, leader, premier, title, club, player, game, football, match, table, and side.

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Lexical collocation word

Injury time World player Appeal committee

Penalty box World cup Corruption allegations

Goal kick Champions league Vice president

4.1.3.5 Adjective + Adverb or Adverb + Adjective

There is 1 lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective found in 5 sports article.

(Data 1)

"The first set wasvitally important," added Nadal. (SA1.D0105)

It can be seen the sentence above used L6 lexical collocation adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb. There is written adverb vitally collocated with adjective, important. “Important” can be said as collocation if it is combined with adverb, such as, critically, vitally, extremely, enormously, hugely, particularly, terribly, very, increasingly, internationally, regionally, economically, functionally, historically, politically, and strategically.

4.1.4 Lexical Collocation in Living section

Living section is the last section fromThe Jakarta Post newspaper which are analyzed by the researcher. About 51lexical collocation words are found in 5 articles

45

of living section. The types are found among lexical collocation = verb (active) + noun, lexical collocation = adjective + noun, and lexical collocation = noun + noun. The details are be explained below.

4.1.4.1 Verb (active) + Noun

The findings show 1 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun words are used in 5 living articles. The findingis the variation of verb (active) + noun which is verb (active) + pronoun/prepositional phrase.

(Data 1)

Researchers recruited 40 volunteers who had experienced an “unwanted romantic breakup” in the past six months. (LA4.D0505)

It can be seen the sentence above used variation of lexical collocation = (verb (active) + noun). The variation is verb (active) + prepositional phrase. There is written recruitedwhich is a verb collocated with prepositional phrase40 volunteers, which are called prepositional phrase because combination between numeral40with a noun volunteers. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Volunteer” is said as collocation if it is collocated with verb, appeal for, ask for, call for, look for, find, get, recruit, provide, encourage, need, want, and work as.

4.1.4.2 Adjective + Noun

There are 36 lexical collocation = adjective + noun words which are found in 5 opinion articles. But, the researcher only describes 4 findings the variation of

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adjective + noun. The variation is one noun can used or collocated with different adjectives. The rest findings are presented in table below.

(Data 1)

Last year, UNESCO included the unique culture in its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanitylast year. (LA1.D0205)

(Data 2)

The team found that engaging in physical activity by using these active games can significantly boost brain functions in people with neurological impairment, as well as maintaining cognitive health in later years, which naturally declines as we age. (LA5.D0605)

It can be seen two sentence above have lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, last year andlater years. And first and second lexical collocation adjective + noun uses same noun year but different adjective, which is the first, second uses adjectivelast. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word used adjectivelater.

(Data 3)

Previous studies have shown that placebos – treatments with no active ingredients – can ease pain in a variety of conditions, including depression. (LA4.D0505)

(Data 4)

This new study is the first to measure the effect of a placebo on emotional pain caused by a heartbreak. (LA4.D0505)

It is shown two data above have L3 lexical collocation words = adjective + noun, previous studies and new study. And three lexical collocation adjective + noun used same noun studies, plural form and study, singular form but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word used adjective previous. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word used adjectivenew.

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Lexical collocation word

Cultural heritage Supporting actor International level

Basic tools Supporting actress National recognition

Long period Political exiles Provincial government

Special award Last month Important message

Open courtyard Broken heart Saline solution

Different species Emotional pain Psychological problem

Small tree Good friend Effective way

Physical activity Previous research

4.1.4.3 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun

There are 14 L5 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 living articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings as sample. And the rest finding are presented in table below.

(Data 1)

Haenyeo, which roughly translates as “women of the sea,” refers to female divers on Jeju Island who harvest marine products using minimaldiving gear. (LA1.D0205)

It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There is written a noun diving collocated with another noun gear. “Gear” is said as collocation if it is combined with noun, such as, stick, diving, running, sports, swimming, walking, breathing, camping, climbing, fishing, designer, and landing.

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This was the case for the 2015-designated Arirang -- a collection of Korean folk songs– and the Korean traditional sport of ssireum. (LA1.D0205)

It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There is written a nounfolkscollocated with another noun songs. “Song” can be considered as collocation if it is combined with noun, such as, writer, contest, folk, drinking, theme, and title.

Lexical collocation word

Saturday evening Film director Egyptian quantities

Vice president Feature film Stone slabs

Title tracks Video games Egyptian gods

Brain regions

4.2 The usage of lexical collocation

Describing the usage of lexical collocation in each sections (news, opinion, sports and living) which have different disciplines and different themes with the percentages.

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4.2.1 Lexical Collocation in News section

It can be seen from chart above, lexical collocation adjective + noun dominates the usage of lexical collocation in News section. Lexical collocation adjective + noun appeared 34 times (56.70%) from all 60 lexical collocation words

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which are found in the 5 news articles. In the second place, there is lexical collocation noun + noun which appeared 20 times (33.30%). The third place, placed by lexical collocation verb(active) + noun which appeared 6 times (10%). And for lexical collocation verb(nullification) + noun, noun + verb, adjective + adverb / adverb + adjective and adverb + verb are not found in articles of news section.

4.2.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion section

It can be explained from chart above, lexical collocation adjective + noun dominates the usage of lexical collocation in Opinion section. Lexical collocation adjective + noun appeared 30 times (44.80%) from all 67 lexical collocation words

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which are found in the 5 opinion articles. The next place, there is lexical collocation noun + noun which appeared 22 times (32.80%). The third place, placed by lexical collocation verb(active) + noun lexical collocation which appeared 8 times (11.90%). The fourth place is placed by lexical collocation adverb + verb which appeared 4 times (6%). The fifth place comes from lexical collocation noun + verb with 2 finding (3%). The last is placed by lexical collocation adj + adv with 1 finding. And for lexical collocation verb (nullification) + noun is not found in articles of opinion section.

4.2.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports section

It is presented from chart above, lexical collocation (adjective + noun) lexical collocation and lexical collocation noun + noun dominate the usage of lexical

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collocation in Sports section. Each lexical collocation adjective + noun and noun + noun lexical collocation appear 15 times (42.85%) from all 35 lexical collocation words which are found in the 5 sports articles. The second place, there is lexical collocation verb(active) + noun which appeared 3 times (8.50%). The fourth place is placed by lexical collocation noun + verb and lexical collocation adjective + adverb / adverb + adjective with 1 finding (2.85%). The last comes from lexical collocation verb (nullification) + noun and adverb + verb which are not appear in articles of sports section.

4.2.4 Lexical Collocation in Living section

The chart above shows lexical collocation adjective + noun dominates the usage of lexical collocation in News section. Lexical collocation (adjective + noun)

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appeared 36 times (70.60%) from all 51 lexical collocation words which are appear in the 5 living articles. The second place, there is lexical collocation noun + noun which seen 14 times (27.45%). The third place, placed by lexical collocation verb(active) + noun which appeared 1 times (1.95%). And for lexical collocation verb(nullification) + noun, (noun + verb), (adjective + adverb / adverb + adjective) and (adverb + verb) are not found in articles of living section.

4.2.4 Lexical Collocations inThe Jakarta PostNewspaper

The chart above shows usage of lexical collocations in The Jakarta Post

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lexical collocation adjective + noun is the most dominate with 115 findings (54%).

Followed by lexical collocation noun + noun with 71 findings (33.30%). Then, lexical collocation verb(active) + noun which is found 18 findings (8.50%). The fourth is placed by lexical collocations verb + adverb, 4 findings (1.80%). Next, 3 finding of lexical collocation noun + verb (1.40%). The last place is lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective with 2 findings (0.9%). Lexical collocation verb(nullification) + noun is not found inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper.

L = v a tive + n L = v nullifi ation + n L = adj + n

L = n + v L = n + n

L = adv = adj or adj + adv L = adv + v

Date of

Articles _L11 _L22 _L3Lexical Collocation3 _L44 _L55 _L66 _L77

1st May 4 - 14 - 5 1 2

2nd May 1 - 8 - 6 -

-3rd May - - 7 1 5 -

-4th May - - 17 - 11 -

-5th May 4 - 9 - 14 -

-6th May 1 - 11 - 7 -

-7th May 3 - 13 1 9 1

-8th May - - -

-9th May - - -

-10th May 1 - 12 - 4 -

-11th May - - -

-12th May 1 - 6 - 7 -

-13th May - - -

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4.2.6 Table the Usage of Lexical Collocation inThe Jakarta PostNewspaper

It is written above the distribution of lexical collocations in The Jakarta Post

newspaper. It is clearly stated that adjective + noun is the most dominant appear in 10 articles with 115 findings. Meanwhile, lexical collocation noun + noun with 71 findings are also found in 10 days. Then, lexical collocation verb(active) + noun appears in 8 days with 18 findings. The fourth is placed by lexical collocations verb + adverb, 4 findings in 2 days. Next, 3 finding of lexical collocation noun + verb are found in 3 days. The last place is lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective with 2 findings in 2 days. Lexical collocation verb(nullification) + noun is not found inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper.

4.3 Discussion

In the findings above, from the types of lexical collocations analysis that related to the first problem, almost all types of lexical collocation appeared and used in articles The Jakarta Postnewspaper, except lexical collocation (verb(nullification) + noun). But, each sections (news, opinion, sports, living) has different findings lexical collocations.

In news section, lexical collocation that appear is lexical collocation (verb(active) + noun), lexical collocation (adjective + noun), and lexical collocation (noun + noun). In opinion section, found 6 types lexical collocation, except lexical

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collocation (verb(nullification) + noun), there are lexical collocation (verb(active)+ noun), lexical collocation (adjective + noun), lexical collocation (noun + verb), lexical collocation (noun + noun), lexical collocation (adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb), and lexical collocation (adverb + verb).

In sports section, appeared 5 types of lexical collocation, such as: lexical collocation (verb(active)+ noun), lexical collocation (adjective + noun), lexical collocation (noun + verb), lexical collocation (noun + noun), lexical collocation (adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb). And in living section, same as news section there are only 3 types of lexical collocations that used lexical collocation (verb(active) + noun), lexical collocation (adjective + noun), and lexical collocation (noun + noun).

The findings also find the variation of lexical collocations (adjective + noun). The variation means the lexical collocation (adjective + noun) can has same noun but different adjectives, such as:previous studies and new study, last year and later year, gubernatorial election and runoff election, big wave, first wave and second wave, first leg and second leg, annual congress and extraordinary congress.

Not only, lexical collocation (adjective + noun) that has variation, but also lexical collocation (noun + noun). The variation is the usage “of” between noun + noun, means noun + of + noun. The findings are miscarriage of justice and

conservation of nature.

Then, from the usage of lexical collocation related to the second problem the researcher finds out type that many used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper articles of

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each sections (news, opinion, sports, living) is lexical collocation (adjective + noun). In this case, the sentences in articles of each section (news, opinion, sports, living) many use lexical collocation (adjectives + noun), such as: national police, local communities, gubernatorial election, effective way, long period, political analyst,

good friend, respected figure,etc.

And then followed by lexical collocation (noun + noun) which dominated in the second place. And the third position is contained by lexical collocation (verb(active) + noun). Lexical collocation (noun + verb) and lexical collocation (adverb + verb) are taken fourth place. Surely, the last place is lexical collocation (adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb).

Then, the other discussion is about the significance of this study. From the findings, there are many lexical collocation words are used in articles The Jakarta Post newspaper. The findings also show types of lexical collocation that used in articles The Jakarta Post newspaper and the usage based on the frequency. Theoretically, this study provides knowledge about what is lexical collocation and types of lexical collocation. This study also presents the knowledge about the usage of lexical collocation in different types of articles. And for academic advantage, such as students in university, this study can be a reference to the development of linguistic science subjects for the future research.

Lastly, the discussion practically, for students in university who do not know and familiar with lexical collocation. Hoped, they can understand and aware toward the existence of lexical collocation. The findings of this study can be also used as

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter explains about the conclusion and result of this study. The researcher’s suggestion is also explained below.

5.1 Conclusion

The result of this research is to answer the problems which are found by the researcher in articles of each section (news, opinion, sport, and living) in The Jakarta Postnewspaper. The researcher answered the types lexical collocation of each section (news, opinion, sport, and living) inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper. The researcher used content analysis approach for analyzing the data.

The researcher found six types of lexical collocation which are lexical collocation verb(active) + noun, adjective + noun, noun + verb, noun + noun or noun + of + noun, adverb + adjective or adjective + adverb, and adverb + verb. The researcher found that lexical collocation adjective + noun is the most dominant than others types. Also, it was showed that the usage of lexical collocation was different based on the type and theme of the articles. The types lexical collocation of news section was same as living section among, verb(active) + noun, adjective + noun and, noun + noun. Opinion section was found all six types of lexical collocation. Meanwhile, the types which was not appear in sport section only lexical collocation adverb + verb.

The most important by studying this study are the researcher understood about what is lexical collocation, types of lexical collocation, how the usage of lexical

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collocation in different articles or themes, and to give the concrete meaning especially about lexical collocation. Lexical collocation is one kind of collocations which is restricted combination between two or more words in a text or context. It means not all combination words can be considered as lexical collocation, only certain combination words can be considered as lexical collocation.

5.2 Suggestion

After doing this research, the researcher found some knowledge about lexical collocation. The problems of this study had been answered. In addition, the researcher also provides the conclusion about the strength and the weakness in this study.

The strength of this research is for exposing lexical collocation. Lexical collocation is actually used and found in everywhere. But, English learners is not aware toward the existence of lexical collocation. So, it is hoped this study will help not only English learners but also the readers of this research get new knowledge and easily understand about it. The weakness of this study is because the researcher analyzing the data manually maybe there is data or lexical collocation words which are passed and is not identified.

For the next researcher, the researcher hopes this research will be good previous study to distinguish their research and to be adapted in other study. The researcher also suggests the next researcher to develop this research in a wider context, such as to analyzing grammatical collocation, or to analyzing lexical collocation in specific themes.

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And for the students of English literature and the readers of this study, the researcher hopes that this study will add the knowledge and the understanding of lexical collocation. The researcher also suggests that this could be the benchmark of the students who want to learn more about the lexical collocation in the context of real life.

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