Institutional Repository | Satya Wacana Christian University: The Characteristics of a Mother’s Child-directed Speech Used to Her Two-year-old Daughter(A Case Study)
The Characteristics of a Mother’s Child-directed Speech
Used to Her Two-year-old Daughter
(A Case Study)
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
KISMIYATI
392014505
ENGLISH LITERATURE PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
SALATIGA
2015
ii
Copyright Statement
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in
any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any
university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material
previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is
made in the text.
Copyright© 2015. Kismiyati and Athriyana S. Pattiwael, M. Hum
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means
without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English
Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian
University, Salatiga.
Kismiyati : _________________
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Everybody has their own story created by The Almighty God. I am so
grateful because Jesus Christ has been making my story happened on the right
time, no sooner or later. My deep thanks to my lovely husband, Kris Apriyanto,
who provides me all kinds, love and spirit; to my pride son, Kiankri Arjuna
Pradipta, who is growing along with this thesis process; to Kusno and Kasbin big
family who always support and pray for my best; and Mrs. IK as my subject. I
also thankful to Bu Arien as my thesis advisor for the guidance and worthy
advices; Bu Debbi and Bu Esri as my examiners for the inputs to complete this
thesis, all of the lectures who have shared a lot of useful knowledge, especially
Pak Toar (Yes Sir, sabar (exactly) pangkal lulus.) and Bu Rindang (Semangat!!!);
and then to Mbak Yanti, Mbak Pris, and Pak War for your value information.
Finally, many thanks to all my friends in ex-STiBA SW, Opah Wawan
(for the Sony, Kuda, days and nights), Niyul’s Sony, Yu Santi, Yenol, Brindil,
Bang Jay, Pakde Tri, and others who cannot be mentioned one by one for our
unforgettable togetherness. Life is a struggle and there is no life without a struggle
guys. I do believe that this struggle is not over.
Salatiga, February 2015
The writer
iv
ABSTRACT
Children ability in language is influenced by several factors, internal and external
factors. Internal factor refers to the children ability itself whereas the external
factor mostly relates to the environment where the children grow. One of the
important elements is the existence of a care taker as the guide and models of
language for the children. In Indonesia society, especially in Javanese setting,
mothers are found to be the common care taker. The subject is one of those
mothers who has been helping her daughter to acquire language well. The
language she used when communicate to her child (called motherese language or
Child-directed Speech) actually displays certain characteristics to be learnt. They
are substitution, both sounds/pronunciation substitution and pronoun substitution
by proper names, accentuation by pausing between words or syllables within a
word, the use of exaggerated sound intonation and high pitch, diminutives by
familiar vocabularies, short grammatically structure, and repetition of the words
or phrases as the main ideas. In addition, there are several new characteristics
which are appeared in the subject’s speech, i.e. sentences structure change,
developing special context-bound vocabularies, responding the inappropriate child
word questions, and then correcting the child word choice.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ........................................................................................................
i
Approval Page .................................................................................................
ii
Copyright Statement .......................................................................................
iii
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................
iv
Abstract ...........................................................................................................
v
Table of Contents ............................................................................................
vi
INTRODUCTION ............................................................
1
1.1. Background of the Study .............................................
1
1.2. Research Problem ........................................................
3
1.3. Research Objectives .....................................................
3
1.4. Scope of the Study .......................................................
3
1.5. Explanation of Term ....................................................
4
1.6. Significance of the Study .............................................
4
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................
5
2.1. Related Theories ..........................................................
5
2.1.1. First Language Acquisition ................................
5
2.1.2. Children Language Development ......................
7
2.1.3. Child-directed Speech (CDS) ............................
10
2.2. Related Studies ............................................................
13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...................................................
15
3.1. Type of Research .........................................................
15
3.2. Subject .........................................................................
15
3.3. Technique and Instrument of Data Collection .............
16
3.4. Method of Data Analysis .............................................
16
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
vi
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS .................................
18
4.1. The Six CDS’ characteristics by Ferguson ..................
19
4.1.1. Substitution ........................................................
19
4.1.2. Accentuation ......................................................
23
4.1.3. Intonation and Pitch ...........................................
26
4.1.4. Diminutives ........................................................
28
4.1.5. Short Grammatically Structure ..........................
31
4.1.6. Repetition ...........................................................
32
4.2. Other Findings of characteristics .................................
35
4.2.1. Sentence Structure Change ................................
35
4.2.2. Developing Special Context-bound Vocabulary
36
4.2.3. Responding to Child’s Question Word ..............
37
4.2.4. Correcting Word Choice ....................................
41
CONCLUSION .................................................................
42
5.1. Conclusion ...................................................................
42
5.2. Recommendation .........................................................
44
REFERENCES .............................................................................................
45
APPENDIXES .............................................................................................
47
CHAPTER V
vii
Used to Her Two-year-old Daughter
(A Case Study)
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
KISMIYATI
392014505
ENGLISH LITERATURE PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
SALATIGA
2015
ii
Copyright Statement
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in
any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any
university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material
previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is
made in the text.
Copyright© 2015. Kismiyati and Athriyana S. Pattiwael, M. Hum
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means
without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English
Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian
University, Salatiga.
Kismiyati : _________________
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Everybody has their own story created by The Almighty God. I am so
grateful because Jesus Christ has been making my story happened on the right
time, no sooner or later. My deep thanks to my lovely husband, Kris Apriyanto,
who provides me all kinds, love and spirit; to my pride son, Kiankri Arjuna
Pradipta, who is growing along with this thesis process; to Kusno and Kasbin big
family who always support and pray for my best; and Mrs. IK as my subject. I
also thankful to Bu Arien as my thesis advisor for the guidance and worthy
advices; Bu Debbi and Bu Esri as my examiners for the inputs to complete this
thesis, all of the lectures who have shared a lot of useful knowledge, especially
Pak Toar (Yes Sir, sabar (exactly) pangkal lulus.) and Bu Rindang (Semangat!!!);
and then to Mbak Yanti, Mbak Pris, and Pak War for your value information.
Finally, many thanks to all my friends in ex-STiBA SW, Opah Wawan
(for the Sony, Kuda, days and nights), Niyul’s Sony, Yu Santi, Yenol, Brindil,
Bang Jay, Pakde Tri, and others who cannot be mentioned one by one for our
unforgettable togetherness. Life is a struggle and there is no life without a struggle
guys. I do believe that this struggle is not over.
Salatiga, February 2015
The writer
iv
ABSTRACT
Children ability in language is influenced by several factors, internal and external
factors. Internal factor refers to the children ability itself whereas the external
factor mostly relates to the environment where the children grow. One of the
important elements is the existence of a care taker as the guide and models of
language for the children. In Indonesia society, especially in Javanese setting,
mothers are found to be the common care taker. The subject is one of those
mothers who has been helping her daughter to acquire language well. The
language she used when communicate to her child (called motherese language or
Child-directed Speech) actually displays certain characteristics to be learnt. They
are substitution, both sounds/pronunciation substitution and pronoun substitution
by proper names, accentuation by pausing between words or syllables within a
word, the use of exaggerated sound intonation and high pitch, diminutives by
familiar vocabularies, short grammatically structure, and repetition of the words
or phrases as the main ideas. In addition, there are several new characteristics
which are appeared in the subject’s speech, i.e. sentences structure change,
developing special context-bound vocabularies, responding the inappropriate child
word questions, and then correcting the child word choice.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ........................................................................................................
i
Approval Page .................................................................................................
ii
Copyright Statement .......................................................................................
iii
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................
iv
Abstract ...........................................................................................................
v
Table of Contents ............................................................................................
vi
INTRODUCTION ............................................................
1
1.1. Background of the Study .............................................
1
1.2. Research Problem ........................................................
3
1.3. Research Objectives .....................................................
3
1.4. Scope of the Study .......................................................
3
1.5. Explanation of Term ....................................................
4
1.6. Significance of the Study .............................................
4
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................
5
2.1. Related Theories ..........................................................
5
2.1.1. First Language Acquisition ................................
5
2.1.2. Children Language Development ......................
7
2.1.3. Child-directed Speech (CDS) ............................
10
2.2. Related Studies ............................................................
13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...................................................
15
3.1. Type of Research .........................................................
15
3.2. Subject .........................................................................
15
3.3. Technique and Instrument of Data Collection .............
16
3.4. Method of Data Analysis .............................................
16
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
vi
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS .................................
18
4.1. The Six CDS’ characteristics by Ferguson ..................
19
4.1.1. Substitution ........................................................
19
4.1.2. Accentuation ......................................................
23
4.1.3. Intonation and Pitch ...........................................
26
4.1.4. Diminutives ........................................................
28
4.1.5. Short Grammatically Structure ..........................
31
4.1.6. Repetition ...........................................................
32
4.2. Other Findings of characteristics .................................
35
4.2.1. Sentence Structure Change ................................
35
4.2.2. Developing Special Context-bound Vocabulary
36
4.2.3. Responding to Child’s Question Word ..............
37
4.2.4. Correcting Word Choice ....................................
41
CONCLUSION .................................................................
42
5.1. Conclusion ...................................................................
42
5.2. Recommendation .........................................................
44
REFERENCES .............................................................................................
45
APPENDIXES .............................................................................................
47
CHAPTER V
vii