Prarancangan pabrik methacrolein dari proses oksidasi isobutylene dan udara kapasitas 70.000 ton/tahun HALAMAN AWAL
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TUGAS AKHIR
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK METHACROLEIN DARI
PROSES OKSIDASI ISOBUTYLENE DAN UDARA
KAPASITAS 70.000 TON/TAHUN
Oleh:
Oleh :
Saifuddin
Tomi Wijanarko Efendi
I0512056
I0512063
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA TEKNIK KIMIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur hanya milik Allah SWT karena dengan kehendak-Nya
penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan tugas akhir ini. Pada kesempatan ini saya
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam
melaksanakan penelitian dan penulisan laporan ini hingga dapat terselesaikan
dengan baik, khususnya kepada:
1. Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.
2. Ibu, ayah, dan segenap keluarga tercinta atas doa dan dukungan penuh kepada
penulis.
3. Dr. Margono S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I yang berkenan membagi
pengalaman dan pengetahuan beliau di dunia industri, memberikan motivasi,
arahan dan bimbingan dari pengajuan proposal, pengerjaan tugas akhir hingga
penyelesaian penyusunan laporan ini.
4. Dr. Sunu H. Pranolo selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang telah banyak
memberikan saran/masukan yang sangat berguna dalam hal penyusunan
laporan tugas akhir.
5. Seluruh mahasiswa Program Studi Teknik Kimia UNS angkatan 2012 yang
telah berbagi berbagi suka duka, ilmu, pengalaman, dan motivasi dalam
mengerjakan laporan tugas akhir.
Penulis memohon maaf apabila selama pengerjaan tugas akhir hingga
penyelesaian laporan ini menimbulkan hal-hal yang kurang berkenan. Penulis
sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun demi perbaikan dan
kemajuan di masa depan. Semoga laporan ini bermanfaat bagi banyak pihak.
Terima kasih.
Surakarta,
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul ....................................................................................................... i
Lembar Pengesahan .............................................................................................. ii
Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................... iii
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................... iv
Daftar Tabel.......................................................................................................... ix
Daftar Gambar .......................................................................................................x
Intisari ................................................................................................................... xi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang Pendirian Pabrik. ..............................................................1
1.2 Penentuan Kapasitas Perancangan .............................................................2
1.2.1 Data Impor Methacrolein di Indonesia dan China ...........................2
1.2.2 Ketersediaan Bahan Baku................................................................3
1.2.3 Kapasitas Pabrik Yang Sudah Beroperasi di Dunia ........................3
1.3 Pemilihan Lokasi Pabrik ............................................................................4
1.3.1 Faktor Primer ...................................................................................4
1.3.2 Faktor Sekunder ...............................................................................6
1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka .......................................................................................8
1.4.1 Macam-Macam Proses .....................................................................8
1.4.2 Kegunaan Produk .............................................................................9
1.4.3 Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Bahan Baku dan Produk ...............................9
1.4.4 Tinjauan Proses Secara Umum ......................................................14
BAB II DESKRIPSI PROSES ...........................................................................15
2.1 Spesifikasi Bahan Baku, Bahan Penunjang dan Produk ..........................15
2.1.1 Spesifikasi Bahan Baku..................................................................15
2.1.1.1 Isobutylene ( i-C4H8) ........................................................15
2.1.1.2 Udara ................................................................................15
2.1.2 Spesifikasi Produk..........................................................................16
2.1.2.1 Methacrolein (C4H6O) ......................................................16
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2.1.3 Spesifikasi Bahan Pendukung ........................................................16
2.1.3.1 Katalis (Bismuth Molybdate, B2Mo2O9) ...........................16
2.2 Konsep Proses ..........................................................................................16
2.2.1 Dasar Reaksi...................................................................................16
2.2.2 Tinjauan Kinetika ...........................................................................17
2.2.3 Mekanisme Reaksi .........................................................................17
2.2.4 Tinjauan Termodinamika ...............................................................19
2.2.5 Kondisi Operasi ..............................................................................21
2.2.6 Pemakaian Katalis ..........................................................................22
2.3 Langkah Proses ........................................................................................23
2.3.1
Tahap Penyiapan Bahan Baku .....................................................23
2.3.2
Tahap Pembentukan Produk ........................................................23
2.3.3
Tahap Pemurnian dan Pemisahan Produk....................................24
2.4 Diagram Alir Proses ..................................................................................25
2.4.1
Diagram Alir Kualitatif ................................................................27
2.4.2
Diagram Alir Kuantitatif ..............................................................28
2.4.3
Diagram Alir Proses .....................................................................29
2.5 Lay Out Pabrik dan Peralatan Proses .......................................................30
2.5.1
Lay Out Pabrik .............................................................................30
2.5.2
Lay Out Peralatan Proses .............................................................32
BAB III SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN PROSES ............................................34
3.1 Tangki ......................................................................................................34
3.2 Blower .....................................................................................................34
3.3 Expander .................................................................................................35
3.4 Furnace ...................................................................................................35
3.5 Reaktor .....................................................................................................36
3.6 Absorber ...................................................................................................38
3.7 Menara Distilasi .......................................................................................39
3.8 Condenser ................................................................................................40
3.9 Reboiler ....................................................................................................40
3.10 Accumulator ............................................................................................41
3.11 Heat Exchanger .......................................................................................
42
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3.11.1 Heat Exchanger 1 ........................................................................42
3.11.2 Heat Exchanger 2 ........................................................................42
3.11.3 Heat Exchanger 3 ........................................................................42
3.11.4 Heat Exchanger 4 ........................................................................44
3.11.5 Heat Exchanger 5 ........................................................................46
3.12 Pompa .....................................................................................................47
BAB IV UNIT PENDUKUNG PROSES DAN LABORATORIUM .............49
4.1 Unit Pendukung Proses ...........................................................................49
4.1.1
Unit Pengadaan Air ......................................................................50
4.1.1.1 Air Pendingin .......................................................................50
4.1.1.2 Air Proses dan Konsumsi dan Sanitasi .................................52
4.1.1.3 Pengolahan Air Umpan Boiler ..............................................51
4.1.2
Unit Pengadaan Pendingin Reaktor .............................................53
4.1.3
Unit Pengadaan Udara Tekan ......................................................54
4.1.4
Unit Pengadaan Listrik ................................................................54
4.1.4.1 Listrik untuk Keperluan Proses dan Utilitas .........................55
4.1.4.2 Listrik untuk Penerangan ......................................................56
4.1.4.3 Listrik untuk AC ...................................................................57
4.1.4.4 Listrik untuk Laboratorium dan Instrumentasi .....................57
4.1.4.5 Listrik untuk Alat Elektronik ................................................57
4.1.5
Unit Pengadaan Bahan Bakar ......................................................58
4.1.6
Unit Refrigerasi ............................................................................59
4.1.7
Unit Pengadaan N2 .......................................................................60
4.2 Unit Pengolahan Limbah ..........................................................................61
4.3 Laboratorium .............................................................................................61
4.3.1
Laboratorium Fisik.......................................................................63
4.3.2
Laboratorium Analitik .................................................................63
4.3.3
Laboratorium Penelitian dan Pengembangan ..............................63
4.3.4
Laboratorium Analisis Air ...........................................................64
BAB V MANAJEMEN PERUSAHAAN ..........................................................65
5.1 Bentuk Perusahan .....................................................................................65
5.2 Struktur Organisasi ...................................................................................
66
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5.3 Tugas dan Wewenang ...............................................................................69
5.3.1
Pemegang Saham .........................................................................69
5.3.2
Dewan Komisaris .........................................................................69
5.3.3
Dewan Direksi .............................................................................69
5.3.4
Staf Ahli .......................................................................................70
5.3.5
Kepala Bagian ..............................................................................71
5.3.6
Kepala Seksi.................................................................................73
5.4 Pembagian Jam Kerja Karyawan ..............................................................73
5.4.1
Karyawan non Shift ......................................................................73
5.4.2
Karyawan Shift .............................................................................74
5.5 Status Karyawan dan Sistem Upah ...........................................................75
5.6 Penggolongan Jabatan, Jumlah Karyawan, dan Gaji ................................75
5.7 Kesejahteraan Sosial Karyawan ................................................................77
5.8 Manajemen Perusahaan.............................................................................78
5.8.1
Perencanaan Produksi ..................................................................79
5.8.2
Pengendalian Produksi .................................................................80
BAB VI ANALISA EKONOMI .........................................................................82
6.1 Penafsiran Harga Peralatan .......................................................................83
6.2 Penentuan Total Capital Investment (TCI) ...............................................84
6.2.1
Harga Pembelian Peralatan ..........................................................85
6.2.2
Modal Tetap (Fixed Capital Investment ) ....................................86
6.2.3
Modal Kerja (Working Capital Investment) ................................86
6.3 Biaya Produksi Total (Total Production Cost) .........................................87
6.3.1
Manufacturing Cost ....................................................................87
6.3.1.1 Direct Manufacturing Cost (DMC) .........................................87
6.3.1.2 Indirect Manufacturing Cost (IMC) ........................................87
6.3.1.3 Fixed Manufacturing Cost (FMC) ..........................................88
6.3.2 General Expenses (GE) .................................................................88
6.4
Keuntungan Produksi ............................................................................88
6.5
Analisa Kelayakan ................................................................................89
6.5.1
6.5.2
% Profit on Time (POS) .................................................................89
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% Return on Invesment (ROI ) .......................................................89
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6.5.3
Pay Out Time (POT) ......................................................................90
6.5.4
Break Event Point (BEP) ...............................................................90
6.5.5
Shut down Point (SDP) .................................................................91
6.5.6
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)........................................................91
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1
Perkembangan Data Impor Methacrolein di Indonesia ....................2
Tabel 1.2
Perkembangan Data Impor Methacrolein di Indonesia ....................2
Tabel 1.3
Sumber Bahan Baku Utama .............................................................3
Tabel 1.4
Data Pabrik Penghasil Methacrolein di Dunia .................................3
Tabel 1.5
Komposisi Udara (gas) ...................................................................11
Tabel 2.1
Neraca Massa Total ........................................................................26
Tabel 4.1
Penggunaan Air Laut sebagai Media Pendingin ............................50
Tabel 4.2
Kebutuhan Air Proses, Konsumsi Umum dan Sanitasi ..................52
Tabel 4.3
Kebutuhan Listrik untuk Keperluan Proses dan Utilitas ................55
Tabel 4.4
Jumlah Lumen Berdasarkan Luas Bangunan ..................................56
Tabel 4.5
Total Kebutuhan Daya Listrik Pabrik ............................................58
Tabel 5.1
Jadwal pembagian kelompok shift..................................................74
Tabel 5.2
Perincian Kualifikasi, Jumlah dan Gaji Karyawan.........................75
Tabel 6.1
Indeks Harga Alat ..........................................................................83
Tabel 6.2
Indeks Pembelian Alat ...................................................................85
Tabel 6.3
Modal Tetap....................................................................................86
Tabel 6.4
Modal Kerja ....................................................................................86
Tabel 6.5
Direct Manufacturing Cost.............................................................87
Tabel 6.6
Indirect Manufacturing Cost ..........................................................87
Tabel 6.7
Fixed Manufacturing Cost ..............................................................88
Tabel 6.8
General Expense .............................................................................88
Tabel 6.9
Analisis Kelayakan .........................................................................92
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1
Peta Kota Cilegon .............................................................................7
Gambar 1.2
Peta Lahan Pendirian Pabrik Methacrolein ......................................7
Gambar 2.1
Diagram Alir Kualitatif ..................................................................27
Gambar 2.2
Diagram Alir Kuantitatif ................................................................28
Gambar 2.3
Diagram Alir Proses .......................................................................29
Gambar 2.4
Lay Out Pabrik ...............................................................................31
Gambar 2.4
Lay Out Peralatan Proses................................................................33
Gambar 4.1
Skema Pengolahan Air Laut ...........................................................51
Gambar 4.2
Diagram Alir Pengolahan Air Konsumsi Umum dan Sanitasi .......53
Gambar 4.3
Sistem Refrigerasi ..........................................................................60
Gambar 5.1
Struktur Organisasi Pabrik Methacrolein .......................................68
Gambar 6.1
Chemical Engineering Cost Index ..................................................83
Gambar 6.2
Grafik Analisis Kelayakan .............................................................92
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TUGAS AKHIR
PRARANCANGAN PABRIK METHACROLEIN DARI
PROSES OKSIDASI ISOBUTYLENE DAN UDARA
KAPASITAS 70.000 TON/TAHUN
Oleh:
Oleh :
Saifuddin
Tomi Wijanarko Efendi
I0512056
I0512063
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA TEKNIK KIMIA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2016
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur hanya milik Allah SWT karena dengan kehendak-Nya
penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan tugas akhir ini. Pada kesempatan ini saya
mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam
melaksanakan penelitian dan penulisan laporan ini hingga dapat terselesaikan
dengan baik, khususnya kepada:
1. Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.
2. Ibu, ayah, dan segenap keluarga tercinta atas doa dan dukungan penuh kepada
penulis.
3. Dr. Margono S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I yang berkenan membagi
pengalaman dan pengetahuan beliau di dunia industri, memberikan motivasi,
arahan dan bimbingan dari pengajuan proposal, pengerjaan tugas akhir hingga
penyelesaian penyusunan laporan ini.
4. Dr. Sunu H. Pranolo selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang telah banyak
memberikan saran/masukan yang sangat berguna dalam hal penyusunan
laporan tugas akhir.
5. Seluruh mahasiswa Program Studi Teknik Kimia UNS angkatan 2012 yang
telah berbagi berbagi suka duka, ilmu, pengalaman, dan motivasi dalam
mengerjakan laporan tugas akhir.
Penulis memohon maaf apabila selama pengerjaan tugas akhir hingga
penyelesaian laporan ini menimbulkan hal-hal yang kurang berkenan. Penulis
sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun demi perbaikan dan
kemajuan di masa depan. Semoga laporan ini bermanfaat bagi banyak pihak.
Terima kasih.
Surakarta,
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul ....................................................................................................... i
Lembar Pengesahan .............................................................................................. ii
Kata Pengantar .................................................................................................... iii
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................... iv
Daftar Tabel.......................................................................................................... ix
Daftar Gambar .......................................................................................................x
Intisari ................................................................................................................... xi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang Pendirian Pabrik. ..............................................................1
1.2 Penentuan Kapasitas Perancangan .............................................................2
1.2.1 Data Impor Methacrolein di Indonesia dan China ...........................2
1.2.2 Ketersediaan Bahan Baku................................................................3
1.2.3 Kapasitas Pabrik Yang Sudah Beroperasi di Dunia ........................3
1.3 Pemilihan Lokasi Pabrik ............................................................................4
1.3.1 Faktor Primer ...................................................................................4
1.3.2 Faktor Sekunder ...............................................................................6
1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka .......................................................................................8
1.4.1 Macam-Macam Proses .....................................................................8
1.4.2 Kegunaan Produk .............................................................................9
1.4.3 Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Bahan Baku dan Produk ...............................9
1.4.4 Tinjauan Proses Secara Umum ......................................................14
BAB II DESKRIPSI PROSES ...........................................................................15
2.1 Spesifikasi Bahan Baku, Bahan Penunjang dan Produk ..........................15
2.1.1 Spesifikasi Bahan Baku..................................................................15
2.1.1.1 Isobutylene ( i-C4H8) ........................................................15
2.1.1.2 Udara ................................................................................15
2.1.2 Spesifikasi Produk..........................................................................16
2.1.2.1 Methacrolein (C4H6O) ......................................................16
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2.1.3 Spesifikasi Bahan Pendukung ........................................................16
2.1.3.1 Katalis (Bismuth Molybdate, B2Mo2O9) ...........................16
2.2 Konsep Proses ..........................................................................................16
2.2.1 Dasar Reaksi...................................................................................16
2.2.2 Tinjauan Kinetika ...........................................................................17
2.2.3 Mekanisme Reaksi .........................................................................17
2.2.4 Tinjauan Termodinamika ...............................................................19
2.2.5 Kondisi Operasi ..............................................................................21
2.2.6 Pemakaian Katalis ..........................................................................22
2.3 Langkah Proses ........................................................................................23
2.3.1
Tahap Penyiapan Bahan Baku .....................................................23
2.3.2
Tahap Pembentukan Produk ........................................................23
2.3.3
Tahap Pemurnian dan Pemisahan Produk....................................24
2.4 Diagram Alir Proses ..................................................................................25
2.4.1
Diagram Alir Kualitatif ................................................................27
2.4.2
Diagram Alir Kuantitatif ..............................................................28
2.4.3
Diagram Alir Proses .....................................................................29
2.5 Lay Out Pabrik dan Peralatan Proses .......................................................30
2.5.1
Lay Out Pabrik .............................................................................30
2.5.2
Lay Out Peralatan Proses .............................................................32
BAB III SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN PROSES ............................................34
3.1 Tangki ......................................................................................................34
3.2 Blower .....................................................................................................34
3.3 Expander .................................................................................................35
3.4 Furnace ...................................................................................................35
3.5 Reaktor .....................................................................................................36
3.6 Absorber ...................................................................................................38
3.7 Menara Distilasi .......................................................................................39
3.8 Condenser ................................................................................................40
3.9 Reboiler ....................................................................................................40
3.10 Accumulator ............................................................................................41
3.11 Heat Exchanger .......................................................................................
42
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3.11.1 Heat Exchanger 1 ........................................................................42
3.11.2 Heat Exchanger 2 ........................................................................42
3.11.3 Heat Exchanger 3 ........................................................................42
3.11.4 Heat Exchanger 4 ........................................................................44
3.11.5 Heat Exchanger 5 ........................................................................46
3.12 Pompa .....................................................................................................47
BAB IV UNIT PENDUKUNG PROSES DAN LABORATORIUM .............49
4.1 Unit Pendukung Proses ...........................................................................49
4.1.1
Unit Pengadaan Air ......................................................................50
4.1.1.1 Air Pendingin .......................................................................50
4.1.1.2 Air Proses dan Konsumsi dan Sanitasi .................................52
4.1.1.3 Pengolahan Air Umpan Boiler ..............................................51
4.1.2
Unit Pengadaan Pendingin Reaktor .............................................53
4.1.3
Unit Pengadaan Udara Tekan ......................................................54
4.1.4
Unit Pengadaan Listrik ................................................................54
4.1.4.1 Listrik untuk Keperluan Proses dan Utilitas .........................55
4.1.4.2 Listrik untuk Penerangan ......................................................56
4.1.4.3 Listrik untuk AC ...................................................................57
4.1.4.4 Listrik untuk Laboratorium dan Instrumentasi .....................57
4.1.4.5 Listrik untuk Alat Elektronik ................................................57
4.1.5
Unit Pengadaan Bahan Bakar ......................................................58
4.1.6
Unit Refrigerasi ............................................................................59
4.1.7
Unit Pengadaan N2 .......................................................................60
4.2 Unit Pengolahan Limbah ..........................................................................61
4.3 Laboratorium .............................................................................................61
4.3.1
Laboratorium Fisik.......................................................................63
4.3.2
Laboratorium Analitik .................................................................63
4.3.3
Laboratorium Penelitian dan Pengembangan ..............................63
4.3.4
Laboratorium Analisis Air ...........................................................64
BAB V MANAJEMEN PERUSAHAAN ..........................................................65
5.1 Bentuk Perusahan .....................................................................................65
5.2 Struktur Organisasi ...................................................................................
66
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5.3 Tugas dan Wewenang ...............................................................................69
5.3.1
Pemegang Saham .........................................................................69
5.3.2
Dewan Komisaris .........................................................................69
5.3.3
Dewan Direksi .............................................................................69
5.3.4
Staf Ahli .......................................................................................70
5.3.5
Kepala Bagian ..............................................................................71
5.3.6
Kepala Seksi.................................................................................73
5.4 Pembagian Jam Kerja Karyawan ..............................................................73
5.4.1
Karyawan non Shift ......................................................................73
5.4.2
Karyawan Shift .............................................................................74
5.5 Status Karyawan dan Sistem Upah ...........................................................75
5.6 Penggolongan Jabatan, Jumlah Karyawan, dan Gaji ................................75
5.7 Kesejahteraan Sosial Karyawan ................................................................77
5.8 Manajemen Perusahaan.............................................................................78
5.8.1
Perencanaan Produksi ..................................................................79
5.8.2
Pengendalian Produksi .................................................................80
BAB VI ANALISA EKONOMI .........................................................................82
6.1 Penafsiran Harga Peralatan .......................................................................83
6.2 Penentuan Total Capital Investment (TCI) ...............................................84
6.2.1
Harga Pembelian Peralatan ..........................................................85
6.2.2
Modal Tetap (Fixed Capital Investment ) ....................................86
6.2.3
Modal Kerja (Working Capital Investment) ................................86
6.3 Biaya Produksi Total (Total Production Cost) .........................................87
6.3.1
Manufacturing Cost ....................................................................87
6.3.1.1 Direct Manufacturing Cost (DMC) .........................................87
6.3.1.2 Indirect Manufacturing Cost (IMC) ........................................87
6.3.1.3 Fixed Manufacturing Cost (FMC) ..........................................88
6.3.2 General Expenses (GE) .................................................................88
6.4
Keuntungan Produksi ............................................................................88
6.5
Analisa Kelayakan ................................................................................89
6.5.1
6.5.2
% Profit on Time (POS) .................................................................89
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% Return on Invesment (ROI ) .......................................................89
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6.5.3
Pay Out Time (POT) ......................................................................90
6.5.4
Break Event Point (BEP) ...............................................................90
6.5.5
Shut down Point (SDP) .................................................................91
6.5.6
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)........................................................91
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1
Perkembangan Data Impor Methacrolein di Indonesia ....................2
Tabel 1.2
Perkembangan Data Impor Methacrolein di Indonesia ....................2
Tabel 1.3
Sumber Bahan Baku Utama .............................................................3
Tabel 1.4
Data Pabrik Penghasil Methacrolein di Dunia .................................3
Tabel 1.5
Komposisi Udara (gas) ...................................................................11
Tabel 2.1
Neraca Massa Total ........................................................................26
Tabel 4.1
Penggunaan Air Laut sebagai Media Pendingin ............................50
Tabel 4.2
Kebutuhan Air Proses, Konsumsi Umum dan Sanitasi ..................52
Tabel 4.3
Kebutuhan Listrik untuk Keperluan Proses dan Utilitas ................55
Tabel 4.4
Jumlah Lumen Berdasarkan Luas Bangunan ..................................56
Tabel 4.5
Total Kebutuhan Daya Listrik Pabrik ............................................58
Tabel 5.1
Jadwal pembagian kelompok shift..................................................74
Tabel 5.2
Perincian Kualifikasi, Jumlah dan Gaji Karyawan.........................75
Tabel 6.1
Indeks Harga Alat ..........................................................................83
Tabel 6.2
Indeks Pembelian Alat ...................................................................85
Tabel 6.3
Modal Tetap....................................................................................86
Tabel 6.4
Modal Kerja ....................................................................................86
Tabel 6.5
Direct Manufacturing Cost.............................................................87
Tabel 6.6
Indirect Manufacturing Cost ..........................................................87
Tabel 6.7
Fixed Manufacturing Cost ..............................................................88
Tabel 6.8
General Expense .............................................................................88
Tabel 6.9
Analisis Kelayakan .........................................................................92
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1
Peta Kota Cilegon .............................................................................7
Gambar 1.2
Peta Lahan Pendirian Pabrik Methacrolein ......................................7
Gambar 2.1
Diagram Alir Kualitatif ..................................................................27
Gambar 2.2
Diagram Alir Kuantitatif ................................................................28
Gambar 2.3
Diagram Alir Proses .......................................................................29
Gambar 2.4
Lay Out Pabrik ...............................................................................31
Gambar 2.4
Lay Out Peralatan Proses................................................................33
Gambar 4.1
Skema Pengolahan Air Laut ...........................................................51
Gambar 4.2
Diagram Alir Pengolahan Air Konsumsi Umum dan Sanitasi .......53
Gambar 4.3
Sistem Refrigerasi ..........................................................................60
Gambar 5.1
Struktur Organisasi Pabrik Methacrolein .......................................68
Gambar 6.1
Chemical Engineering Cost Index ..................................................83
Gambar 6.2
Grafik Analisis Kelayakan .............................................................92
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