SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY (FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE, GOAL ORIENTATION) AND SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)

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SOCIOEM OTIONAL SELECTIVITY (FUTURE TIM E PERSPECTIVE, GOAL ORIENTATION) AND SUBJECTIVE W ELL BEING

Faculty of Psychology, Diponegoro University SEM ARANG - INDONESIA

Dinie Ratri Desiningrum [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Successful old age is coveted by every individual who enters late adulthood, which is marked by self-assessment of well-being, known as subjective well-being. One of the things that affect the subjective well being is how to selectively establish the size and composition of social networks, give meaning, to obtain social goals (goal orientation), which greatly influenced by the future time perspective, and this is known with socioemotional selectivity. This study aimed to discover how the relation between future time perspective and goal orientation, with subjective well being of individuals, considering the goal orientation as a mediating variable.

The subjects were 140 people late adulthood. Assessments using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that the model had a relatively good fit after re-specification. Future time perspective showed significant influence on goal orientation, and goal orientation on subjective well being, and future time perspective did not showed significantly affect on the subjective well being, so the test is conducted on a second model designed by researcher and indicating that future time perspective showed significant effect on subjective well-being, so this model also showed that goal orientation is an mediating variable.

Keywords: future time perspective, goal orientation, subjective well being, old age INTRODUCTION

Research Background

Being old is something t hat must be experienced by all people in t his w orld if you live longer. Throughout 2000, t he w orld's elderly populat ion grow s more t han 795,000 per mont h (Kinsella & Velkoff, 2001), and it is estimat ed t hat more t han doubled in 2025. At t hat t ime, t here w ill be more t han 900 million of people aged over 60 years, and t w o-t hirds of t hem are in developing count ries (U.S. Bereau of t he Census, Kinsella & Velkoff, 2001). In a journal, Grow ing Old or Longevit y, t he scient ist s say t hat t he fut ure challenge is t o build a w orld t hat is responsive t o t he needs of older people (Carst ensen, 2003)

Successful old age is highly covet ed by every individual w ho ent ers lat e adult hood. The indicat or f or success in adult hood t hese days is t he readiness of ent ering old age (elderly), charact erized by w ell-being assessment t o t hemselves or w ell-ell-being (Poulin, M . and Silver, RC, 2007). Well ell-being is bet t er know n as subject ive w ell-being. M any subject ive w ell-being st udies w ere conduct ed in many West ern indust r ial count ries, w hich w as found t hat most people judge t heir lives " over t he average" (Diener & Suh, 1997, in Seligman, 2002). Subject ive w ell-being includes t he so-called global w ell being, st at ed by Keyes and M oe in Lopez and Snyder (2003). It consist s of psychological w ell-being, social w ell-being and emot ional well-being.

As social beings, individuals need ot her people t o int eract , t o share and t o help each ot her, including t he lat e mat ure. Associat ed w ith success in lat e adult hood t hrough t he subject ive w ell-being, t hen t he relat ion w it h ot hers can influence as w ell. A longit udinal st udy w as conduct ed by Carst ensen, from t he Journal of Psychology and Aging (vol 7, 331-338, 2005), t hrough int erview s w it h 28 w omen

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t ypes of relat ions. The result , t he frequency of int eract ion w it h colleagues and close friends had declined since early adult hood. Frequency of int eraction w it h part ner, family and siblings increased at lat e adult hood, and emot ional closeness increased t hroughout adult hood t hese days in relat ion w it h relat ives and close friends. Ot her findings show t hat individuals are closer w it h social part ners by t heir age.

From all t he explanat ion above, it can be concluded t hat one t hing affect ing person's w elfare and healt hy including t he lat e mat ure is t he meaning of sit uat ion felt in his/ her social net w ork, w hich is relat ed t o t he act ivit ies of individuals in meet ings or organizat ion act ivit ies, qualit y and quant it y of act ivit ies conduct ed and t he subject of social cont act s, and as t he w hole, t hey can meet t he psychological needs of individuals (Pinquart & Sorenson, 2007). How individuals explain socioemot ional relat ion t o meet t heir psychological needs is called socioemot ional select ivit y (Cart ensen, 1995). Socioemot ional Select ivit y t heory sees t hat t he percept ion t o t ime plays a fundament al role in social select ion and pursuit of social goals. Socioemot ional select ivit y is an impulse w it hin t he individual t o select ively est ablish t he size and composit ion of social net w orks, and t hen explain t he purpose (Goal Orient at ion) obt ained from t he social net w orks, and t his is great ly influenced by t he percept ion of t ime left in life (Fut ure Time Perspect ive) (Cart ensen, 1995). The ret irees of Indonesian Armed Forces are t he group of lat e adult hood w ith t he background of educat ion and relat ively t he same job, and w hile t hey w ere st ill in dut y, t hey w ere placed in a sit uat ion of hard life, full of discipline and order, and condit ioned t o have a st rong mot ivat ion in achievement and devot e t hemselves on t he Unit y Inst it ut ions and t he St at e. When t hey are ret ired, t hey are no longer bound in dut y and t he dut ies of cit izenship, but t heir lives are st ill charact erized by high mot ivat ion in meet ing t heir needs and full of discipline in every act ivit ies undert aken alt hough many of t hem are not w orking anymore (Armed Forces Informat ion Cent er, 2002). This is w hat makes t he life of milit ary ret irees seem t o be more varied w ith act ivit ies and t hey join t he associat ions in t heir generat ions, and t he researcher focused t he invest igat ion on t he subject s of ret ired Indonesian Army officer w it h t he considerat ion t hat t his group have t he associat ions maint ained bet ter t han t he other ret iree groups (t he Days of Kompas, Oct ober 2, 2009).

Researcher conduct ed a preliminary st udy of ret ired Indonesian Army, w ho w ere t he members of t he Associat ion of Ret ired Indonesian Army in Cimahi. In t his communit y, researcher assessed t he joy, happiness and healt h in general (w ell-being) view ed from t heir act ivit ies, i.e. t ennis at age t hat no longer young, namely 60-74 years, and t he lat e adult s seemed happy t o cont inuously t o engage w it h act ivit ies, i.e t ennis and social gat hering, and ot her act ivit ies held several t imes a year, such as memorial visit t o M agelang, visit s t o social inst it ut ions, t ravel t o some locat ions, for example Ciat er, or t o Tangkuban Perahu (init ial int erview result s).

The conclusion draw n from t his preliminary st udy is; t here is a general descript ion t hat in spit e of being old, not all subject s saw a limit ed fut ure, and t he subject s obt ain social purposes both emot ional relat ed goal and know ledge relat ed goal of t he associat ion, and it is different from t he research performed in California finding t hat t he older t he one, t he more limit ed t he one sees t he fut ure (Lo ¨ ckenhoff & Carst ensen (2004): 1398), also t he research in USA t hen w as repeat ed in Hong Kong, Taiw an and China finding a t endency for t he lat e adult hood t o priorit ize emot ional relat ed goals (Carst ensen, Isaacow it z, and Charles, 2003).

Lat e adult hood focuses more on emot ional sat isfact ion, so t hey w ould rat her spend t ime w ith people w ho are familiar w it h and have good relat ions. They are oft en lazy t o int eract in a new environment (Laura Cart ensen, 2003), and t his select ive int eract ion may maximize posit ive emot ion experience and minimize t he risk of negat ive emot ions as individuals get older. In cross-cultural research (Norw ay, Cat holic, African-American, Chinese-Americans, European-Americans), it w as

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found t hat individuals of lat e adult hood w ere able t o cont rol t heir emot ions bet t er and less negat ive emot ional experiences t han younger age (Lawt on & Ot hers, 1992, M roczek, 2001), as w ell as t he result s of research in t he Unit ed St at es over 2727 people aged 25-74 years show ing similar result s. There is no such a specific research on socioemot ional select ivit y In Indonesia.

From t he background, t he researcher w ill focus on how t he problems of socioemot ional select ivit y (fut ure t ime perspect ive, goal orient at ion) at lat e adult associat ed w it h subject ive w ell-being, researcher w ill consider t he relat ion of fut ure t ime perspect ive w ith subject ive w ell-being and t he relat ion of goal orient at ion w it h individual subject ive w ell-being by t aking int o account goal orient at ion as an int ermediary variable or mediat ing variable.

Research Objectives

This st udy aimed t o discover how t he relat ion bet w een fut ure t ime perspect ive and goal orient at ion in t he socioemot ional select ivit y of lat e adult s joined in research part icipant s. Next , it w as t o find how t he relat ion bet w een socioemot ional select ivit y and subject ive w ell-being of individuals, t hat is how t he relat ion bet w een fut ure t ime perspect ive and subject ive w ell-being and how t he relat ion bet w een goal orient at ion and subject ive w ell-being of individuals, and subject ive w ell-being is reflect ed in psychological w ell-being, social w elfare and emot ional w ellbeing of individuals, as w ell as considering goal orientat ion as mediat ing variable.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Late Adulthood

Primary aging is t he process of inevitable gradual decline of body st art ed from t he beginning of life and cont inues for years. Secondary aging is t he result of disease, due t o errors and misuse (e.g smoking, alcohol) (Busse, in Sant rock, 2006). By select ing foods and maint aining fit ness t hroughout adult hood, many people can delay t he effect s of aging.

Physical Development of Late Adulthood

In lat e adult hood, t he st rengt h w ill decrease in t erms of t he abilit y of act ivit ies t hat require endurance and abilit y t o carry heavy loads. Lat e adult hood w ill usually lose about 10-20 percent of it s st rengt h, especially in t he low er body muscles (Van Heuvelen, Kempen, Ormel & Rispens, 1998, in Sant rock, 2006). How ever, t his loss can be reversed or minimized.

In one group of research part icipant s, t he ret ired m ilit ary group, belonging t o t he t ennis club at t he age ranged bet w een 55 t o 72 years (included in t he group of young adult s), are st ill st rong and fit in playing t ennis at least t w ice a w eek, t hrough t he game of 2-3 set s / rounds each game. When w e examine, t ennis is one of sport s requiring high mobilit y and opt imal physical st rengt h. A heavy t ennis racket , a large field t o t he quit e complicat ed rules of t he game, include t his sport int o t he cat egory of hard, difficult and requires concent rat ion and good body vit alit y. For t he t ennis part icipant s, t he sport maint ains t heir healt h and physical st rengt h, in addit ion t o t he ot her important goal as t he occasion for gat hering and socializing.

W ork and Retirement

People w ho cont inue w orking aft er t he age of 60 years, on average, liked t heir w ork and do not regard it as something boring and depressing. They t end t o be bet t er educat ed t han t hose w ho ret ire and are in good healt h condit ion (Kim & M oen, in Papalia and Feldman, 2008). They also t end t o be more act ive during t heir leisure periods compared t o t he ret irees.

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At ret irement , t he lat e adult hood may feel t he loss of cent ral role for t heir ident it y, or t hey enjoy t he loss of t ension going by t hat role (Kim & M oen, in Papalia and Feldman, 2008). Ret irement can be a cause t he adjust ment of ot her roles. These condit ions do not only alt er t he household income but also can change t he w ork sharing in t he household, marit al qualit y, and dist ribut ion of pow er and decision-makers. At t he t ime, it w ill be a lot of t ime t o get in t ouch w it h family and friends, as w ell as t o care for grandchildren. Illness and unexpect ed physical w eakness, or marit al problems of children, can affect t he experience of ret ired (Szinovacz & Ekerdt , in Papalia and Feldman, 2008).

SOCIOEM OTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY

Socioemot ional Select ivit y Theory (SST) w as int roduced by St anford psychologist , Laura L. Carst ensen, PhD, Direct or of t he St anford Cent er on Longevit y, w hich is an encouragement w it hin t he individual t o select ively est ablish t he size and composit ion of social net w orks, and t hen explain t he goals (Goal Orient at ion) obt ained from t hese social net w orks, and t his is great ly influenced by percept ions of t ime (Fut ure Time Perspect ive).

According t o t his t heory, human behavior is governed by t w o t ypes of social goals (know ledge-relat ed goals vs. emot ional ledge-relat ed goals) and is previously det ermined by t w o fut ure t ime perspect ive (expansive vs. limit ed-t ime view ). According t o SST, in old age (lat e adult hood), it occurs a shift in orient at ion on t he fut ure, t hat is, from expansive t o limit ed, and t he purpose change from know ledge-relat ed goals t o emot ional relat ed goals, t hey w ill put t hemselves on emot ionally meaningful goals and more at t ent ion t o t he emot ional qualit y of social t asks and making st rat egic effort s t o opt imize t he emot ional sat isfact ion (Carst ensen et al 1995).

In SST, t he role of fut ure t ime perspect ive is t o predict one's chosen goals, and how t hey choose t heir social part ners t o meet t heir goals (Fredrickson and Carst ensen, 1999). According t o SST, t he percept ion of t ime is not only by clock and calendar t ime, but t he life t ime or percept ion of t ime left in life. When people live t heir life, t hey become increasingly aw are t hat t ime is limit ed and precious, and it becomes increasingly import ant t o make t he right choice, do not w ast e t ime on less useful t hings (Yujie Wei, 2007).

a. Future Time Perspective (Perspectives on the time in the future)

Fut ure Time Perspect ive refers t o how people see t he amount of t ime remaining in t heir lives (Carst ensen, Isaacow it z, dan Charles, 2003). There are t w o t ypes of Fut ure Time Perspect ive: expansive (open-ended or open) and limit ed (const rain on t ime or t ime limit ed). Expansive Fut ure Time Perspect ive argues t hat life is spacious w it h lot s of opport unit ies and futures. Limit ed Fut ure Time Perspect ive suggest s t hat life may end at any t ime due t o old age or det eriorat ing healt h. Since t he life t ime is beyond t he cont rol of individuals. The importance, w hich t ends t o increase, is how t o spend a life t ime t hat varies among people w ho have different orient at ion of t he fut ure (Carst ensen et al. 1999; in Fingerman and Perlmut t er, 2004).

b. Goal Orientation

SST believes t hat t he Fut ure Time Perspect ive influences social behavior t hrough t he mechanism of purpose adjust ment (Carst ensen, Isaacow it z and Charles, 2003). In t he socioemot ional select ivit y t heory, t here are tw o cat egories of social goals, namely:

(1) know ledge-related goals; w hich include how t he acquisit ion of know ledge, career plans, t he development of social relat ions and how t he effort s t o do for t he fut ure (Fung, 2000). (2) emotional-related goals; w hich include t he emot ion regulat ion, how t o establish a pleasant emot ional int eract ions w it h social part ners, and obt aining a deep emot ional meaning. This goal cat egory focuses on " balancing t he emot ional st at e or finding t he meaning of a relat ion" (Carst ensen and Charles, 2002).

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SST suggest s t hat t he select ivit y of goals are set by t he individual Fut ure Time Perspect ive at a part icular moment in his/ her life. Open-ended t ime is relat ed t o know ledge-relat ed goals, w hile const raint s on t ime are relat ed t o emot ional relat ed goals. In daily life, individual focuses on one of t w o goals and involves t hem in decision-making process, and t ake proper act ion (Lockenhoff and Carst ensen, 2004).

SUBJECTIVE W ELL-BEING

Harold Dupuy, 1977 in " Assessing Healt h" , (M cDow ell & New ell, 1996; 206, in Papalia and Feldman, 2008) stat es t hat w ell-being is t he feeling 'in' individual subject ive (inner personal st at e) w hich covers various aspect s of life w it hin a certain t ime, i.e. aspect s of anxiet y, depression, posit ive w ell-being, self-cont rol, vit alit y and general health condit ion.

Subject ive w ell-being is a w ell-being condit ion referred t o individual based on t he aspect s of cognit ion and affect ion or feelings at once (Larsen, Randy & M ichael, 2008). This condit ion is an individual evaluat ion of t he various dimensions of self w being w hich consists of emot ional w ell-being, psychological w ell-ell-being, and social w ell-being. In part icular, M ac Art hur Foundat ion's Successful midlife / M IDUS-Nat ional St udy Conduct ed in 1995 in Keyes & M oe (Lopez & Snyder, 2003) st at es t hat t hese t hree aspect s can be fur t her divided int o t he sub-aspect s such as, t he affect s of negat ive and posit ive, life sat isfact ion (emot ional w ellbeing ); social acceptance, social act ualizat ion and social cont ribut ions (social w ell-being); self-acceptance, personal grow t h and purpose in life (psychological w ell-being), t hen t he overall aspect s can lead t o someone’s conclusion on t he 'posit ion' of w ell-being and life sat isfact ion.

RESEARCH M ETHOD

Based on a st at ist ical m et hod (SEM ), t he relat ion bet w een variables w as t est ed. The st rengt h of t he relat ion bet w een variables is stat ed in t he follow ing chart :

FUTURE TIME PERSPECTIVE Expansive 11  11  Limited GOAL ORIENTATION Knowledge

Related Goal Related GoalEmotional





 22

SUBJECTIVE WELL BEING

Psychological Well Being 13

Social Well Being Emotional Well Being 23  33  13  23  22  12

 22

21  31  32 

Figure 1 The relation between Future Time perspective, Goal Orientation and Subjective W ell-Being

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Research Subjects

The subject s of t his st udy w ere t he lat e adult hood groups of milit ary ret irees, w ho are members of 4 Ret iree Organizat ions w ho have t he same charact erist ics; as ret ired Indonesian Army officers w ho are quit e healt hy and eager t o follow t he act ivit ies of associat ions. This communit y consist s of: • t he Ret iree Communit y of Indonesian Armed Forces 1967 and domiciled in Bandung: 50 subject s • Ret ired Indonesian Army 1970 and domiciled in Bandung: 30 subject s

• PEPABRI, which is act ive in t he region Cimahi: 40 subject s • t he Law n Tennis Associat ion of Gajah M ada Cimahi: 20 subject s Samples and Sampling

The sample size w as done in relat ion w it h t he model feasibilit y t est . M odel feasibilit y used t he st at ist ical models of St eiger's Root M eans Square Approximat ion (RM SEA) (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1993).

Table 1. The Calculation Parameter of M inimum Sample Size in Research

Parameters

Value

Population RMSEA (R)

0,08

Null Hypothesized RMSEA (R

)

0,05

Type I Error Rate (α)

0,05

Degrees of Freedom

Power Goal

0,90

Actual Power for Required N

0,90

Required Sample Size

116

Based on Table 1 t he recommended minimum sample size based on t he model charact erist ics is 116 sampling unit s. The number of samples in t his research w ere 140 research subject s.

Sample Characteristics

In order t o obt ain samples corresponding t o t he object and purpose of t he research, t hen it w as det ermined a part icular sample charact erist ics based on t he considerat ion t o maint ain t he homogeneit y of t he samples. The charact erist ics of t he research sample, w ere: M en aged bet w een 60-74 years, w hich is included in t he group of young-old, ret ired from his job, healt hy in general, in t he sense of not having chronic or severe illness, domiciled in Bandung, Cimahi and surrounding areas, as a cont rol against t he possible influence of cult ural differences or social environment .

The Assessment Tools of Socioemotional Selectivity

Future Time Perspective:

Fut ure Time Perspect ive Quest ionnaire cont ains 10 st at ement s w it h five it ems assessing

expansive

and 5 it ems assessing

limited.

These t ools are t ranslat ed w it h back t ranslat ion of t he Carst ensen Assessment Tool, L. L. & Lang, F. R. (1996). Fut ure Time Perspect ive Scale. Unpublished manuscript .

St anford Universit y.

Goal Orientation:

Goal orient at ion quest ionnaire cont ains 18 st at ement s w it h 10 it ems (7+ and 3-) t o assess know ledge relat ed goals and 8 it ems (6+ and 2-) t o assess emot ional relat ed goals.

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The Assessment Tool of Subjective W ell-being

Psychological Well-being: contains 33 st at ement s w ith 21 posit ive it ems and 12 negat ive it ems. Social Well-being: cont ains 33 stat ement s w it h 17 posit ive it ems and 16 negat ive it ems. Emot ional Well-being: consist s of 25 items, w ith t he det ails:

Facet 1: Posit ive Affect , Negat ive Affect , and balance Affect Facet 2: Life Sat isfact ion

The Assessment Tool for Life Sat isfact ion Upholst ery: Sat isfact ion Wit h Life Scale developed by Diener (1985) in Prat ama 2009.

Facet 3: Avow ed Happines

Facet 4: Sat isfact ion Domain, Life Domain Rank-an adapt at ion of t he review carried out by M art in Seligman (2002) for t he research of Warner Wilson (1967), in Pratama, 2009.

Inferential Statistical Analysis Results

The Test of Construct Assessment M odel of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) and Subjective W ell-being Construct (Subjective W ell Being)

The det ail of research’s result in figure 2-3 and t able 2-3

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Figure 2. The Test of Variable Assessment M odel of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation)

Table 2. Factor Loading and The Significance Value of The Test for Variable Assessment M odel of Socioemotional Selectivity

Vaarriiaabbllee AAssppeecctt FFaaccttoorr L

Looaaddiinngg tt--vvaalluuee pp--vvaalluuee RReemmaarrkkss

F

u

t

u

r

e

T

i

m

e

P

e

r

s

p

e

c

t

i

v

e

E

x

p

a

n

s

i

v

e

00..8811 99..0033 00..0000 Significant

L

i

m

i

t

e

d

00..8855 99..3366 00..0000 Significant

G

o

a

l

O

r

i

e

n

t

a

t

i

o

n

K

n

o

w

l

e

d

g

e

R

G

00..7766 77..8833 00..0000 Significant

E

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The Test of Variable Assessment model of Subject ive Well-being

Fiigguurree33 The Test of Variable Assessment model of Subject ive Well-being

Taabbllee33.. Factor Loading and The Significance Value of The Test for Variable Assessment M odel of Subjective W ell-being

Vaarriiaabbllee AAssppeecctt FFaaccttoorr L

Looaaddiinngg tt--vvaalluuee pp--vvaalluuee RReemmaarrkkss

S

u

b

j

e

c

t

i

v

e

W

e

l

B

e

i

n

g

P

s

y

c

h

o

l

o

g

i

c

a

l

W

B

00..9922 1144..0033 00..0000 Significant

S

o

c

i

a

l

W

B

00..9944 1144..7711 00..0000 Significant

E

m

o

t

i

o

n

a

l

W

B

00..9911 1133..7766 00..0000 Significant

The Effect M odel Test of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) on Subjective W ell-being

The det ail of research’s result in figure 4 and t able 4



Figure 4. The Effect M odel Test of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) on Subjective W ell-being

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Taabbllee44.. Factor Loading and The Significance Value of The Effect M odel Test for Socioemotional Selectivity on Subjective W ell-being

Vaarriiaabbllee AAssppeecctt FFaaccttoorr L

Looaaddiinngg tt--vvaalluuee pp--vvaalluuee RReemmaarrkkss

F

u

t

u

r

e

T

i

m

e

P

e

r

s

p

e

c

t

i

v

e

E

x

p

a

n

s

i

v

e

00..9900 1111..0099 00..0000 Significant

L

i

m

i

t

e

d

00..7766 88..9966 00..0000 Significant

G

o

a

l

O

r

i

e

n

t

a

t

i

o

n

K

n

o

w

l

e

d

g

e

R

G

00..7788 -- -- Significant

E

m

o

t

i

o

n

a

l

R

G

00..6699 88..2266 00..0000 Significant

S

u

b

j

e

c

t

i

v

e

W

e

l

B

e

i

n

g

P

s

y

c

h

o

l

o

g

i

c

a

l

W

B

00..9911 -- -- Significant

S

o

c

i

a

l

W

B

00..9944 1188..4488 00..0000 Significant

E

m

o

t

i

o

n

a

l

W

B

00..9922 1177..7777 00..0000 Significant

Insignificant Fut ure Time Perspect ive had effect on t he Subject ive Well Being, t hen t he t est w as conduct ed again w it h a new model t hat had been prepared by researcher, w it h no Goal Orient at ion variable. The t est result s of t he effect model of Fut ure Time Perspect ive on t he Subject ive Well Being w ill be out lined as follow s:

Fiigguurree55.. TThheeTTeessttooffTThheeEEffffeeccttMMooddeellooffFFuuttuurreeTTiimmeePPeerrssppeeccttiivveeoonnSSuubbjjeeccttiivveeWWeellllBBeeiinngg

DISCUSSION

The Discussion of Descriptive Statistical Analysis Results

The result s show that 87.1% of subject s have limited view of t ime in t he fut ure, only 12.9% w ho have expansive view . The research subject s also show posit ive degree of Psychological Aspect WB, Social WB, and Emot ional WB on Subject ive Well Being (99.3%), only 0.7% in a low degree.

The aspect s of Emot ional relat ed goals as w ell as know ledge relat ed goals, t he majorit y of subject s are in a high degree (99.3% and 95.7%). Socioemot ional Select ivit y t heory t hrough t he research in t he USA w hich w as t hen repeat ed in Hong Kong, Taiw an and China, found a lat e adult hood t endency t o priorit ize emot ional relat ed goals, w hich means few lat e adult s chose know ledge relat ed goals (Carst ensen, Isaacow it z, and Charles, 2003), so t he researcher concluded t hat it is not in line w it h t he research result s in Indonesia, it is t rue t hat t he choice of lat e adult subject s is relat ively higher on emot ional relat ed goals t han know ledge-relat ed goals, but t he difference is relat ively small so t hat t he ret irees of lat e adult hood w ho w ere t he members of Indonesian Army Ret iree Associat ion also chose high know ledge relat ed goals

(10)

The Discussion of Inferential Statistical Analysis Results

The Test of Construct Assessment M odel of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) and The Construct of Subjective W ell-being

The model fit s perfect ly and has empirical dat a w it h a value of chi-square = 0.00; df = 0; and p-value = 1.00. It means t hat t he const ruct Assessment model of Socioemot ional Select ivit y fit t he research dat a of t he lat e adult s joined as research part icipant s. Limit ed aspect is relat ively dominant in assessing fut ure t ime perspect ive rat her t han expansive aspect . It means, t he subject s t end t o have a limit ed view of t ime in t he fut ure, but w it h t he charge t hat is not much different , it also show s t hat t he lat e adult s have an expansive view of t heir fut ure.

Limit ed or expansive view st ill make t he lat e adult s do not limit t heir act ivit ies t o keep socializing in cert ain social net w orks, w it h colleagues t o meet t he psychological needs, such as by joining in t he associat ions. The aspect s of know ledge relat ed goal is more dominant in assessing goal orient at ion compared w it h t he emot ional relat ed goal aspect s. Through t he associat ions w it h a variet y of act ivit ies, t hey t end t o be t rying t o obt ain social goals associat ed w it h know ledge (know ledge relat ed goal) t o acquire informat ion, know ledge and new insight s and add new experiences. M ost clubs do have a variet y of act ivit ies and it makes a bet t er int erpret at ion of t he know ledge-relat ed goals. According t o t he researcher, t his is int erest ing because t he result is different from t he concept of Socioemot ional Select ivit y Theory (SST), in w hich according t o SST, lat e adult s have higher t endency on emot ional relat ed goal, namely t he social goals t hat include emot ion regulation, est ablish a nice emot ional int eract ion w ith t he social part ners , and get deep emot ional meaning, and t his purpose cat egory focuses on " balance t he emot ional st at e or find t he meaning of a relat ion" (Carst ensen, Isaacow it z, and Charles, 2003).

The t est result s of Subject ive Well-being Const ruct M odel fit perfect ly w it h t he empirical dat a, t he chi-square = 0.00; df = 0; and p-value = 1.00 w hich means it fit s w it h t he research dat a from The lat e adult s w ho joined as research part icipant s.

The aspect s of social w ell-being are relat ively dominant in assessing Subject ive Well-Being compared t o t he aspect s of psychological w ell-being and emot ional w ell-being. This suggest s t hat t he t he lat e adult s’ w ell-being is generally charact erized by t he fulfillment of individual happiness qualit y by serving bot h psychologically and socially (psychologically and socially healt hy people); considering happiness and life sat isfact ion posit ively; and have balanced affect ive condit ions, and t hrough t he t est result s of subject ive w ell-being const ruct model. The most import ant for t he lat e adult s is t heir social funct ion, t he exist ence of a posit ive accept ance on t heir social environment , feeling as t he part of t he environment and concerned about t he progress of t heir environment , as w ell as cont ribut ed t o t he environment w here t hey int eract s .

The Effect M odel Test of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) on Subjective W ell Being

The t est result s show t hat t he model fit s w it h empirical dat a, t he chi-square = 10.25; df = 6; and p-value = 0.11; RM SEA = 0.07; RM R = 0.03; CFI = 1.00; GFI = 0.98; and AGFI = 0.90. It means t he effect s model of Socioemot ional Select ivit y (Fut ure Time Perspect ive and Goal Orient at ion) on Subject ive Well-being (Subject ive Well Being) f it s w it h t he research dat a t hrough t he lat e adult groups w ho are t he members of associat ions.

Dominant Fut ure t ime perspect ive is det ermined by t he expansive view , and it is different from t he t est t o fut ure t ime perspect ive const ruct models, so w hen t he subject s w ere assessed in privat e w ith no relat ion w it h w ell-being t hrough t he object ives derived from t he association, t hen t he view t ow ards t heir fut ure is likely limit ed. Expansive view is a view t hat t he t ime in t he fut ure is unlimit ed,

(11)

and t he expansive view has t he effect on dominant goal orient at ion assessed by know ledge-relat ed goals. This illust rat es an alignment w it h t he t heory. The different one is t hat it occurs in late adult hood incorporat ed in peer associat ion, not in young age in socioemot ional select ivit y t heory, and in general t he researcher conclude t hat t his happens t o part icipant s w hen t he fut ure t ime perspect ive int eract s w it h goal orient at ion, w hich is t hen relat ed t o subject ive w ell being.

Subject ive w ell being, w hich is relat ively dominant , is formed by social w ell being, charact erized by t he presence of social accept ance, namely, t he subject s accept , t rust and feel comfort able in t he grou. Inst ead, in t erms of social act ualizat ion, t he subject s believed t hat t he associat ion has t he pot ent ial t o grow . The bot h sub-aspect s are charact erized also by t heir part icipat ion in all act ivit ies, w it h quit e varied act ivit ies, and cert ainly involve t hinking and planning from most members of associat ion.

The t est result s of pat h coef ficient s or t he ef fect of int er-variables, it show s t hat fut ure t ime perspect ive significant ly affect s on goal orient at ion w it h t he effect scale of 0.69, meaning t hat lat e adult s’ view t o t he remains of t ime in t heir fut ure affect s t hem in det ermining t he social goals of t he associat ion t hey join w it h. The ot her t est result s show t hat fut ure t ime perspect ive does not significant ly affect subject ive w ell being. Subject ive w ell-being means t hat dimaknakan by t he end of t he adult w ho joined t he club, not influenced by t heir percept ions of t ime left in his life. While t he recent t est result s show t hat subject ive w ell being of t he lat e adult s is very much influenced by goal orient at ion, w it h t he perfect scale of 1.00, w hich is int erpret ed t hat subject ive w ell-being of research part icipant s is det ermined by t he achievement of t heir social purpose, t hat is w hen t hey socialize and get social goals of know ledge-relat ed goals and emot ional relat ed goal, t hen t he individual w ill consider himself w ell-being

Fut ure t ime perspect ive did not significant ly affect subject ive w ell being, and t he researcher re-t est ed using t he new model, w hich had been prepared by t he researcher. This model at t empt s t o see t he effect of fut ure t ime perspect ive on subject ive w ell being, by not involving goal orient at ion, in order t o see t he presence or absence of a relat ion bet w een fut ure t ime perspect ive and subject ive w ell being, and how t he posit ion of goal orient at ion bet w een t he t w o. The model t est result s indicat e t hat t he model fit s w it h empirical dat a, t he chi-square = 5.34; df = 3, and p-value = 0.15; RM SEA = 0.08; CFI = 1.00; RM R = 0, 02; GFI = 0.98; and AGFI = 0.92. It st at es t hat t he effect model of Fut ure Time Perspect ive on Subject ive Well Being fit t he research dat a, meaning t hat t he model can assess t he effect of fut ure t ime perspect ive on subject ive w ell being only if it is not direct ly associat ed w it h goal orient at ion. This suggest s t hat t he view of t ime in t he fut ure could affect t he lat e adult s in int erpret et ing w ell being of t hemselves, w it h t he scale of effect 0.60. This expansive aspect is more dominant t han t he limit ed aspect s in assessing fut ure t ime perspect ive, an open view / broad or expansive on t ime in t he fut ure develops a posit ive meaning t o t he individual's subject ive w ell-being. The aspect s of emot ional w ell-being are very dominant over t he aspect s of social w ell-being and psychological w ell-being in shaping subject ive w ell being, t he expansive view made t he lat e adult int erpret t hemselves w ell being emot ionally. An expansive view t ow ards t he fut ure, basically can not explain t he effect on subject ive w ell-being of individuals, because t he subject s of ret ired Indonesian Army, ot herw ise int eract w it h t he associat ions and achieve social purpose from t heir associat ions, have a

(12)

Based on t he descript ion above, researcher see t hat goal orient at ion is a mediat ing variable, w hich explains t he expansive view of t he subject on t ime in t he fut ure, t hrough t heir int eract ion w it h associat ion, t hey achieve social goals, t hat is t he goals associat ed w it h know ledge and emot ional so t hat t hey consider t hemselves included in w ell being people; psychologically, socially and emot ionally.

CONCLUSION

The majorit y of research subject s had limited view on t heir fut ure, w it h t w o social goals, namely emot ional relat ed goals and know ledge-relat ed goals. The majorit y of research subject s had posit ive subject ive w ell-being; psychological, social, and emot ional w ell-being.

The Const ruct Assessment M odel of Socioemot ional Select ivit y (Fut ure Time Perspect ive and Goal Orient at ion) is appropriat e t o t he subject s of research, w hich describes t he lat e adult s w ho joined t he communit y of ret ired officers in t he Indonesian Army in int erpret ing t he amount of t ime remaining in t heir lives, w it h limit ed aspect relat ively dominant compared w it h t he expansive aspect s having not much different in loading, and t hey achieved more social goals from t he associat ions in t he form of informat ion, know ledge and new insight s and add new experiences (know ledge-relat ed goals) rat her t han emot ional relat ed goals.

The Const ruct Assessment M odel of Subject ive Well-being (Subject ive Well Being) is appropriat e t o t he research subject s, w it h t he aspect s of social w ell-being relat ively dominant in assessing Subject ive Well Being compared t o psychological w ell-being and emot ional w ell-being aspect s. The Effect M odel of Socioemot ional Select ivit y (Fut ure Time Perspect ive and Goal Orient at ion) of Subject ive Well-being is appropriat e t o t he research subject s, and suggest s t hat fut ure t ime perspect ive do not significant ly affect subject ive w ell being, and t he t est w as conduct ed again t o t he second model t o see t he effect of fut ure t ime perspect ive on subject ive w ell being, by not involving goal orient at ion, w it h t he result of perfect ly fit , and at t he same t ime, found t hat goal orient at ion is a mediat ing variable

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carst ensen, Laura L. (1995), “

Evidence for A Life-Span Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity,

” Psychological Science, 4, 151-156.

Carst ensen, Laura. L. and Lang, F. (2001), “

Future Orientation Scale,

” Unpublished M anuscript , St anford Universit y.

Carst ensen, Laura. L. and Susan Turk-Charles, (2002), “

The Salience of Emotion across the Adult Life

Span

,”

Journal of Psychology and Aging

, 9, 259-264.

Carst ensen, Laura L. (2003),

Growing Old or Longevity

: 100-234. St anford Universit y.

Carst ensen, Laura. L., D. Isaacow it z, and Susan T. Charles (2003), “

Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of

Socioemotional Selectivity,

” Journal of American Psychologist , 54, 165-181.

Carst ensen, Laura L. (2005), “

Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional

Selectivity Theory

,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 7, 331-338.

DPP PEPABRI, Kebangkit an Nasional Indonesia, (1999), M anurohman, Jakart a Press.

Fingerman, K. and M . Per lmut t er (2004), “

Future Time Perception and Life Events across Adulthood

,” Journal of Psychology, 122, 95-111.

Fredrickson, B. L. and Laura L. Carst ensen, (1999), “

Choosing Social Partners: How Old Age And

Anticipated Endings Make Us More Selective

,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 5, 335-347.

(13)

Fung, Helene H. (2000), “

Age differences In Advertisement Preferences: Implications for Goal

Changes across Adulthood

,” unpublished dissert at ion, St anford Universit y.

Fung, Helene H., Laura L. Carst ensen, and Amy M . Lut z (2003), “

Influence of Time on Social

Preferences: Implications for Life-Span Development

,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 14 (December), 595–604.

Hair, J.F., W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, R.F. Anderson dan R.L. Tat ham, (2007).

Multivariate Data Analysis

, 6t hEdit ion, Pearson Int ernat ional Edit ion.

Jöreskog, Karl and Dag Sörbom (1993).

Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling with The SIMPLIS

Command Language

, Scient ific Soft w are Int ernat ional.

Jöreskog, Karl and Dag Sörbom (1996).

Lisrel 8: User’s Reference Guide

, Scient ific Soft w are Int ernat ional.

Kinsella, Kevin & Velkoff, Vict oria A., An Aging World : 2001, Int ernat ional Populat ion Report s, U.S. Depart ment of Health and Human Services, Nat ional Inst it ut es of Healt h, NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING, U.S. Depart ment of Commerce, Economics and St at ist ics Administ rat ion, U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Larsen, Randy J. & Eid, M ichael (2008).

The Science of Subjective Well Being

. New York: Guilford Publicat ions.

Lockenhoff, Corinna E. and Laura L. Carst ensen (2004), “

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, Aging,

and Health: the Increasingly Delicate Balance between Regulating Emotions and making

Tough Choices,

” Journal of Personalit y, 72 (6), 1395- 1424.

Lopez, SJ and Snyder, CR. (2003).

Positive psychological assessment : a handbook of models and

measures.

Washingt on, DC : American Psychological Associat ion. [19 full t ext inst ruments] [M M YB 3/ 24/ 05]

M roczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emot ion in adult hood. Current Direct ions in Psychological Science, 10, 87–90.

Papalia, Diane E., Sally W. Old, & Rut h D. Feldman. (2008). Nint h Edit ion.

Human Development

. M cGraw Hill Companies.

Pinquart , M ., & Sorensen, S. (2007). Correlat es of physical healt h of informal caregivers: A met a-analysis. Journals of Geront ology, Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(2), P126–P137.

Poulin, M ., & Silver R.C. (2007).

World Benevolence Beliefs and Well-Being Across the Life Span

. Journal of Psychology and Aging, Vol.23, No.1, Universit y of M ichigan and Universit y of California.

Prat ama, A.Gimmy, (2009).

Kontribusi Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Religiusitas Islam, Persepsi

tentang Penyakit, dan Perilaku Menjaga Kesehatan Diri dalam Model Perilaku Memelihara

Kesehatan, “Suatu Upaya Menemukan Model Perilaku Memelihara Kesehatan dengan

Taraf Kecocokan Optimal pada Penderita HIV+”

. Desert asi, Program Pascasarjana Universit as Padjadjaran Bandung.

Pusat Penerangan ABRI (2002),

ABRI, Pejuang dan Prajurit, Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata

Republik Indonesia

Sant rock, John W. (2006), Tent h Edit ion.

Life Span Development

. 552-631. M cGraw -Hill Companies. Seligman, M art in E.P. (2002). Aut hent ic Happiness. Translat e by Eva Yulia Nukman (2005), Edit or

Andit yas Prabant oro and Ahmad Baiquni. Bandung : PT M izan Pust aka. Seligman, M art in E.P. (2002). Authent ic Happiness. New York : Free Press

Yujie Wei. (2007).

Future Orientation, Chronological Age and Product Attributes Preference

. Dissert at ion, Requirement s for t he Degree Of Doct or of Philosophy, t he Robinson College of Business, Georgia St at e Universit y.

_____ t he Days of Kompas, (2 Okt ober 2009),

Purnawirawan TNI-AD menyemarakkan Kebangkitan

Nasional Indonesia.

(14)

Acknow ledgement

Alhamdulillaahirabbil alamiin, all praise and grat it ude t he researcher prayed t o Allah Almight y, t he M erciful and Compassionat e, All-Wise, t he Great est Giver and Happiness, for all t he grace and smoot hness He gives in t he complet ion of t his research. The highest aw ard w it h sincere grat it ude, t o Prof. Dr. Kusdw irat ri Set iono, Psi, as supervisor I, and Dra. Lenny Kendhaw at i, M . Si, as supervisor II. The researcher w ould also like t o t hank Dr. Sut ji M art iningsih Wibow o, M . Si, Psi, Dr. Ahmad Gimmy Prat ama, M . Si, Psi, and Urip Purw ono, Ph.D, M . Sc, Psi, w ho had given a lot of direct ion and guidance as w ell. The deepest grat it ude is also conveyed t o t he researcher's Lat e Parents, husbands, sons and daught ers of t he researcher, as w ell as t o all part icipant s and support ing staff w ho are alw ays w illing t o assist t he complet ion of t his research.

(1)

Taabbllee44.. Factor Loading and The Significance Value of The Effect M odel Test for Socioemotional Selectivity on Subjective W ell-being

Vaarriiaabbllee AAssppeecctt FFaaccttoorr L

Looaaddiinngg tt--vvaalluuee pp--vvaalluuee RReemmaarrkkss

F

Fu

ut

tu

ur

re

e

Ti

T

im

me

e

Pe

P

er

rs

sp

pe

ec

ct

ti

iv

ve

e

E

Ex

xp

pa

an

ns

si

iv

ve

e

0.0.9900 1111..0099 00..0000 Significant

L

Li

im

mi

it

te

ed

d

0.0.7766 88..9966 00..0000 Significant

G

Go

oa

al

l

Or

O

r

ie

i

en

nt

ta

at

ti

io

on

n

K

Kn

no

ow

wl

le

ed

dg

ge

e

RG

R

G

0.0.7788 -- -- Significant

E

Em

mo

ot

ti

io

on

na

al

l

R

RG

G

0.0.6699 88..2266 00..0000 Significant

S

Su

ub

bj

je

e

ct

c

ti

iv

ve

e

We

W

e

ll

l

B

Be

ei

in

ng

g

P

Ps

sy

yc

ch

ho

ol

lo

og

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ic

ca

al

l

WB

W

B

0.0.9911 -- -- Significant

S

So

oc

ci

ia

al

l

WB

W

B

0.0.9944 1818..4488 00..0000 Significant

E

Em

mo

ot

ti

io

on

na

al

l

W

WB

B

0.0.9922 1717..7777 00..0000 Significant Insignificant Fut ure Time Perspect ive had effect on t he Subject ive Well Being, t hen t he t est w as conduct ed again w it h a new model t hat had been prepared by researcher, w it h no Goal Orient at ion variable. The t est result s of t he effect model of Fut ure Time Perspect ive on t he Subject ive Well Being w ill be out lined as follow s:

Fiigguurree55.. TThheeTTeessttooffTThheeEEffffeeccttMMooddeellooffFFuuttuurreeTTiimmeePPeerrssppeeccttiivveeoonnSSuubbjjeeccttiivveeWWeellllBBeeiinngg

DISCUSSION

The Discussion of Descriptive Statistical Analysis Results

(2)

The Discussion of Inferential Statistical Analysis Results

The Test of Construct Assessment M odel of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) and The Construct of Subjective W ell-being

The Effect M odel Test of Socioemotional Selectivity (Future Time Perspective and Goal Orientation) on Subjective W ell Being

(3)

(4)

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carst ensen, Laura L. (1995), “

Evidence for A Life-Span Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity,”

Psychological Science, 4, 151-156.

Carst ensen, Laura. L. and Lang, F. (2001), “

Future Orientation Scale,” Unpublished M anuscript ,

St anford Universit y.

Carst ensen, Laura. L. and Susan Turk-Charles, (2002), “

The Salience of Emotion across the Adult Life

Span,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 9, 259-264.

Carst ensen, Laura L. (2003), Growing Old or Longevity: 100-234. St anford Universit y.

Carst ensen, Laura. L., D. Isaacow it z, and Susan T. Charles (2003), “

Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of

Socioemotional Selectivity,” Journal of American Psychologist , 54, 165-181.

Carst ensen, Laura L. (2005), “

Social and Emotional Patterns in Adulthood: Support for Socioemotional

Selectivity Theory,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 7, 331-338.

DPP PEPABRI, Kebangkit an Nasional Indonesia, (1999), M anurohman, Jakart a Press.

Fingerman, K. and M . Per lmut t er (2004), “

Future Time Perception and Life Events across Adulthood,”

Journal of Psychology, 122, 95-111.

Fredrickson, B. L. and Laura L. Carst ensen, (1999), “

Choosing Social Partners: How Old Age And

Anticipated Endings Make Us More Selective,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 5,

335-347.

(5)

Fung, Helene H. (2000), “

Age differences In Advertisement Preferences: Implications for Goal

Changes across Adulthood,” unpublished dissert at ion, St anford Universit y.

Fung, Helene H., Laura L. Carst ensen, and Amy M . Lut z (2003), “

Influence of Time on Social

Preferences: Implications for Life-Span Development,” Journal of Psychology and Aging, 14

(December), 595–604.

Hair, J.F., W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, R.F. Anderson dan R.L. Tat ham, (2007). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6t hEdit ion, Pearson Int ernat ional Edit ion.

Jöreskog, Karl and Dag Sörbom (1993).

Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling with The SIMPLIS

Command Language, Scient ific Soft w are Int ernat ional.

Jöreskog, Karl and Dag Sörbom (1996).

Lisrel 8: User’s Reference Guide, Scient ific Soft w are

Int ernat ional.

Larsen, Randy J. & Eid, M ichael (2008).

The Science of Subjective Well Being. New York: Guilford

Publicat ions.

Lockenhoff, Corinna E. and Laura L. Carst ensen (2004), “

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, Aging,

and Health: the Increasingly Delicate Balance between Regulating Emotions and making

Tough Choices,” Journal of Personalit y, 72 (6), 1395- 1424.

Lopez, SJ and Snyder, CR. (2003).

Positive psychological assessment : a handbook of models and

measures.

Washingt on, DC : American Psychological Associat ion. [19 full t ext inst ruments] [M M YB 3/ 24/ 05]

M roczek, D. K. (2001). Age and emot ion in adult hood. Current Direct ions in Psychological Science, 10, 87–90.

Papalia, Diane E., Sally W. Old, & Rut h D. Feldman. (2008). Nint h Edit ion.

Human Development.

M cGraw Hill Companies.

Poulin, M ., & Silver R.C. (2007).

World Benevolence Beliefs and Well-Being Across the Life Span.

Journal of Psychology and Aging, Vol.23, No.1, Universit y of M ichigan and Universit y of California.

Prat ama, A.Gimmy, (2009).

Kontribusi Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Religiusitas Islam, Persepsi

tentang Penyakit, dan Perilaku Menjaga Kesehatan Diri dalam Model Perilaku Memelihara

Kesehatan, “Suatu Upaya Menemukan Model Perilaku Memelihara Kesehatan dengan

Taraf Kecocokan Optimal pada Penderita HIV+”. Desert asi, Program Pascasarjana

Universit as Padjadjaran Bandung.

Pusat Penerangan ABRI (2002),

ABRI, Pejuang dan Prajurit, Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata

Republik Indonesia.

Sant rock, John W. (2006), Tent h Edit ion. Life Span Development. 552-631. M cGraw -Hill Companies. Seligman, M art in E.P. (2002). Aut hent ic Happiness. Translat e by Eva Yulia Nukman (2005), Edit or

Andit yas Prabant oro and Ahmad Baiquni. Bandung : PT M izan Pust aka. Seligman, M art in E.P. (2002). Authent ic Happiness. New York : Free Press

Yujie Wei. (2007).

Future Orientation, Chronological Age and Product Attributes Preference.

Dissert at ion, Requirement s for t he Degree Of Doct or of Philosophy, t he Robinson College of Business, Georgia St at e Universit y.

_____ t he Days of Kompas, (2 Okt ober 2009), Purnawirawan TNI-AD menyemarakkan Kebangkitan

Nasional Indonesia.

(6)

Acknow ledgement