An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning In Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants
AN
ANALYSIS
OF
INTERPERSONAL
MEANING
IN
ERNEST
HEMINGWAY’S “HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS”
A THESIS
BY
RONI ARTA RIANTO
REG. NO. 090705016
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.
Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum.
NIP. 19540916 19803 2 003
NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana
Sastra from Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies,
Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for Sarjana Sastra
Examination.
Head
Secretary
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum.
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001
3
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara.
The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera
Utara on Saturday, October 26, 2013
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
………………………
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum.
………………………
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.
………………………
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
………………………
Dr. Edy Setia, M.Ed. TESP.
………………………
4
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, all praise to Allah SWT who always give me
blessing, strength, love and affection in my entire life and in terms of my study,
especially in completing this thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty
of Cultural Studies Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Head of English Department Dr.
H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., and the Secretary of English Department Dr. Hj. Nurlela,
M.Hum. for the facilities and advice I have obtained during my study in this faculty.
I would like to express my gratitude as well to my Supervisor, Prof. T.
Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D. and my Co-Supervisor Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum.
who have given me their worthy amount of knowledge and contribution, who have
shared their valuable time to guide, comment, and encourage me in finishing this
thesis. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the lecturers of English
Department generally who have educated me and given me their knowledge during
my academic years and specifically to Dr. Hj. T. Thyrhaya Zein Sinar, M.A. and Dr.
Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP. for giving help and worthy contribution of knowledge
about discourse analysis and advice, so that I could finish this thesis.
Furthermore, I would like to express my huge and sincere gratitude to my
beloved parents, my lovely mother Rumiani and my lovely father Parjiya, for being
very marvelous and wonderful parents for me, for giving me their affection, their
love, their support, their pray, their time, and their life for me. I do say thank you
5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
very much my mom and dad. I love you two very much. I say thanks too, to my
family who have supported and given their contribution and helped me in doing this
thesis, my lovely sisters Sri Priyanti, Ratna Tri Handayani, and Linda Indriyani and
my brother Resi Wicak Sono.
Then I would like to say thank you very much to the people who have helped
me in doing this thesis, to my lovely friends Freddy Gunawan, Nurliana Kadri, and
Rini Rahma Dewi, and to my lovely ex-managers Miss Chrissani Weny and Mr.
Erman Taufik who have supported and helped me in doing this thesis. And I also
would like to say thank you very to my lovely brothers Fery Nugraha and
Rudiansyah who have taught me about the meaning of life, about sharing and helping
others, and who have given their contribution to my thesis. And thank you to Era
Novita Sari Nasution, Rosmery Salinovita Munthe, Frida Y. U. Sinambela, and
Duma Sari Lubis who have given their contribution in doing my thesis through their
thesis.
Finally, I also would like thank you to all my friends in English Department
of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Sumatera Utara especially to my friends
in 2009 academic year. Once again I express my huge gratitude to the people I have
mentioned above and to those I cannot mention one by one.
May Allah SWT always bless us all, Amin ya robbal ‘alamin.
Medan,
October 2013
Roni Arta Rianto
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, RONI ARTA RIANTO declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except where
reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published
elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for
or awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been used without due
acknowledgments in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted
for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed
:
Date
: 26th October 2013
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name
: Roni Arta Rianto
Title of Thesis
: An Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning in Ernest Hemingway’s
“Hills Like White Elephants”
Qualification
: S-1/Sarjana Sastra
Department
: English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of
the librarian of Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas
Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation
under the law of Republic of Indonesia.
Signed
:
Date
: 26th October 2013
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul ‘An Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning in Ernest
Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants” adalah sebuah analisis mengenai
interpersonal meaning di dalam cerita pendek tersebut. Sumber data adalah cerita
pendek “Hills Like White Elephants” yang ditulis oleh Ernest Hemingway. Di dalam
skripsi ini, terdapat dua hal yang akan dianalisis, dan juga merupakan tujuan analisis
dari skripsi ini, yaitu yang pertama analisis Speech Functions dan Typical Mood di
dalam klausa-klausa percakapan dari cerita pendek “Hills Like White Elephants”,
dan yang kedua adalah analisis element-element MOOD. Elemen-elemen yang
tercakup ke dalam MOOD adalah Subject dan Finite, sedangkan elemen-elemen
yang tercakup ke dalam RESIDUE adalah Predicator, Complement, dan Adjunct. Di
dalam menganalisis skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metoded ekriptif kualitatif.
Dari hasil pengkajian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa terdapat keselarasan
antara speech function secara semantik dengan struktur gramatika di dalam klausa,
namun ditemukan juga beberapa ketidakselarasan yang diakibatkan oleh karena
percakapan yang terjadi di dalam cerita pendek ini merupakan percakapan yang tidak
berada dalam situasi formal, sehingga penutur dapat mengabaikan aturan struktur
gramatika dengan speech function yang seharusnya.
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .............................................................................. iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION .......................................................................... iv
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ v
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Study ....................................................... 1
1.2. Problems of the Study............................................................ 3
1.3. Objective of the Study ........................................................... 3
1.4. Scope of the Study ................................................................. 3
1.5. Significance of the Study ....................................................... 4
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL
CONCEPTS
AND
REVIEW
OF
RELATED LITERATURE ....................................................... 5
2.1. Theoretical Concepts ............................................................. 5
2.1.1. Interpersonal Meaning .............................................. 5
2.1.2. Speech Function ........................................................ 6
2.1.3. MOOD and RESIDUE .............................................. 11
2.1.3.1. Constituents of MOOD ................................ 11
2.1.3.2. Constituents of RESIDUE ........................... 13
2.1.4. Major Clause and Minor Clause ............................... 20
2.1.5. Polarity and Modality................................................ 21
2.1.5.1.Modalization ................................................ 22
2.1.6. WH-interrogatives ..................................................... 23
2.1.7. Exclamatives ............................................................. 23
2.2. Review of Related Literature ................................................. 24
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ...................................................... 28
3.1. Research Design .................................................................... 28
3.2. Data and DataSource ............................................................. 30
3.3. Data Collection Procedures ................................................... 31
3.4. Step of Research .................................................................... 32
3.5. Data Analysis ......................................................................... 33
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .................................................... 35
4.1. Analysis ................................................................................. 35
4.1.1. Analysis
of
Speech
Functions
in
Ernest
Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants ................ 35
4.1.1.1. Statement .................................................... 36
4.1.1.2. Question ....................................................... 36
4.1.1.3. Offer............................................................. 37
4.1.1.4. Command .................................................... 38
4.1.1.5. Acknowledgment ......................................... 39
4.1.1.6. Answer ......................................................... 39
4.1.1.7. Acceptance................................................... 40
4.1.1.8. Compliance .................................................. 40
4.1.1.9. Contradiction ............................................... 41
4.1.1.10. Refusal ....................................................... 41
4.1.2. Analysis of MOOD and RESIDUE in Ernest
Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants ................ 42
4.1.2.1.Subject and Finite (MOOD constituents)....... 42
4.1.2.2.Predicator ....................................................... 43
4.1.2.3.Complement ................................................... 44
4.1.2.4.Adjuncts ......................................................... 45
4.2. Findings ............................................................................... 49
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................. 54
5.1. Conclusions .......................................................................... 54
5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................ 55
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 56
APPENDICES
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ANALYSIS
OF
INTERPERSONAL
MEANING
IN
ERNEST
HEMINGWAY’S “HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS”
A THESIS
BY
RONI ARTA RIANTO
REG. NO. 090705016
SUPERVISOR
CO-SUPERVISOR
Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.
Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum.
NIP. 19540916 19803 2 003
NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies Universitas Sumatera Utara
Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana
Sastra from Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies,
Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for Sarjana Sastra
Examination.
Head
Secretary
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum.
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001
3
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the
degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara.
The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera
Utara on Saturday, October 26, 2013
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
………………………
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum.
………………………
Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D.
………………………
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
………………………
Dr. Edy Setia, M.Ed. TESP.
………………………
4
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, all praise to Allah SWT who always give me
blessing, strength, love and affection in my entire life and in terms of my study,
especially in completing this thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty
of Cultural Studies Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Head of English Department Dr.
H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., and the Secretary of English Department Dr. Hj. Nurlela,
M.Hum. for the facilities and advice I have obtained during my study in this faculty.
I would like to express my gratitude as well to my Supervisor, Prof. T.
Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D. and my Co-Supervisor Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum.
who have given me their worthy amount of knowledge and contribution, who have
shared their valuable time to guide, comment, and encourage me in finishing this
thesis. I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the lecturers of English
Department generally who have educated me and given me their knowledge during
my academic years and specifically to Dr. Hj. T. Thyrhaya Zein Sinar, M.A. and Dr.
Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP. for giving help and worthy contribution of knowledge
about discourse analysis and advice, so that I could finish this thesis.
Furthermore, I would like to express my huge and sincere gratitude to my
beloved parents, my lovely mother Rumiani and my lovely father Parjiya, for being
very marvelous and wonderful parents for me, for giving me their affection, their
love, their support, their pray, their time, and their life for me. I do say thank you
5
Universitas Sumatera Utara
very much my mom and dad. I love you two very much. I say thanks too, to my
family who have supported and given their contribution and helped me in doing this
thesis, my lovely sisters Sri Priyanti, Ratna Tri Handayani, and Linda Indriyani and
my brother Resi Wicak Sono.
Then I would like to say thank you very much to the people who have helped
me in doing this thesis, to my lovely friends Freddy Gunawan, Nurliana Kadri, and
Rini Rahma Dewi, and to my lovely ex-managers Miss Chrissani Weny and Mr.
Erman Taufik who have supported and helped me in doing this thesis. And I also
would like to say thank you very to my lovely brothers Fery Nugraha and
Rudiansyah who have taught me about the meaning of life, about sharing and helping
others, and who have given their contribution to my thesis. And thank you to Era
Novita Sari Nasution, Rosmery Salinovita Munthe, Frida Y. U. Sinambela, and
Duma Sari Lubis who have given their contribution in doing my thesis through their
thesis.
Finally, I also would like thank you to all my friends in English Department
of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas Sumatera Utara especially to my friends
in 2009 academic year. Once again I express my huge gratitude to the people I have
mentioned above and to those I cannot mention one by one.
May Allah SWT always bless us all, Amin ya robbal ‘alamin.
Medan,
October 2013
Roni Arta Rianto
6
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, RONI ARTA RIANTO declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except where
reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published
elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for
or awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been used without due
acknowledgments in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted
for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed
:
Date
: 26th October 2013
7
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name
: Roni Arta Rianto
Title of Thesis
: An Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning in Ernest Hemingway’s
“Hills Like White Elephants”
Qualification
: S-1/Sarjana Sastra
Department
: English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of
the librarian of Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Universitas
Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation
under the law of Republic of Indonesia.
Signed
:
Date
: 26th October 2013
8
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul ‘An Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning in Ernest
Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants” adalah sebuah analisis mengenai
interpersonal meaning di dalam cerita pendek tersebut. Sumber data adalah cerita
pendek “Hills Like White Elephants” yang ditulis oleh Ernest Hemingway. Di dalam
skripsi ini, terdapat dua hal yang akan dianalisis, dan juga merupakan tujuan analisis
dari skripsi ini, yaitu yang pertama analisis Speech Functions dan Typical Mood di
dalam klausa-klausa percakapan dari cerita pendek “Hills Like White Elephants”,
dan yang kedua adalah analisis element-element MOOD. Elemen-elemen yang
tercakup ke dalam MOOD adalah Subject dan Finite, sedangkan elemen-elemen
yang tercakup ke dalam RESIDUE adalah Predicator, Complement, dan Adjunct. Di
dalam menganalisis skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan metoded ekriptif kualitatif.
Dari hasil pengkajian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa terdapat keselarasan
antara speech function secara semantik dengan struktur gramatika di dalam klausa,
namun ditemukan juga beberapa ketidakselarasan yang diakibatkan oleh karena
percakapan yang terjadi di dalam cerita pendek ini merupakan percakapan yang tidak
berada dalam situasi formal, sehingga penutur dapat mengabaikan aturan struktur
gramatika dengan speech function yang seharusnya.
9
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................... i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .............................................................................. iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION .......................................................................... iv
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ v
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
1.1. Background of the Study ....................................................... 1
1.2. Problems of the Study............................................................ 3
1.3. Objective of the Study ........................................................... 3
1.4. Scope of the Study ................................................................. 3
1.5. Significance of the Study ....................................................... 4
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL
CONCEPTS
AND
REVIEW
OF
RELATED LITERATURE ....................................................... 5
2.1. Theoretical Concepts ............................................................. 5
2.1.1. Interpersonal Meaning .............................................. 5
2.1.2. Speech Function ........................................................ 6
2.1.3. MOOD and RESIDUE .............................................. 11
2.1.3.1. Constituents of MOOD ................................ 11
2.1.3.2. Constituents of RESIDUE ........................... 13
2.1.4. Major Clause and Minor Clause ............................... 20
2.1.5. Polarity and Modality................................................ 21
2.1.5.1.Modalization ................................................ 22
2.1.6. WH-interrogatives ..................................................... 23
2.1.7. Exclamatives ............................................................. 23
2.2. Review of Related Literature ................................................. 24
10
Universitas Sumatera Utara
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ...................................................... 28
3.1. Research Design .................................................................... 28
3.2. Data and DataSource ............................................................. 30
3.3. Data Collection Procedures ................................................... 31
3.4. Step of Research .................................................................... 32
3.5. Data Analysis ......................................................................... 33
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .................................................... 35
4.1. Analysis ................................................................................. 35
4.1.1. Analysis
of
Speech
Functions
in
Ernest
Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants ................ 35
4.1.1.1. Statement .................................................... 36
4.1.1.2. Question ....................................................... 36
4.1.1.3. Offer............................................................. 37
4.1.1.4. Command .................................................... 38
4.1.1.5. Acknowledgment ......................................... 39
4.1.1.6. Answer ......................................................... 39
4.1.1.7. Acceptance................................................... 40
4.1.1.8. Compliance .................................................. 40
4.1.1.9. Contradiction ............................................... 41
4.1.1.10. Refusal ....................................................... 41
4.1.2. Analysis of MOOD and RESIDUE in Ernest
Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants ................ 42
4.1.2.1.Subject and Finite (MOOD constituents)....... 42
4.1.2.2.Predicator ....................................................... 43
4.1.2.3.Complement ................................................... 44
4.1.2.4.Adjuncts ......................................................... 45
4.2. Findings ............................................................................... 49
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................. 54
5.1. Conclusions .......................................................................... 54
5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................ 55
11
Universitas Sumatera Utara
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 56
APPENDICES
12
Universitas Sumatera Utara