An Analysis Of Interpersonal Meaning In Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants
APPENDICES
Table of The Speech functions analysis of and typical mood of clauses
Participants
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
A woman
The
American
The woman
Jig
Text/ Interaction
Speech Function
(The hills across the valley of
the Ebro were long and white.
On this side there was no
shade and no trees and the
station was between two lines
of rails in the sun. Close
against the side of the station
there was the warm shadow of
the building and a curtain,
made of strings of bamboo
beads, hung across the open
door into the bar, to keep out
flies. The American and the
girl with him sat at a table in
the shade, outside the
building. It was very hot and
the express from Barcelona
would come in forty minutes.
It stopped at this junction for
two minutes and went to
Madrid).
What should we drink?
Question
(Having taken off her hat and
put it on the table).
It’s pretty hot.
Statement
Typical Mood
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Let’s drink beer.
Dos cervezas.* (saying into
the curtain)
Big ones? (asking from the
doorway)
Yes.
Offer
Command
Imperative Mood
Imperative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Two big ones.
(Bringing two glasses of beer
and two felt pads. Putting the
felt pads and the beer glass on
the table and looking at the
man and the girl.
Answer
Compliance
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Minor Clause
(non-verbal response)
Statement
Declarative Mood
(Looking off at the line of
hills. They were white in the
sun and the country was
brown and dry).
They look like white
elephants.
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The
American
Jig
I’ve never seen one.
(Drinking his beer)
No, you wouldn’t have
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
Statement
The
American
I might have.
Contradiction
Just because you say I
wouldn’t have doesn’t prove
anything
(Looking at the bead curtain).
They’ve painted something on
it.
What does it say?
Anis del Toro.
It’s a drink
Could we try it?
Listen (calling through the
curtain).
(Coming out from the bar).
Four reales.
We want two Anis del Toro
With water?
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Answer
Statement
Question
Command
Interrogative Mood
Minor Clause
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Imperative Mood
Compliance
Command
Command
Question
(non-verbal response)
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Minor Clause
Do you want it with water?
Question
Interrogative Mood
I don’t know.
Is it good with water?
It’s all right.
Contradiction
Question
Answer
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
You want them with water?
Yes, with water.
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Minor Clause
It tastes like liquorice. (And
putting the glass down)
Statement
Declarative Mood
That’s the way with
everything.
Yes.
Acknowledgment
Declarative Mood
Statement
Everything tastes of liquorice.
Especially all the things
you’ve waited so long for,
like absinthe.
Oh, cut it out.
Statement
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Command
Imperative Mood
You started it.
I was being amused.
I was having a fine time.
Well, let’s try and have a fine
time.
All right.
I was trying.
I said the mountains looked
Statement
Statement
Statement
Offer
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Imperative Mood
Acceptance
Statement
Statement
Minor Clause
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
The woman
The
American
A woman
The
American
Jig
The
American
The woman
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
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The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
like white elephants.
Wasn’t that bright?
That was bright.
I wanted to try this new drink.
That’s all we do, isn’t it –
look at things and try new
drinks?
I guess so.
(Looking across at the hills).
They’re lovely hills.
They don’t really look like
white elephants.
I just meant the colouring of
their skin through the trees.
Should we have another
drink?
All right.
The beer’s nice and cool.
It’s lovely.
It’s really an awfully simple
operation, Jig.
It’s not really an operation at
all.
(Looking at the ground the
table legs rested on).
I know you wouldn’t mind it,
Jig.
It’s really not anything.
It’s just to let the air in.
(Not saying anything).
I’ll go with you and I’ll stay
with you all the time.
They just let the air in and
then it’s all perfectly natural.
Then what will we do
afterwards?
We’ll be fine afterwards.
Just like we were before.
What makes you think so?
That’s the only thing that
bothers us.
It’s the only thing that’s made
us unhappy.
(Looking at the bead curtain,
putting her hand out and
taking hold of two of the
strings of beads).
And you think then we’ll be
all right and be happy?
I know we will.
You don’t have to be afraid.
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Question
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Statement
Minor Clause
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Answer
Question
Answer
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Command
Declarative Mood
Imperative Mood
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Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
I’ve known lots of people that
have done it.
So have I.
Statement
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
And afterwards they were all
so happy.
Well, if you don’t want to you
don’t have to.
I wouldn’t have you do it if
you didn’t want to.
But I know it’s perfectly
simple.’
And you really want to?
I think it’s the best thing to
do.
But I don’t want you to do it
if you don’t really want to.
And if I do it you’ll be happy
and things will be like they
were and you’ll love me?
I love you now.
You know I love you.
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
I know.
But if I do it, then it will be
nice again if I say things are
like white elephants, and
you’ll like it?
I’ll love it.
I love it now but I just can’t
think about it.
You know how I get when I
worry.
If I do it you won’t ever
worry?
I won’t worry about that
because it’s perfectly simple.
Then I’ll do it.
Because I don’t care about
me.
What do you mean?
Acknowledgment
Question
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
I don’t care about me.
Well, I care about you.
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Oh, yes.
Acknowledgment
But I don’t care about me.
And I’ll do it and then
everything will be fine.
I don’t want you to do it if
you feel that way.
(Standing up and walking to
the end of the station. Across,
Statement
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
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on the other side, were fields
of grain and trees along the
banks of the Ebro. Far away,
beyond the river, were
mountains. The shadow of a
cloud moved across the field
of grain. And seeing the river
through the trees).
And we could have all this.
And we could have
everything and every day we
make it more impossible.
What did you say?
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
I said we could have
everything.
We can have everything.
Answer
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
No, we can’t.
Contradiction
The
American
Jig
We can have the whole world.
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
No, we can’t.
Contradiction
The
American
Jig
We can go everywhere.
Statement
No, we can’t.
Contradiction
It isn’t ours anymore.
It’s ours.
Contradiction
Statement
No, it isn’t.
Contradiction
And once they take it away,
you never get it back.
But they haven’t taken it
away.
We’ll wait and see.
Come on back in the shade.
You mustn’t feel that way.
I don’t feel any way.
I just know things.
I don’t want you to do
anything that you don’t want
to do –
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
Statement
Command
Command
Refusal
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Imperative Mood
Imperative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Jig
Nor that isn’t good for me.
I know.
Could we have another beer?
Contradiction
Statement
Question
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
The
American
All right.
But you’ve got to realize –
Answer
Command
Minor Clause
Imperative Mood
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
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Jig
I realize.
Can’t we maybe stop talking?
Answer
Command
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
You’ve got to realize that I
don’t want you to do it if you
don’t want to.
I’m perfectly willing to go
through with it if it means
anything to you.
Doesn’t it mean anything to
you?
We could get along.
Of course it does.
But I don’t want anybody but
you.
I don’t want anyone else.
And I know it’s perfectly
simple.
Yes, you know it’s perfectly
simple.
It’s all right for you to say
that, but I do know it.
Would you do something for
me now?
I’d do anything for you.
Command
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Statement
Answer
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Command
Modulated
Interrogative
Declarative Mood
Would you please please
please please please please
please stop talking?
(Not saying anything but
looking at the bags against the
wall of the station. There were
labels on them from all the
hotels where they had spent
nights.
But I don’t want you to.
I don’t care anything about it.
I’ll scream
(Coming out through the
curtains with two glasses of
beer and put them down on
the damp felt pads).
The train comes in five
minutes.
What did she say?
That the train is coming in
five minutes.
(Smiling brightly at the
Command
Modulated
Interrogative
Statement
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
(They sat down at the table
and the girl looked across at
the hills on the dry side of the
valley and the man looked at
her and at the table).
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
The
American
Jig
The woman
Jig
The
American
Jig
Compliance
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woman, to thank her).
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
I’d better take the bags over to
the other side of the station.
(Smiling at him).
All right.
Then come back and we’ll
finish the beer.
(Picking up the two heavy
bags and carried them around
the station to the other tracks.
Looking up the tracks but
could not see the train.
Coming back, walking
through the bar-room, where
people waiting for the train
were drinking. Drinking an
Anis at the bar and looking at
the people. They were all
waiting reasonably for the
train. Going out through the
bead curtain).
(Sitting at the table and
smiling at him).
Do you feel better?
Statement
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
Command
Minor Clause
Imperative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
I feel fine.
There’s nothing wrong with
me.
I feel fine.
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
* Dos cervezas (Spanish) means two bottles of beer.
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Table 4.2 The analysis of MOOD and RESIDUE
What should we drink?
What
WH/Complement
RESIDUE …
should
Finite
we
Subject
drink?
Predicator
… RESIDUE
MOOD
Let’s drink beer.
Let’s
Subject
MOOD
drink
Predicator
beer.
Complement
RESIDUE
They look like white elephants.
look
They
do
Finite
Subject
look
Predicator
MOOD
like white elephants.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
No, you wouldn’t have.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
you
Subject
MOOD
wouldn’t
Finite
have.
Predicator
RESIDUE
They’ve painted something on it.
They
‘ve
Subject
Finite
MOOD
painted
Predicator
something
on it.
Complement
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
What does it say?
What
WH/Complement
RE-
does
Finite
it
Subject
say?
Predicator
-SIDUE
MOOD
Could we try it?
Could
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
try
Predicator
it?
Complement
RESIDUE
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I don’t know.
I
Subject
don’t
Finite
know.
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
Is it good with water?
Is
Finite
it
Subject
good
Complement
MOOD
with water?
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
It tastes like liquorice.
tastes
It
does
Finite
Subject
taste
Predicator
MOOD
like liquorice.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
Yes.
Yes.
Adjunct: Polarity
MOOD
Everything tastes of liquorice.
tastes
Everything
does
Finite
Subject
of liquorice.
taste
Predicator
Adjunt: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
MOOD
Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe.
Especially,
Adjunct: Comment
all the things you’ve
waited so long for
Subject
MOOD
(are)
like absinthe.
Finite
Complement
RESIDUE
You started it.
started
You
did
Finite
Subject
MOOD
it.
start
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
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I was being amused.
I
Subject
was
Finite
being
Predicator
amused.
Complement
MOOD
RESIDUE
I was having a fine time.
I
Subject
was
Finite
having
Predicator
a fine time.
Complement
MOOD
RESIDUE
All right.
All right.
Minor
I was trying.
I
Subject
was
Finite
trying.
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
I said the mountains looked like white elephants.
I said
the mountains
Adjunct: Mood
Subject
MOOD
looked
did
Finite
look
Predicator
like white elephants.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
Wasn’t that bright?
Wasn’t
Finite
that
Subject
MOOD
bright?
Complement
RESIDUE
I wanted to try this new drink.
I
did
Finite
Subject
MOOD
wanted to try
want to try
Predicator
this new drink.
Complement
RESIDUE
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That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks?
That
Subject
‘s
Finite
all we do,
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
Look
Predicator
at things
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
and
isn’t
Finite
it –
Subject
MOOD
try
new drinks?
Predicator
Complement
REDISUE
They’re lovely hills.
They
Subject
‘re
Finite
lovely hills.
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
They don’t really look like white elephants.
They
Subject
don’t
Finite
MOOD
really
Adjunct: Mood
look
Predicator
like white elephants.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees.
I
just
Subject
Adjunct: Mood
MOOD
meant
did
mean
Finite
Predicator
the colouring of their skin through
the trees.
Complement
RESIDUE
All right.
All right.
Minor
It’s lovely.
It
Subject
‘s
Finite
lovely.
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
Then what will we do afterwards?
Then
Adjunct: Conj
what
WH/Compl.
RE-
will
we
Fin
Subj
MOOD
do
Predicat
afterwards?
Adjunct: Circ
-SIDUE
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What makes you think so?
makes
What
does
Finite
WH/Subject
you think so?
make
Predicator
MOOD
Complement
RESIDUE
And you think then we’ll be all right and be happy.
think
And
you
Adjunct:
Conjunctive
Subject
we’ll be all right
and be happy.
then
do
think
Finite
Predicator
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
RESIDUE
MOOD
Complement
So have I.
So
Adjunct: conjunctive
have
Finite
I.
Subject
MOOD
And afterwards they were all so happy.’
And
afterwards
they
were
Adjunct:
Conjunctive
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
Subject
Finite
RE-
all
(part of
Subject:
they)
so happy.
Complement
MOOD
-SIDUE
And you really want to?
And
you
really
Adjunct: Conjunctive
Subject
Adjunct: Mood
MOOD
do
Finite
want to?
want to?
Predicator
RESIDUE
And if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they were and you’ll love me?
And
Adjunct:
Conjunc
if
I
do
Subj
do
do
Finite
Predicat
MOOD
and
things
will
Subj
Fin
MOOD
be
it
you
‘ll
be
happy
Compl
Subj
Finite
Predicat
Comp
RESIDUE
like they
were
Pred
Compl
RESIDUE
and
MOOD
you
‘ll
Subj
Fin
MOOD
RESIDUE
love
me?
Pred
Compl
RESIDUE
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I know.
know.
I
do
Finite
Subject
know
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like
it?
But
if
do
I
Adjunct: Conjunc
it,
do
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
do
Finite
Subject
MOOD
then
Adj:
Circ
RE-
It
will
be
nice
Subj
Fin
Pred
Comp
if
Adjunct:
Circ
-SIDUE
MOOD
And
again
you
Subject
do
say
say
Fin
Pred
I
Sub
MOOD
‘ll
Finite
things are like
white elephants,
Compl
RESIDUE
like
it?
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
If I do it you won’t ever worry?’
If
do
I
Subject
do
do
Finite
Predicator
MOOD
it
you
won’t
ever
worry?
Complement
Subject
Finite
Adjunct:
Mood
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
RESIDUE
Then I’ll do it.
Then
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE …
I
‘ll
Subject
Finite
MOOD
do
it.
Predicator
Complement
… RESIDUE
Because I don’t care about me.
Because
Adjunct: Conjunctive
I
don’t
Subject
Finite
MOOD
care
Predicator
about me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
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I don’t care about me.
I
Subject
don’t
Finite
Care
Predicator
MOOD
about me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
Oh, yes.
Oh,
Adjunct: Continuity
yes.
Adjunct: Polarity
MOOD
But I don’t care about me.
But
Adjunct: Conjunctive
I
don’t
Subject
Finite
MOOD
care
Predicator
about me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
And I’ll do it and then everything will be fine.
And
Adj:
Conj
I
‘ll
do
it
Sub
Fin
Pred
Comp
MOOD
and
then
Adj:
Circ
everything
will
be
fine.
Subject
Fin
Pred
Comp
RESIDUE
MOOD
RESIDUE
And we could have all this.
And
Adjunct: Conjunction
we
Subject
could
Finite
have
all this.
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
And we could have everything and every day we make it more impossible.
And
we
could
have
every
thing
Adj:
Conj
Sub
Fin
Pred
Comp
MOOD
RESIDUE
and
every
day
Adj:
Circ.
RE-
we
Sub
make
do make
Fin
Pred
MOOD
it
more
impossible.
Com
Comp
-SIDUE
I said we could have everything.
I said
Adjunct: Mood
We
Subject
MOOD
could
Finite
have
everything.
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
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No, we can’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
we
Subject
MOOD
can’t.
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
can’t.
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
can’t.
Finite
No, we can’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
No, we can’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
It isn’t ours anymore.
It
Subject
isn’t
Finite
ours
Complement
MOOD
any more.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
No, it isn’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
it
Subject
MOOD
isn’t.
Finite
And once they take it away, you never get it back.
And
Adj:
Conj
once
they
take
do take
Sub
Fin
Pred
MOOD
it
away,
(part of
pred:
take)
RESIDUE
Com
you
never
get
Sub
Adj:
Mood
Pred
MOOD
it
back.
(part of
pred:
get)
RESIDUE
Com
We’ll wait and see.
We
Subject
‘ll
Finite
MOOD
wait and see.
Predicator
RESIDUE
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I don’t feel any way.
I
Subject
don’t
Finite
feel
Predicator
MOOD
any way.
Adjunct: Conjunctive
RESIDUE
I just know things.
know
I
just
Subject
Adjunct: Mood
MOOD
do
Finite
things.
know
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
Nor that isn’t good for me.
Nor
Adjunct:
Conjunction
that
isn’t
Subject
Finite
MOOD
good
for me.
Adjunct:
Complement
Circumstantial
RESIDUE
I know.
know.
I
do
Finite
Subject
know
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
Could we have another beer?
Could
Finite
we
Subject
have
Predicator
MOOD
another beer?
Complement
RESIDUE
I realize.
I
realize.
do
Finite
Subject
MOOD
realize
Predicator
RESIDUE
Can’t we maybe stop talking?
Can’t
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
maybe
stop talking?
Adjunct: Mood
Predicator
RESIDUE
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Doesn’t it mean anything to you?
Doesn’t
Finite
it
Subject
mean
Predicator
anything
to you?
Complement
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
MOOD
We could get along.
We
Subject
could
Finite
get along
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
Yes, you know it’s perfectly simple.
Yes,
you
Adjunct:
Polarity
Subject
know
do
know
Finite
Predicator
it’s perfectly simple.
Complement
MOOD
Would you do something for me now?
Would
you
do
something
Finite
Subj
Pred
Compl
MOOD
RESIDUE
for me
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
COMPLEMENT
now?
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?
Would
you
Finite
Subject
MOOD
please please please please please please please
Adjunct: Continuity
stop talking?
Predicator
RESIDUE
I’ll scream.
I
Subject
‘ll
Finite
scream
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
What did she say?
What
WH/Complement
RE-
did
Finite
she
Subject
MOOD
say?
Predicator
-SIDUE
All right.
All right.
Minor
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Then come back and we’ll finish the beer.
Then
Adjunct: Conjunctive
come back
Predicator
RESIDUE
and
we
‘ll
Subject Finite
MOOD
finish
the beer.
Predicator Complement
RESIDUE
I feel fine.
feel
I
do
Finite
Subject
fine.
feel
Predicator
MOOD
Complement
RESIDUE
There’s nothing wrong with me.
There
Subject
‘s
Finite
nothing wrong
Complement
MOOD
with me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
I feel fine.
feel
I
do
Finite
Subject
MOOD
fine.
feel
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
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Table of The Speech functions analysis of and typical mood of clauses
Participants
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
A woman
The
American
The woman
Jig
Text/ Interaction
Speech Function
(The hills across the valley of
the Ebro were long and white.
On this side there was no
shade and no trees and the
station was between two lines
of rails in the sun. Close
against the side of the station
there was the warm shadow of
the building and a curtain,
made of strings of bamboo
beads, hung across the open
door into the bar, to keep out
flies. The American and the
girl with him sat at a table in
the shade, outside the
building. It was very hot and
the express from Barcelona
would come in forty minutes.
It stopped at this junction for
two minutes and went to
Madrid).
What should we drink?
Question
(Having taken off her hat and
put it on the table).
It’s pretty hot.
Statement
Typical Mood
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Let’s drink beer.
Dos cervezas.* (saying into
the curtain)
Big ones? (asking from the
doorway)
Yes.
Offer
Command
Imperative Mood
Imperative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Two big ones.
(Bringing two glasses of beer
and two felt pads. Putting the
felt pads and the beer glass on
the table and looking at the
man and the girl.
Answer
Compliance
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Minor Clause
(non-verbal response)
Statement
Declarative Mood
(Looking off at the line of
hills. They were white in the
sun and the country was
brown and dry).
They look like white
elephants.
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The
American
Jig
I’ve never seen one.
(Drinking his beer)
No, you wouldn’t have
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
Statement
The
American
I might have.
Contradiction
Just because you say I
wouldn’t have doesn’t prove
anything
(Looking at the bead curtain).
They’ve painted something on
it.
What does it say?
Anis del Toro.
It’s a drink
Could we try it?
Listen (calling through the
curtain).
(Coming out from the bar).
Four reales.
We want two Anis del Toro
With water?
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Answer
Statement
Question
Command
Interrogative Mood
Minor Clause
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Imperative Mood
Compliance
Command
Command
Question
(non-verbal response)
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Minor Clause
Do you want it with water?
Question
Interrogative Mood
I don’t know.
Is it good with water?
It’s all right.
Contradiction
Question
Answer
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
You want them with water?
Yes, with water.
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Minor Clause
It tastes like liquorice. (And
putting the glass down)
Statement
Declarative Mood
That’s the way with
everything.
Yes.
Acknowledgment
Declarative Mood
Statement
Everything tastes of liquorice.
Especially all the things
you’ve waited so long for,
like absinthe.
Oh, cut it out.
Statement
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Command
Imperative Mood
You started it.
I was being amused.
I was having a fine time.
Well, let’s try and have a fine
time.
All right.
I was trying.
I said the mountains looked
Statement
Statement
Statement
Offer
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Imperative Mood
Acceptance
Statement
Statement
Minor Clause
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
The woman
The
American
A woman
The
American
Jig
The
American
The woman
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
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The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
like white elephants.
Wasn’t that bright?
That was bright.
I wanted to try this new drink.
That’s all we do, isn’t it –
look at things and try new
drinks?
I guess so.
(Looking across at the hills).
They’re lovely hills.
They don’t really look like
white elephants.
I just meant the colouring of
their skin through the trees.
Should we have another
drink?
All right.
The beer’s nice and cool.
It’s lovely.
It’s really an awfully simple
operation, Jig.
It’s not really an operation at
all.
(Looking at the ground the
table legs rested on).
I know you wouldn’t mind it,
Jig.
It’s really not anything.
It’s just to let the air in.
(Not saying anything).
I’ll go with you and I’ll stay
with you all the time.
They just let the air in and
then it’s all perfectly natural.
Then what will we do
afterwards?
We’ll be fine afterwards.
Just like we were before.
What makes you think so?
That’s the only thing that
bothers us.
It’s the only thing that’s made
us unhappy.
(Looking at the bead curtain,
putting her hand out and
taking hold of two of the
strings of beads).
And you think then we’ll be
all right and be happy?
I know we will.
You don’t have to be afraid.
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Question
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Statement
Minor Clause
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Answer
Question
Answer
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Command
Declarative Mood
Imperative Mood
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Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
I’ve known lots of people that
have done it.
So have I.
Statement
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
And afterwards they were all
so happy.
Well, if you don’t want to you
don’t have to.
I wouldn’t have you do it if
you didn’t want to.
But I know it’s perfectly
simple.’
And you really want to?
I think it’s the best thing to
do.
But I don’t want you to do it
if you don’t really want to.
And if I do it you’ll be happy
and things will be like they
were and you’ll love me?
I love you now.
You know I love you.
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
I know.
But if I do it, then it will be
nice again if I say things are
like white elephants, and
you’ll like it?
I’ll love it.
I love it now but I just can’t
think about it.
You know how I get when I
worry.
If I do it you won’t ever
worry?
I won’t worry about that
because it’s perfectly simple.
Then I’ll do it.
Because I don’t care about
me.
What do you mean?
Acknowledgment
Question
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Answer
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
I don’t care about me.
Well, I care about you.
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Oh, yes.
Acknowledgment
But I don’t care about me.
And I’ll do it and then
everything will be fine.
I don’t want you to do it if
you feel that way.
(Standing up and walking to
the end of the station. Across,
Statement
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
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on the other side, were fields
of grain and trees along the
banks of the Ebro. Far away,
beyond the river, were
mountains. The shadow of a
cloud moved across the field
of grain. And seeing the river
through the trees).
And we could have all this.
And we could have
everything and every day we
make it more impossible.
What did you say?
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
I said we could have
everything.
We can have everything.
Answer
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
No, we can’t.
Contradiction
The
American
Jig
We can have the whole world.
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
No, we can’t.
Contradiction
The
American
Jig
We can go everywhere.
Statement
No, we can’t.
Contradiction
It isn’t ours anymore.
It’s ours.
Contradiction
Statement
No, it isn’t.
Contradiction
And once they take it away,
you never get it back.
But they haven’t taken it
away.
We’ll wait and see.
Come on back in the shade.
You mustn’t feel that way.
I don’t feel any way.
I just know things.
I don’t want you to do
anything that you don’t want
to do –
Statement
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
Statement
Command
Command
Refusal
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Imperative Mood
Imperative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Jig
Nor that isn’t good for me.
I know.
Could we have another beer?
Contradiction
Statement
Question
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
The
American
All right.
But you’ve got to realize –
Answer
Command
Minor Clause
Imperative Mood
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Elliptical Declarative
Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
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Jig
I realize.
Can’t we maybe stop talking?
Answer
Command
Declarative Mood
Interrogative Mood
You’ve got to realize that I
don’t want you to do it if you
don’t want to.
I’m perfectly willing to go
through with it if it means
anything to you.
Doesn’t it mean anything to
you?
We could get along.
Of course it does.
But I don’t want anybody but
you.
I don’t want anyone else.
And I know it’s perfectly
simple.
Yes, you know it’s perfectly
simple.
It’s all right for you to say
that, but I do know it.
Would you do something for
me now?
I’d do anything for you.
Command
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
Statement
Answer
Contradiction
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Command
Modulated
Interrogative
Declarative Mood
Would you please please
please please please please
please stop talking?
(Not saying anything but
looking at the bags against the
wall of the station. There were
labels on them from all the
hotels where they had spent
nights.
But I don’t want you to.
I don’t care anything about it.
I’ll scream
(Coming out through the
curtains with two glasses of
beer and put them down on
the damp felt pads).
The train comes in five
minutes.
What did she say?
That the train is coming in
five minutes.
(Smiling brightly at the
Command
Modulated
Interrogative
Statement
Statement
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
Question
Answer
Interrogative Mood
Declarative Mood
(They sat down at the table
and the girl looked across at
the hills on the dry side of the
valley and the man looked at
her and at the table).
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
The
American
Jig
The woman
Jig
The
American
Jig
Compliance
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woman, to thank her).
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
The
American
Jig
I’d better take the bags over to
the other side of the station.
(Smiling at him).
All right.
Then come back and we’ll
finish the beer.
(Picking up the two heavy
bags and carried them around
the station to the other tracks.
Looking up the tracks but
could not see the train.
Coming back, walking
through the bar-room, where
people waiting for the train
were drinking. Drinking an
Anis at the bar and looking at
the people. They were all
waiting reasonably for the
train. Going out through the
bead curtain).
(Sitting at the table and
smiling at him).
Do you feel better?
Statement
Declarative Mood
Acknowledgment
Command
Minor Clause
Imperative Mood
Question
Interrogative Mood
I feel fine.
There’s nothing wrong with
me.
I feel fine.
Answer
Statement
Declarative Mood
Declarative Mood
Statement
Declarative Mood
* Dos cervezas (Spanish) means two bottles of beer.
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Table 4.2 The analysis of MOOD and RESIDUE
What should we drink?
What
WH/Complement
RESIDUE …
should
Finite
we
Subject
drink?
Predicator
… RESIDUE
MOOD
Let’s drink beer.
Let’s
Subject
MOOD
drink
Predicator
beer.
Complement
RESIDUE
They look like white elephants.
look
They
do
Finite
Subject
look
Predicator
MOOD
like white elephants.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
No, you wouldn’t have.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
you
Subject
MOOD
wouldn’t
Finite
have.
Predicator
RESIDUE
They’ve painted something on it.
They
‘ve
Subject
Finite
MOOD
painted
Predicator
something
on it.
Complement
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
What does it say?
What
WH/Complement
RE-
does
Finite
it
Subject
say?
Predicator
-SIDUE
MOOD
Could we try it?
Could
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
try
Predicator
it?
Complement
RESIDUE
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I don’t know.
I
Subject
don’t
Finite
know.
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
Is it good with water?
Is
Finite
it
Subject
good
Complement
MOOD
with water?
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
It tastes like liquorice.
tastes
It
does
Finite
Subject
taste
Predicator
MOOD
like liquorice.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
Yes.
Yes.
Adjunct: Polarity
MOOD
Everything tastes of liquorice.
tastes
Everything
does
Finite
Subject
of liquorice.
taste
Predicator
Adjunt: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
MOOD
Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe.
Especially,
Adjunct: Comment
all the things you’ve
waited so long for
Subject
MOOD
(are)
like absinthe.
Finite
Complement
RESIDUE
You started it.
started
You
did
Finite
Subject
MOOD
it.
start
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
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I was being amused.
I
Subject
was
Finite
being
Predicator
amused.
Complement
MOOD
RESIDUE
I was having a fine time.
I
Subject
was
Finite
having
Predicator
a fine time.
Complement
MOOD
RESIDUE
All right.
All right.
Minor
I was trying.
I
Subject
was
Finite
trying.
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
I said the mountains looked like white elephants.
I said
the mountains
Adjunct: Mood
Subject
MOOD
looked
did
Finite
look
Predicator
like white elephants.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
Wasn’t that bright?
Wasn’t
Finite
that
Subject
MOOD
bright?
Complement
RESIDUE
I wanted to try this new drink.
I
did
Finite
Subject
MOOD
wanted to try
want to try
Predicator
this new drink.
Complement
RESIDUE
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That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks?
That
Subject
‘s
Finite
all we do,
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
Look
Predicator
at things
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
and
isn’t
Finite
it –
Subject
MOOD
try
new drinks?
Predicator
Complement
REDISUE
They’re lovely hills.
They
Subject
‘re
Finite
lovely hills.
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
They don’t really look like white elephants.
They
Subject
don’t
Finite
MOOD
really
Adjunct: Mood
look
Predicator
like white elephants.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
I just meant the colouring of their skin through the trees.
I
just
Subject
Adjunct: Mood
MOOD
meant
did
mean
Finite
Predicator
the colouring of their skin through
the trees.
Complement
RESIDUE
All right.
All right.
Minor
It’s lovely.
It
Subject
‘s
Finite
lovely.
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
Then what will we do afterwards?
Then
Adjunct: Conj
what
WH/Compl.
RE-
will
we
Fin
Subj
MOOD
do
Predicat
afterwards?
Adjunct: Circ
-SIDUE
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What makes you think so?
makes
What
does
Finite
WH/Subject
you think so?
make
Predicator
MOOD
Complement
RESIDUE
And you think then we’ll be all right and be happy.
think
And
you
Adjunct:
Conjunctive
Subject
we’ll be all right
and be happy.
then
do
think
Finite
Predicator
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
RESIDUE
MOOD
Complement
So have I.
So
Adjunct: conjunctive
have
Finite
I.
Subject
MOOD
And afterwards they were all so happy.’
And
afterwards
they
were
Adjunct:
Conjunctive
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
Subject
Finite
RE-
all
(part of
Subject:
they)
so happy.
Complement
MOOD
-SIDUE
And you really want to?
And
you
really
Adjunct: Conjunctive
Subject
Adjunct: Mood
MOOD
do
Finite
want to?
want to?
Predicator
RESIDUE
And if I do it you’ll be happy and things will be like they were and you’ll love me?
And
Adjunct:
Conjunc
if
I
do
Subj
do
do
Finite
Predicat
MOOD
and
things
will
Subj
Fin
MOOD
be
it
you
‘ll
be
happy
Compl
Subj
Finite
Predicat
Comp
RESIDUE
like they
were
Pred
Compl
RESIDUE
and
MOOD
you
‘ll
Subj
Fin
MOOD
RESIDUE
love
me?
Pred
Compl
RESIDUE
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I know.
know.
I
do
Finite
Subject
know
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
But if I do it, then it will be nice again if I say things are like white elephants, and you’ll like
it?
But
if
do
I
Adjunct: Conjunc
it,
do
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
do
Finite
Subject
MOOD
then
Adj:
Circ
RE-
It
will
be
nice
Subj
Fin
Pred
Comp
if
Adjunct:
Circ
-SIDUE
MOOD
And
again
you
Subject
do
say
say
Fin
Pred
I
Sub
MOOD
‘ll
Finite
things are like
white elephants,
Compl
RESIDUE
like
it?
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
If I do it you won’t ever worry?’
If
do
I
Subject
do
do
Finite
Predicator
MOOD
it
you
won’t
ever
worry?
Complement
Subject
Finite
Adjunct:
Mood
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
RESIDUE
Then I’ll do it.
Then
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE …
I
‘ll
Subject
Finite
MOOD
do
it.
Predicator
Complement
… RESIDUE
Because I don’t care about me.
Because
Adjunct: Conjunctive
I
don’t
Subject
Finite
MOOD
care
Predicator
about me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
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I don’t care about me.
I
Subject
don’t
Finite
Care
Predicator
MOOD
about me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
Oh, yes.
Oh,
Adjunct: Continuity
yes.
Adjunct: Polarity
MOOD
But I don’t care about me.
But
Adjunct: Conjunctive
I
don’t
Subject
Finite
MOOD
care
Predicator
about me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
And I’ll do it and then everything will be fine.
And
Adj:
Conj
I
‘ll
do
it
Sub
Fin
Pred
Comp
MOOD
and
then
Adj:
Circ
everything
will
be
fine.
Subject
Fin
Pred
Comp
RESIDUE
MOOD
RESIDUE
And we could have all this.
And
Adjunct: Conjunction
we
Subject
could
Finite
have
all this.
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
MOOD
And we could have everything and every day we make it more impossible.
And
we
could
have
every
thing
Adj:
Conj
Sub
Fin
Pred
Comp
MOOD
RESIDUE
and
every
day
Adj:
Circ.
RE-
we
Sub
make
do make
Fin
Pred
MOOD
it
more
impossible.
Com
Comp
-SIDUE
I said we could have everything.
I said
Adjunct: Mood
We
Subject
MOOD
could
Finite
have
everything.
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
83
Universitas Sumatera Utara
No, we can’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
we
Subject
MOOD
can’t.
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
can’t.
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
can’t.
Finite
No, we can’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
No, we can’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
It isn’t ours anymore.
It
Subject
isn’t
Finite
ours
Complement
MOOD
any more.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
No, it isn’t.
No,
Adjunct: Polarity
it
Subject
MOOD
isn’t.
Finite
And once they take it away, you never get it back.
And
Adj:
Conj
once
they
take
do take
Sub
Fin
Pred
MOOD
it
away,
(part of
pred:
take)
RESIDUE
Com
you
never
get
Sub
Adj:
Mood
Pred
MOOD
it
back.
(part of
pred:
get)
RESIDUE
Com
We’ll wait and see.
We
Subject
‘ll
Finite
MOOD
wait and see.
Predicator
RESIDUE
84
Universitas Sumatera Utara
I don’t feel any way.
I
Subject
don’t
Finite
feel
Predicator
MOOD
any way.
Adjunct: Conjunctive
RESIDUE
I just know things.
know
I
just
Subject
Adjunct: Mood
MOOD
do
Finite
things.
know
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
Nor that isn’t good for me.
Nor
Adjunct:
Conjunction
that
isn’t
Subject
Finite
MOOD
good
for me.
Adjunct:
Complement
Circumstantial
RESIDUE
I know.
know.
I
do
Finite
Subject
know
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
Could we have another beer?
Could
Finite
we
Subject
have
Predicator
MOOD
another beer?
Complement
RESIDUE
I realize.
I
realize.
do
Finite
Subject
MOOD
realize
Predicator
RESIDUE
Can’t we maybe stop talking?
Can’t
Finite
we
Subject
MOOD
maybe
stop talking?
Adjunct: Mood
Predicator
RESIDUE
85
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Doesn’t it mean anything to you?
Doesn’t
Finite
it
Subject
mean
Predicator
anything
to you?
Complement
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
MOOD
We could get along.
We
Subject
could
Finite
get along
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
Yes, you know it’s perfectly simple.
Yes,
you
Adjunct:
Polarity
Subject
know
do
know
Finite
Predicator
it’s perfectly simple.
Complement
MOOD
Would you do something for me now?
Would
you
do
something
Finite
Subj
Pred
Compl
MOOD
RESIDUE
for me
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
COMPLEMENT
now?
Adjunct:
Circumstantial
Would you please please please please please please please stop talking?
Would
you
Finite
Subject
MOOD
please please please please please please please
Adjunct: Continuity
stop talking?
Predicator
RESIDUE
I’ll scream.
I
Subject
‘ll
Finite
scream
Predicator
RESIDUE
MOOD
What did she say?
What
WH/Complement
RE-
did
Finite
she
Subject
MOOD
say?
Predicator
-SIDUE
All right.
All right.
Minor
86
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Then come back and we’ll finish the beer.
Then
Adjunct: Conjunctive
come back
Predicator
RESIDUE
and
we
‘ll
Subject Finite
MOOD
finish
the beer.
Predicator Complement
RESIDUE
I feel fine.
feel
I
do
Finite
Subject
fine.
feel
Predicator
MOOD
Complement
RESIDUE
There’s nothing wrong with me.
There
Subject
‘s
Finite
nothing wrong
Complement
MOOD
with me.
Adjunct: Circumstantial
RESIDUE
I feel fine.
feel
I
do
Finite
Subject
MOOD
fine.
feel
Predicator
Complement
RESIDUE
87
Universitas Sumatera Utara