Gambaran Pola Kuman Pada Pasien Pneumonia Nosokomial Di Ruang Rawat Inap Intensif RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan Tahun 2014
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Am J Respir.,2001. American Thoracic Society. Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults :
Diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy,and prevention.
Crit.Care Med : 163 : 1730-54.
Am,J Respir., 1995. American Thoracic Society. Official Consensus Statement Hospital
Acquired Pneumonia in Adults : Diagnosis assessment of severity, initial
antimicrobial therapy and preventive strategies. Crit Care Med 153 : 1711-25.
Blot S, Koenraad V, De Bacquer D, Colardyn F, 2002. Nosocomial Bacteremia Caused by
Antibiotic‐Resistant Gram‐Negative Bacteria in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical
Outcome and Length of Hospitalization. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 34(12) : 16001606.
Baughman, R.P., Tapson, V., McIvor, A. 1999. Diagnosis and treatment challenges in
nosocomial pneumonia. Diagnosis Microbio Infect Dis, 33 : 131-9.
Beaulieu, M., Williamson, D., Sirois, C., Lachaine, J. 2008. Do proton-pump inhibitors
increase the risk for nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit ? J Crit
Care, 23:513–8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated infections
(HAIs).
Tersedia dari : http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevention.html [Diakses : 2 Mei
2015]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines for preventing health-careassociated pneumonia, 2003. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004 ; 53: 1-36. [Diakses : 2
Mei 2015 ]
Catherine Hou 2013 .Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia, Bacteraemia and Urinary
Tract Infections in Patients with Haematological Malignancies, 2004-2010 : A
Surveillance-Based Study. Tersedia dari :
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058121
[Diakses : 7 Desember 2015]
Celis, R., Torres, A., Gatell, J.M., Almela, M., Rodriguez-Roisin, R., Agustin-Vidal, A.
1988. Nosocomial pneumonia : a multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest,
93:318-24.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated
infections (HAIs).
Tersedia dari: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevention.html [Diakses : 28 April
2015]
Chawla, R. 2008. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia
and ventilator-associated pneumonia in Asian countries. Am J Infect Control, 36:93100.
Craven, D.E., Steger, K.A. 1997. Practical healthcare epidemiology hospital-acquired
pneumonia : perspectives for the healthcare epidemiologist. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol, 18(11) : 783-95.
Craven, D.E, Barber, T.W., Steger, K.A., Montecalvo, M.A. 1990. Nosocomial pneumonia
in the 1990s : update of epidemiology and risk factors. Semin
Respir Infect, 5 :
157-72
Dida Jayadiputra,2004. Pola kuman yang didapat dari sputum pasien di ruang rawat intensif
RS Persahabatan tahun 2004.
Fagon,JY,Chaster, J, Wolff, M, et al, 2000. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for
management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann
Intern Med 2000; 132 : 621
Falcone, M., Venditti, M., Shindo, Y., Kollef, M.H.2011. Healthcare-associated
pneumonia : diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired
pneumonia. International journal of Infect Diseases. 15 : 545-0.
Fridkin SK, Gaynes RP, 1999. Antimicrobial resistance in intensive care unit. Diperoleh
dari : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386258 [Diakses : 27 April 2015]
Griffin, JJ ,Meduri, GU, 1994. New approaches in the diagnosis of nosocomial
pneumonia.Med Clin North AM; 78 : 1091
Harbarth SJ, Pitter D, 2007. The intensive care unit : part a. HAI epidemiology, risk factors,
surveillance, engineering and administrative infection control practices, and impact.
In : Jarvis WR (editor). Bennett and Brachman’s Hospital Infection. 5th ed.
Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH ,2001. The occurrence of
ventilatorassociated pneumonia in a community hospital. Chest 120 : 555 - 61.
Indonesian Society of Intensive Care Unit. Diperoleh dari :
http://www.perdici.org/?page_id=3 [Diakses : 11 April 2015]
Kollef MH., 2006 Time to get serious about infection prevention in ICU. Chest Journal.
2006;130(5) : p1293-63 American Thoracic Society. 1995. Hospital-acquired
pneumonia in adults : diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial
therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med, 153:1711-25
Muhammad Wibowo, 2009. Pola Kuman Yang Dirawat Intensif RSUO Dr. Kariadi
Semarana.Diperoleh dari : core.ac.uk [Diakses : 1 Desember 2015]
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia. 2003. Pneumonia nosocomial : pedoman diagnosis
dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. (serial online), Diperoleh dari : URL:
http://www.Klikpdpi.com/konsensus/ pnenosokomial / pnenosokomial.pdf [Diakses :
20 Mei 2015]
Refdanita, Maksum, Nurgani, Endang, 2001-2002. Pola Kepekaan Kuman Terhadap
Antibiotika Di Ruang Rawat Intensif Rumah Sakit Fatmawati Jakarta. Diperolehi
dari
:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maksum_Radji/publication/47406822
[Diakses : 2 April 2015]
Retno Widyaningsih, Latre Buntaran, 2012. Pola Kuman Penyebab Ventilator Associated
Pneumonia (VAP) dan Sensitivitas Terhadap Antibiotik di RSAB Harapan Kita.
Vol. 13, No. 6,
R. Monina Klevens, 2002, Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S.
Hospitals, 2002.
Diperolehi dari http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/hai/infections_deaths.pdf [Diakses : 2
Desember 2015]
Song, J-H., Asian HAP Working Group.2008. Treatment recommendations of hospitalacquired pneumonia in Asian countries : first consensus report by the Asian HAP
Working Group. AJIC, 36(Suppl.4):83-92.
Torres, A., Aspa, J., Rajas, O., Rodriguez, F., Huertas, M.C., Borderı, L. et al. 2006. Impact
of initial antibiotic choice on mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir
J, 27:1010-19.
World Health Organization. 2001. WHO model prescribing information drugs used in
bacterial infections.
Diperolehi dari http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5406e/s5406e.pdf
[Diakeses : 24 Mei 2015 ]
World Health Organization. 1999. The management of acute respiratory infections in
children : Practical guidelines for outpatient care. Diperoleh http://www/Resource
%20 Catalogue/H%20-%20CD/%28H 11%29. [Diakses : 25 Mei 2015]
Am J Respir.,2001. American Thoracic Society. Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults :
Diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy,and prevention.
Crit.Care Med : 163 : 1730-54.
Am,J Respir., 1995. American Thoracic Society. Official Consensus Statement Hospital
Acquired Pneumonia in Adults : Diagnosis assessment of severity, initial
antimicrobial therapy and preventive strategies. Crit Care Med 153 : 1711-25.
Blot S, Koenraad V, De Bacquer D, Colardyn F, 2002. Nosocomial Bacteremia Caused by
Antibiotic‐Resistant Gram‐Negative Bacteria in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical
Outcome and Length of Hospitalization. Clinical Infectious Diseases; 34(12) : 16001606.
Baughman, R.P., Tapson, V., McIvor, A. 1999. Diagnosis and treatment challenges in
nosocomial pneumonia. Diagnosis Microbio Infect Dis, 33 : 131-9.
Beaulieu, M., Williamson, D., Sirois, C., Lachaine, J. 2008. Do proton-pump inhibitors
increase the risk for nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit ? J Crit
Care, 23:513–8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated infections
(HAIs).
Tersedia dari : http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevention.html [Diakses : 2 Mei
2015]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Guidelines for preventing health-careassociated pneumonia, 2003. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004 ; 53: 1-36. [Diakses : 2
Mei 2015 ]
Catherine Hou 2013 .Incidence of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia, Bacteraemia and Urinary
Tract Infections in Patients with Haematological Malignancies, 2004-2010 : A
Surveillance-Based Study. Tersedia dari :
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0058121
[Diakses : 7 Desember 2015]
Celis, R., Torres, A., Gatell, J.M., Almela, M., Rodriguez-Roisin, R., Agustin-Vidal, A.
1988. Nosocomial pneumonia : a multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest,
93:318-24.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated
infections (HAIs).
Tersedia dari: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/prevention.html [Diakses : 28 April
2015]
Chawla, R. 2008. Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia
and ventilator-associated pneumonia in Asian countries. Am J Infect Control, 36:93100.
Craven, D.E., Steger, K.A. 1997. Practical healthcare epidemiology hospital-acquired
pneumonia : perspectives for the healthcare epidemiologist. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol, 18(11) : 783-95.
Craven, D.E, Barber, T.W., Steger, K.A., Montecalvo, M.A. 1990. Nosocomial pneumonia
in the 1990s : update of epidemiology and risk factors. Semin
Respir Infect, 5 :
157-72
Dida Jayadiputra,2004. Pola kuman yang didapat dari sputum pasien di ruang rawat intensif
RS Persahabatan tahun 2004.
Fagon,JY,Chaster, J, Wolff, M, et al, 2000. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for
management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann
Intern Med 2000; 132 : 621
Falcone, M., Venditti, M., Shindo, Y., Kollef, M.H.2011. Healthcare-associated
pneumonia : diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired
pneumonia. International journal of Infect Diseases. 15 : 545-0.
Fridkin SK, Gaynes RP, 1999. Antimicrobial resistance in intensive care unit. Diperoleh
dari : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386258 [Diakses : 27 April 2015]
Griffin, JJ ,Meduri, GU, 1994. New approaches in the diagnosis of nosocomial
pneumonia.Med Clin North AM; 78 : 1091
Harbarth SJ, Pitter D, 2007. The intensive care unit : part a. HAI epidemiology, risk factors,
surveillance, engineering and administrative infection control practices, and impact.
In : Jarvis WR (editor). Bennett and Brachman’s Hospital Infection. 5th ed.
Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH ,2001. The occurrence of
ventilatorassociated pneumonia in a community hospital. Chest 120 : 555 - 61.
Indonesian Society of Intensive Care Unit. Diperoleh dari :
http://www.perdici.org/?page_id=3 [Diakses : 11 April 2015]
Kollef MH., 2006 Time to get serious about infection prevention in ICU. Chest Journal.
2006;130(5) : p1293-63 American Thoracic Society. 1995. Hospital-acquired
pneumonia in adults : diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial
therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med, 153:1711-25
Muhammad Wibowo, 2009. Pola Kuman Yang Dirawat Intensif RSUO Dr. Kariadi
Semarana.Diperoleh dari : core.ac.uk [Diakses : 1 Desember 2015]
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia. 2003. Pneumonia nosocomial : pedoman diagnosis
dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia. (serial online), Diperoleh dari : URL:
http://www.Klikpdpi.com/konsensus/ pnenosokomial / pnenosokomial.pdf [Diakses :
20 Mei 2015]
Refdanita, Maksum, Nurgani, Endang, 2001-2002. Pola Kepekaan Kuman Terhadap
Antibiotika Di Ruang Rawat Intensif Rumah Sakit Fatmawati Jakarta. Diperolehi
dari
:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maksum_Radji/publication/47406822
[Diakses : 2 April 2015]
Retno Widyaningsih, Latre Buntaran, 2012. Pola Kuman Penyebab Ventilator Associated
Pneumonia (VAP) dan Sensitivitas Terhadap Antibiotik di RSAB Harapan Kita.
Vol. 13, No. 6,
R. Monina Klevens, 2002, Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S.
Hospitals, 2002.
Diperolehi dari http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/hai/infections_deaths.pdf [Diakses : 2
Desember 2015]
Song, J-H., Asian HAP Working Group.2008. Treatment recommendations of hospitalacquired pneumonia in Asian countries : first consensus report by the Asian HAP
Working Group. AJIC, 36(Suppl.4):83-92.
Torres, A., Aspa, J., Rajas, O., Rodriguez, F., Huertas, M.C., Borderı, L. et al. 2006. Impact
of initial antibiotic choice on mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir
J, 27:1010-19.
World Health Organization. 2001. WHO model prescribing information drugs used in
bacterial infections.
Diperolehi dari http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s5406e/s5406e.pdf
[Diakeses : 24 Mei 2015 ]
World Health Organization. 1999. The management of acute respiratory infections in
children : Practical guidelines for outpatient care. Diperoleh http://www/Resource
%20 Catalogue/H%20-%20CD/%28H 11%29. [Diakses : 25 Mei 2015]