The Forms and the effects of idioms in the twelve-pound look by James M. Barrie - USD Repository
THE FORMS AND THE EFFECTS OF IDIOMS IN THE
TWELVE-POUND LOOK BY JAMES M. BARRIE
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana
Sastra in English Letters
By
BAYU DEWA MURTI
Student Number : 054214016
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
IF YOU WANT SOMETHING THAT MAKES
YOU INTERESTED, JUST MOVE STRAIGHT
FORWARD AND DON’T LOOK BACK
DO WHATEVER IT TAKES, TILL YOU GET
WHAT YOU WANT
SEE THE PAST FOR A HISTORY
SEE THE PRESENT FOR A RESULT
SEE THE FUTURE FOR A PLAN
DEDICATED TO
MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY LITTLE
BROTHER
FOR THE ENDLESS LOVE THEY HAVE
GIVEN TO ME
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been made with the support of many people around the writer.
So many people have been involved by giving their advice, guidance, information, help and support. In this acknowledgment page I would like to say my thanks to all of those who have given me help and support. The first thing is I would like to give my highest gratitude to my Lord, Allah SWT for granting my prayer.
I also want to give my special thank to my advisor Dra. B. Ria Lestari M.S. for having provided time for me within her busy schedule to give advice, information, help, guidance, encouragement, spirit, and help to me finish this thesis. I’m also grateful to my co-advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. who has spent her/his time for reading and giving his/her idea to this thesis.
My deep gratitude is dedicated to my father, Riyadi Santosa, for giving me a lot of advices, and to my mother, Yulida Viviana, for her praying that lead me to finish this thesis, for their endless love, their care, their patient, their understanding, their financial support, their sacrifices that they have given to me. I also thank my little brother, Krisna Wisnu Murti, to whom this thesis is dedicated.
I would also like to thank my girlfriend, Elshinta Dwi Kurniati, who also supports me with her love. I would like to give my higest appreciation to my closest friends Jhony Frederikus Sikant Layang and Aloysius Prianto Raharjo for their kindness and craziness which even myself could not imagine that. I also thank my other friends, Agathon Hutama, Doni Agung Setiawan, Johanes Trihartanto, Mbak Yuli (2004), and for all 2005 pals. I would also like to thank my boarding house friends, O’os, Iwan, Mas Yono, Bendhot, Singgih, Mario, who always make me feel comfortable in my room. I’m also grateful to my neighbor friends, Ari, Ponco, Catur, Michael for their support.
Other numerous people have given valuable contributions directly and
indirectly to me so that finally I can finish this thesis. Without them, I would not be able to complete the duty. I would give my gratitude to those people whose names I cannot mention one by one.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………. iAPPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………............... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………….……… iii
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………….…………………. iv
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………..……………………. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY …………………………………………… vi
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ……………………………………………. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………..………………................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ………………………..……………………………... ix
ABSTRACT ………………………………...…………………………………. x
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………….. 1
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………….... 1 B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………….. 3 C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………...……… 3 D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………..……….. 3CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………………. 7
A. Review of Related Studies ………………………………………….. 7 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………………… 12 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………..………… 17CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………….. 19
A. Object of the Study …………………………………………………. 19 B. Data Collection ……………………………………………………... 20 C. Data Analysis …………………………..…………………………… 21CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………….………….. 22
A. The idioms that are found in the play with its meanings and forms …. 24 B. The effects of idioms ………………………….……………………. 52CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………….………………………… 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………….……………………………….. 70APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………. 72
Appendix 1 ……………………………………………………………... 72 Appendix 2 …………………………………………………………….. 73
ABSTRACT
BAYU DEWA MURTI. The Forms and the Effects of Idioms in The Twelve-
Pound Look by James M. Barrie. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters,
Faculty of English, Sanata Dharma University, 2010.Idiom is a fixed phrase which maybe ungrammatical and illogical, whose
meaning that sometimes cannot be inferred from the meaning of the individual words.
Idiom itself has a lot of forms or patterns in use. Idiom is also a kind of expression
which is used in daily language and then it is involved in literary work so idioms give
effect to the language of literary work itself. The literary work that the writer
analyzed is James M. Barrie’s drama entitled The Twelve-Pound Look. This study is
chosen because of two reasons; first, the writer wants to analyze the idiomatic
expression which Barrie used in his play. The second the writer also wants to know
whether the idiomatic expressions which Barrie used are simpler than the idiomatic
expression that are used by Shakespeare in his era. Besides, it is known for his great
work entitled Peter Pan, Barrie is also known with the usage of simple expressions
which are understandable.The problems that are examined in this thesis can be formulated as follow: (1)
What English idioms that are found in the play The Twelve-Pound Look and what are
the meanings of those idioms and (2) what are the forms and the effects of those
idioms to the play.In this thesis, the method that the writer used is a library research which is
done by searching and collecting data of idioms in the drama text, and then looking
for the meanings, then the writer wants to see how the idioms will be if they are seen
denotatively and connotatively. The next step is trying to identify the forms or
patterns of those idioms, afterward at the final step are trying to find the effects of
those idioms to the play.The result of this thesis is that the writer discovered the fact that there are 33
idioms that are found in The Twelve-Pound Look. The 33 idioms can be classified
into 8 types or forms, they are; (1) 1 idiom in pairs of adjectives combination, (2) 1
idiom in pairs of nouns combination, (3) 5 idioms in adjective + noun
combination,(4) 12 idioms in noun phrases combination, (5) 8 idioms in verb + noun
combination, (6) 2 idioms in preposition + adverb combination, (7) 2 idioms in
intransitive verb + preposition combination, and the last (8) 2 idioms in transitive
verb + preposition combination. In this thesis, the writer proves that the idioms
themselves only can be seen connotatively, not denotatively. If the idioms are seen
denotatively, the meanings become strange, unreliable and irrelevance to the context
significant, because idioms affect the language style in expressing the author feelings
in his works. Idioms are intentionally used by the author to strengthen the expression
in his/her text of works, so it brings special impressions in conveying the message
and it does not cause boredom because of the variations of idioms.
ABSTRAK
BAYU DEWA MURTI. The Forms and the Contribution of Idioms in the Twelve-
Pound Look by James M. Barrie. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas
Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010.Idiom adalah sebuah satu satuan frase yang terkadang berstuktur tak sesuai
dengan tata bahasa dan tak logis, tetapi mempunyai satu kesatuan makna yang tidak
bisa kita lihat dari makna masing-masing kata dari satuan frase tersebut. Idiom itu
sendiri memiliki berbagai macam bentuk atau pola dalam penggunaannya. Idiom juga
merupakan sebuah ungkapan yang digunakan dalam bahasa sehari-hari dan kemudian
dituangkan di dalam sebuah karya sastra sehingga idiom mempunyai kontribusi
tersendiri dalam mempengaruhi gaya bahasa karya sastra itu sendiri. Karya sastra
yang diteliti oleh sang penulis ialah drama karya James M. Barrie yang berjudul The
Twelve-Pound Look. Penelitian ini dipilih karena dua hal; pertama, sang penulis ingin
menganalisa idiom-idiom yang digunakan oleh Barrie dalam dramanya. Kedua, sang
penulisjuga ingin mengetahui apakah idiom-idiom yang Barrie gunakan lebih
sederhana daripada idiom-idiom yang digunakan ole Shakespeare dalam masanya.
Selain dikenal dengan karyanya yang hebat yaitu Peter Pan, Barrie juga dikenal
dengan penggunaan ekspresi yang sederhana sehingga lebih mudah untuk dipahami.
Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penilitian ini adalah: (1) Idiom-idiom
berbahasa inggris yang seperti apa yang ditemukan dalam drama The Twelve-Pound
Look , dan (2) bentuk dan efek dari idiom-idiom tersebut terhadap drama itu sendiri.Didalam penilitian ini, metode yang digunakan oleh penulis adalah penelitian
pustaka yang metodenya dilakukan dengan pencarian dan pengumpulan data idiom
dalam naskah drama tersebut dan kemudian mencari maknanya, dan sang penulis
ingin mengetahui bagaimana jadinya jika idiom-idiom tersebut dilihat secara denotasi
dan konotasi . Langkah berikutnya yaitu mengidentifikasi bentuk atau pola dari
idiom-idiom tersebut dan kemudian pada tahap akhirnya yaitu meneliti kontribusi dari
idiom-idiom tersebut terhadap drama itu sendiri.Hasil dalam penelitin ini, penulis menemukan fakta bahwa ada 33 idiom yang
ditemukan di dalam drama The Twelve-Pound Look. Ke 33 idiom tersebut dapat
diklasifikasikan menjadi 8 tipe atau bentuk, antara lain; (1) ada 1 idiom dalam
pola/bentuk pasangan kata sifat, (2) ada 1 idiom dalam pola/bentuk pasangan kata
benda, (3) ada 5 idiom dalam pola/bentuk kata sifat + kata benda, (4) ada 12 idiom
dalam pola/bentuk frase kata benda, (5) ada 8 idiom dalam pola/bentuk kata kerja +
kata benda, (6) ada 2 idiom dalam pola/bentuk preposisi + kata keterangan, (7) ada 2
idiom dalam pola/bentuk kata kerja intransitip + preposisi, dan terakhir (8) ada 2
idiom dengan pola/bentuk kata kerja transitip + preposisi. Didalam penelitian ini,
bukan secara denotasi. Jika idiom-idiom tersebut dilihat secara denotasi, maka
makna-maknya akan menjadi aneh, tak dapat dipercaya dan bahkan menyimpang
dalam konteks cerita. Sang penulis juga menemukan bahwa efek akan penggunaan
idiom-idiom tersebut dalam drama tersebut cukup besar, karena idiom mempengaruhi
gaya bahasa dalam mengekspresikan perasaan sang penulis drama dalam karyanya.
Idiom sengaja digunakan oleh penulis drama tersebut untuk memperkuat ekspresi
atau ungkapan dalam teks karya sastra sang penulis, sehingga dalam penyampaian
pesan tersebut memiliki kesan tersendiri dan tidak menimbulkan kebosanan karena
adanya ungkapan-ungkapan yang bervariatif.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study People usually give or express their feelings through the works of
literature. Some people express them through poems, while others want to give their ideas or messages through play, short stories, novel, etc. In expressing their ideas, most of the authors used a lot of expression in order to make the text more alive and not become flat; in this case it means idioms. The applying a lot of idioms in the literary text indicate that the authors of literary works want to make such impressions to the text, and also make it more pleasant to be read. There are a lot of kinds of literary works, such as poem, poetry, drama, novels, etc. that can be used to be the object of this study, and then the writer chose a drama entitled
The Twelve-Pound Look by James M. Barrie to be the object of this study.
There are several reasons that make the writer choose Twelve-Pound Look play to analyze. The first reason is the writer wants to know what the idioms that are found which Barrie used in his play. Secondly, are the idioms which are used by James simpler than the idioms which are used by William Shakespeare in his era? The writer has a notion that Shakespeare used a lot of idioms which are not easy to understand in his works of literature, because he used a kind of old English language and culture. Culture and the use of language can influence the
The Twelve Pound Look give significant effects to the play. Therefore, the writer
prefers to analyze the idiom due to the uniqueness of its characteristics. In this study, the writer uses a play The Twelve Pound Look by James M. Barrie to analyze the idioms, and see the changing of the idioms itself if the writer tries to apply the denotation and connotation to the meanings of the group of words.
Thirdly, the writer found a lot of idioms appearances in the play, so that is why the writer chose this play.
In this study, the writer made an exception about the idioms that are to be analyzed. In this case, the exception occurs only for the idioms with phrasal verb combination. This decision is taken because the writer has seen much this kind of idioms in the play, so the writer decided to exclude it from this analysis, and tries to find other idioms with different combination to be analyzed.
The writer finds the fact that literary works in English has many idiomatic expressions. Idiom is an expression, that is a term or phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts (denotative meaning), but it refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use (connotative meaning). In linguistics, idioms are widely assumed to be figures of speech that contradict the principle of grammar and system of language.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explanation on previous page, a number of problems are formulized as follows:
1. What English idioms are found in the play The Twelve-Pound Look, what are the meanings and the forms of those idioms?
2. What are the effects of the idioms to the play? C.
Objectives of the Study
The first objective of this study was to find English idioms in The Twelve-
Pound look , and then the writer tried to apply the denotation and connotation
toward those idioms that Barrie used in the play. Afterward, the writer also stated the form of idioms. Then, the second objective was to figure out the effects of idioms. However, before the writer analyzed the idioms the writer had to know what the meaning of denotation and connotation are. Therefore, the writer could compare the meaning of the idioms and how James M. Barrie used the idioms in his work of literature.
D. Definition of Terms The following explanations might help readers to get into the discussions.
There are many terms that are derived from the topic and the problem formulation to be discussed in this study. Idiom also comes from semantics devices, and it has a lot of topics that can be discussed.
The first thing that the writer has to do is finding the definition of semantic, because it covers the entire topic like idiom, denotation and connotation. According to Roman Jakobson, semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Jakobson, in Ria’s book of Semantics, 2009:173). Although there are many other study of linguistics such as syntax, morphology, phonology, pragmatics, semiotics etc. the writer applies the semantic theory because idiom, denotation and connotation are concluded in semantics.
Secondly, an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of its parts. The definition must be understood as stating that idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be accounted for as a compositional function of the meanings its parts have when they are not parts of idioms (Cruse, 1986:37). For example “Eat my hat” is an idiomatic expression which means “doesn’t believe”. As we know that the word “eat”,” my”, and “hat” have their own meanings. The word “eat” means doing an action to put food into a mouth, the word “my” is an possessive pronoun that shows belonging to the speaker or writer, and then the word “hat” is a covering made to fit on the head. We can see the three words which have their own different meanings. But when then they are conjoined together to become an idiomatic expression “eat my hat” has another meaning “don’t believe”. Afterwards, the writer applies the denotative and connotative meaning toward the idiomatic expressions that are used by the author in the play to discover the changing of
Thirdly, it is just additional information and also to keep the writer stay in the line of this thesis that the writer give a brief explanation about metaphor and simile in order to distinct between idioms from them. The writer has to do this because idiom, metaphor and simile are figurative language. It is a language that is used to represent something to something else. According to Halliday, if something is said to be metaphorical, it must be metaphorical by reference to something else (Halliday, 1994:342). It can be said that metaphor is kind a form of expression that describe somebody or something resemble as another object which has similar qualities. For example, ‘A flood of protests came to the House of Representatives last Tuesday’, flood here is not moving water but it is a large number of people that came to perform protests. Then, ‘The Government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation’, the stem here is not kind of flower stem or part of plant, but it means resist the force of the tide of inflation. Then, simile is a comparison of one thing with another (Hornby, 1995:1102). For example, ‘He can run so fast like a flash of thunder’, it means his speed of run is extremely fast that anybody else cannot chase him. Metaphor, simile and idiom have the same idea that they represent something or somebody to something else. Otherwise, the difference between them is that metaphor doesn’t use ‘like or not’ but simile uses that word, then idiom represents something in another way. That is why the writer put also about metaphor and simile in this thesis just to make it clear that metaphor in simile will not be covered in this thesis.
Fourthly, it is also important to know the definition of denotation and or associated idea (Webster, 1986:392). The connotation is the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes (Webster, 1968:311).
Finally, the writer comes to the conclusion that idiom is an expression, a term or phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but it refers to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Meanwhile, denotation is words that have a real meaning, but connotation is words that imply in addition to the literal or primary meanings.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This second chapter consists of three discussions. First, it contains the review of related studies. Second, it contains the review of related theories. Third, contains the theoretical framework.
Review of related studies contains the review on what others have done especially those connected with semantic devices. Review of related theories contains some theories that are taken from some sources which will be useful to answer the problems, while the theoretical framework contains the role of the review of related studies and review of related theories that can solve the problems.
A. Review of Related Studies.
To support the study, especially to help the analysis, there were some studies observed. After searching for some sources, some related studies and related theories were found. The data about idioms are found in some thesis that also analyze about idioms. Of course, the writer has to find the other thesis which is done and it has to be almost similar or related to the thesis that the writer wants to analyze. The other studies which are not related to the main idea will not be included in the review of related studies. The writer has found a few related studies.
Before the writer starts to find the related studies of idioms, denotation and connotation, the study which covers those three studies have to be found first and that is the semantic study. The writer found the related study of semantic in student of Computer Science Department in University of Bristol, Christopher Graham Seaton’s study entitled A Programming Language Where the Syntax and
Semantics Are Mutable at Runtime. In his study, semantic is described as follows: The semantics of programming languages are rarely defined formally.
Where the syntax is defined using formal grammars, at best the semantics are described in a carefully written English document, and at worst defined only by a reference implementation, where the semantics are defined as the behavior of one implementation of the language, bugs (an unexpected defect, fault, flaw, or imperfection in software program) and all. However, it is possible to improve on traditional language development, where the semantics are implemented throughout the source code of the implementation in the form of routines that walk syntax trees (Seaton, 2007:13).
He explained that the role of semantic in programming is giving a command to the system. The syntax tree in above explanation is the pattern of language programming, in other word is a command language in program or software, and then the result is the meaning from the command. So, semantic in programming refers to the meaning from the pattern of language programming. For example, <B><U>Semantic</U></B> becomes Semantic. The syntax tree or programming command language as <B><U>…….</U></B>, it means giving similar to the writer study on semantic, but they have a difference in the field of study. Seaton’s study analyzes semantic in a programming language, otherwise in this study the writer analyzes semantic in play text, especially the idioms analysis in denotation and connotation.
The second related study that is found by the writer is Sujatmiko’s study entitled The Study of English Idioms in University Textbook. In his study, idiom is described as follows:
Idioms have a lot of types, there are idioms with adjectives and noun, idioms, with preposition and adverbs, idioms with adjectives and preposition, idioms with verbs, preposition and adverbial particle, idioms with common verbs, idioms with less common verbs, and idioms with the verb to be. Idioms with verbs preposition and adverbial particle is the most frequent type used in the University textbook (Sujatmiko, 1996:75). Sujatmiko’s thesis is about the kind of idioms that take many different forms or structure. In other words, idioms have many composition or combination of part of speech within. The example of idioms which is analyzed by Sujatmiko in his study will be described as follows:
1. Idioms with pair of nouns in combination.
Example: for love or money = for anything 2. Idioms with compound adjectives in combination.
Example: a hit-and-run driver = a driver who drives away after causing an accident in which there was material damage or wounded person 3. Idioms with adjectives + noun phrase in combination.
Example: a blind alley = a narrow street closed at one end or a job without prospects
4. Idioms with noun phrases in combination.
Example: a bag of bones = a very thin person 5. Idioms with preposition + nouns or noun phrases.
Example: to do something above board = without deception or
6. Idioms with adverbial phrases.
Example: far and near = everywhere 7. Idioms with verb intransitive + particle + preposition.
Example: come up with something = to produce 8. Idioms with verb intransitive + particle.
Example: pack in something = to abandon 9. Idioms with verb intransitive + preposition.
Example: get someone through something = to help to contact 10. Idioms with the verb To Be + prepositional phrases.
Example: to be at someone’s back and call = to be continually at his disposal to carry out his wishes (Sujatmiko, 1996:19). The description above explains many kind of idiom with its combination which is taken from Sujatmiko’s study. According to his study the combination of idiom can be attached by part of speech as in his explanation above. Sujatmiko and the writer have similar thesis that is analyzing idioms. In his thesis he analyzes the combination or composition part of speech which exist in idiom, otherwise the writer concerns or focuses on the meaning of idioms and see the changing of meanings if the idioms are seen denotatively and connotatively, then also focuses on the effects of idioms. In this chapter, the writer also provides the related studies of connotation and denotation of words. The connotation and denotation of words which are used as idioms become the main attention of the writer, because they help the writer to distinguish whether the words are idioms or not.
Although the writer found some difficulties for searching the related studies of denotation and connotation because they are rarely discussed in some thesis, they should be found in order to support this thesis. The writer found related study of denotation from the student of Department of Computer Science in University of Toronto, Graeme Hirst’s study entitled Building and Using a Lexical Knowledge Base of Near-Synonym Differences .
The meaning of each word arises out of a context-dependent combination of a context independent denotation and a set of explicit differences from its near-synonyms, much as in dictionaries of near- synonyms (Hirst, 2004:227).
According to Hirst in his study, he explained that denotative meaning has an explicit meaning which means clearly stated, fully revealed or expressed without vagueness. Through his explanation the writer follows the related study. The following topic is related study of connotation. The writer found it from the student of Zaragoza University, Ricardo Mairal Uson’s study entitled The
Semantic Field of Light and Darkness in Paradise Lost .
Connotation is closely linked to the creative role of the language. It is limited and based on the vague extension and comprehension of a concept. Connotative meaning conforms much a broader field than denotative meaning (Uson, 2005:194).
According to Ricardo Mairal Uson in his thesis, he stated that connotative meaning based on vague comprehension because the meaning itself is not clearly stated. It takes several different points of view to get the meaning. That is why he also mentioned it is closely linked to the creative role of language and conformed much broader field than denotative meaning. Because connotative meaning can be defined become much meanings, depends on the interpretation of human itself.
So, it is not surprising that connotation has more meanings than denotation.
Still the focus of connotation of words depends on the context; it has a lot of meanings. From all the related studies of semantics, idiom, denotation and the connotation of words or connotative meaning, because connotative meaning is quite different from denotative meaning which is explicit, fully revealed, and clearly stated. To have a good reference of those three terms; idiom, denotation and connotation, the writer also has to concern to the related theories of them. In other hand, those all related studies are quite different with this study, the first thing, Seaton analyzed the semantic on programming language in his study, but in this study the writer analyzed the semantic on text. The second thing, Sujatmiko analyzed the idioms occurrences in textbook, but the writer analyzed idioms in literary works.
B. Review of Related Theories.
In searching data for review of related theories, the writer has found a lot of related theories about semantic, idioms, denotation and connotation. Here the writer wants to mention the review of related theories. Firstly, the writer wants to show the review related theories of semantics.
Semantics is a technical terms used to refer to the study of meaning (Palmer, 1976:1)
The theory of semantics above explained that what semantics discussed in linguistic term is always related with the meaning of words. To have a good comparison, the writer also provides other theory of semantics:
Semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences (Jacobson, in Ria’s book of Semantics, 2009:173)
In the explanation above, Jacobson stated semantics is always related to The aim for listing those theories of semantics above because semantics covers the terms that the writer wants to analyze, they are idioms, connotation and denotation. So the writer decided to follow those theories to be the manual of this study. Then, the writer wants to discuss the review of related theories about idioms.
An idiom is meant a sequence of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the words themselves (Palmer, 1976:41). According to Palmer, idiom is like a group of words or phrase that cannot be understood by the combination of the word themselves, it must be seen the whole words. For the comparison, the writer also found another theory of idiom in a book entitled An Introduction to Language by Fromkin:
Knowing a language obviously means knowing the morphemes, simple words, compound words, and their meanings. But in addition, there are fixed phrases, consisting of more than one word, which have meaning which cannot be inferred by knowing the meanings of the individual words. Such phrases are called idioms. (Fromkin, 1974:121).
According to Fromkin, idioms must be entered into one component of words as a single item. Compared to Palmer’s definition of idiom, they cannot be seen by any single word. So it is almost similar that how people to understand about idioms. Still, the writer has to find other theories or definitions of idiom again to understand what idiom is like.
A traditional definition of idiom runs roughly as follows: an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of its parts. The definition must be understood as stating that idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be accounted for as a According to Cruse, the meaning of idioms can be understood although it is quite different from what the word that it has in idioms itself. There are so many different sources of idioms. The most important thing about idiom is its meaning and this is why a native speaker does not pay attention to its correctness or incorrectness. Many idioms come from every-day life, from home life such as to
be born with a silver spoon in one's mouth (to be born in a comfortable life), from
food and cooking such as out of the frying pan into the fire (from a bad situation into a worse one), from nautical and military life such as to be in the same boat as
someone (to be in the same position), to cross swords with someone (to disagree
and agree). In the attempt to present a more united but simpler definition, the following one is suggested: an idiom is a fixed phrase which may be ungrammatical and illogical, with meaning that sometimes cannot be inferred from the meaning of the individual words. In this case, the writer follows the Cruse’s theory of idiom. There are almost 10 types or forms of idioms that the writer found in English Idioms book by Jennifer Seidl and W. Mcmordie:
1. Idioms with adjectives and nouns in combination
A. Pairs of adjectives
B. Pairs of nouns
C. Collective noun phrases
D. Compound adjectives
E. Adjectives + noun phrases
F. Noun phrases
G. Proper names 2. Idioms with verbs and nouns that are used together.
A. Verb + noun collocations
B. Noun + verb collocations
C. Animals’ cries 3. Idioms with prepositions and adverbs.
4. Adjectives with preposition.
6. Idioms with the verb to be.
A. To be + noun/adjective phrase
B. To be + prepositional phrase 7. Idioms with common verbs.
8. Idioms with less common verbs.
9. Idioms from special situation and categories.
10. Idioms of comparison.
A. Comparison with adjectives
B. Comparison with verbs
C. Miscellaneous comparisons (Seidl & Mcmordie, 1980:3) Those are the ten types or forms of idioms can be used for identifying the form of the idioms which are found by the writer in the play later in analysis chapter. Those all are review of related theories in idiom. Now the writer wants to explain the review of related theories in denotation.
Denotation is the direct meaning, straight, and real meaning, and based on bare pointing to something outside of language which also based on certain convention (Kridalaksana, 1977:208). The definition of denotation according to Kridalaksana is a direct meaning and straight meaning. This is almost similar with the related theories from
Panofsky that denotation must be literal, obvious and commonsense. To have a good comparison of conclusion, the writer has to compare with another theories or definitions.
Denotation is the relation between language expressions and things or events in the world – not just the world we live in, but any world and time that may be spoken of (Allan, 2001:46). Keith Allan related the meaning of denotation with another context or outside of the text. So the writer would prefer to follow the definition of denotation that is stated by Kridalaksana and the related studies from Panofsky. Those are the review of related theories of denotation. To help the writer for understanding it, the writer provides examples: the word “chair”. The word “chair” has a denotation that it is a moveable seat with a back and sometimes with arms, for one person to sit on. That is the real meaning, straight meaning and direct meaning. Now we will continue with the review of related theories of connotation.
Connotation of a language expression is semantic effect that arises from encyclopedic knowledge about its denotation and also from experiences, beliefs, and prejudices about the contexts in which the expression is typically used (Allan, 2001:91).
According to Keith Allan, it is a kind of interpretation of the reader to the text, but in outer scope. Other theories of connotation below have mentioned the same meaning that connotation relates to the implication, another meaning that is not mentioned clearly.
Connotation appears as the effect of assumption of our feeling toward the words that we spoke or we heard. (Zgusta, 1971:38) Connotation is an idea suggested or implied by a word in addition to its main meaning. (Hornby, 1995:243)
In logic and in some branches of semantics, connotation is more or less synonymous with implicit meaning. Connotation is often contrasted with denotation, which is more or less synonymous with explicit meaning. So, the denotation or explicit meaning of "dog" is four-legged canine carnivore. The connotation or implicit of “dog” is to mock somebody else as ugly as dog (appearance or behavior). Alternatively, the connotation of the word may be thought of as the set of all its possible referents (as opposed to merely the actual ones). So saying, "You are a dog," would imply that the subject was ugly or word about “chair”. For the word “government chair” it has denotation and connotation. The denotation is chair that belongs to government. The connotation is the position in the government. The writer intentionally includes the denotation and connotation because those two terms will be used to be applied toward the idioms in order to discover the changing of the meanings. For example, although they explained to her over and over again, she was still completely at sea. The idiomatic expression of “at sea” here if the writer sees it denotatively, the meaning is pointing kind of place that is a sea. It is totally irrelevant with the context, but if the writer sees it connotatively, the meaning is confused. That connotative meaning is quite relevant with the context. So, the sentence will be; although they explained to her over and over again, she was still completely confused.
C. Theoretical Framework
This section, theoretical framework, explains about how far the theories use to analyze the object of the study. This part also explains about the reason why the writer put the theories mentioned above. The theories about idiom, denotation and connotation may give a big contribution to solve the problem.
Those theories will make it easier to understand and to clarify the meaning and the form of idioms. Afterward, the writer will find out the effects of idioms.
The theories that are stated in the former part are importantly needed in analyzing the problems of this thesis. The theories that are going to be used are problem, the writer should understand what idiom is. Through the theory of idiom, the writer is able to understand what actually idiom is, and then can differentiate which one is included as idiom and not in the play. So the writer is able to answer the first problem which is to find the idioms, including with its meaning and its form in the play The Twelve Pound Look.
The next step is applying the denotative and connotative meaning toward the idioms, the writer should comprehend what denotative and connotative meaning are. Therefore, the theories about denotation and connotation are needed to solve the first problem. Those theories help the writer to analyze whether the idioms are suitable for denotative or connotative meaning. Then the final step of first problem is clarifying the form of idioms themselves.
Furthermore, after the writer has done with the first problem, the writer may continue to answer the last problem that is to find the effects of those idioms in the play. So the writer knows the effects of idioms that are used by the author of the play. In simple way, the writer uses collecting data method to find all the idioms, afterward applies the denotative and connotative meanings, clarify the form and the last, find the effects of the idioms themselves.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three subtitles including object of study, data
collection, and data analysis. The object of study discusses the object which is being analyzed, that is the play The Twelve-Pound Look by James Barrie. Method of the study discusses how the researcher analyzed the data. It also discusses about the steps how the researcher obtains the data.