The influence of the environmental factors in developing Dawn Rochelle`s personality in Lurlene McDaniel`s To Live Again - USD Repository
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN
DEVELOPING DAWN ROCHELLE’S PERSONALITY IN
LURLENE MCDANIEL’S
TO LIVE AGAIN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letter
By
PRICILLIA NOVIANI
Student Number: 06 4214 052
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN DEVELOPING DAWN ROCHELLE’S PERSONALITY IN LURLENE MCDANIEL’S
TO LIVE AGAIN
By
PRICILLIA NOVIANI
Student Number: 06 4214 052 Approved by
Adventina Putranti, S. S., M. Hum September 16, 2010 Advisor Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S. S., M. Hum September 16, 2010 Co- Advisor
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN DEVELOPING DAWN ROCHELLE’S PERSONALITY IN LURLENE MCDANIEL’S
TO LIVE AGAIN
By
PRICILLIA NOVIANI
Student Number: 06 4214 052 Defended before the Board of Examiners
On September 29
th
, 2010 and Declared Acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name Signature Chairman : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A.
Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum Member : Dr. F. X. Siswadi, M. A. Member : Adventina Rosiandani, S. S., M. Hum Member : Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S. S., M. Hum
Yogyakarta, October 4
th
, 2010 Faculty of Letters
Sanata Dharma University Dean
Dr. Praptomo Baryadi Isodarus, M. Hum Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony Mahatma Gandhi
Jesus said to him, “You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all
your mind.” This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like it: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ Matthew 22: 37-38 Come to Me, all you who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you the rest. Matthew 11: 28 Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.Matthew 7: 7 Rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation, continuing steadfastly in prayer Romans 12: 12 v
For my savior, JESUS CHRIST
For my wonderful parentsAnd for my love
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My biggest gratitude goes to my almighty God, Jesus Christ for his unlimited blessing in my life. He gives me faith to strengthen my way in doing this undergraduate thesis. I also thank Him for sending me wonderful parents for their unconditional love. They never give up teaching me about good and bad things, to always push me to be ‘someone’ for my future, until I become a person who is independent. I may not be ‘someone’ yet, but I hope I can make them proud of me for my graduation. I also thank my sisters and little brother, Lusia, Kassandra, and Antony for their support and love. They are places to share my feeling, to hang out with, and to joke with. I love my family so much.
I would like to thank God for sending me the great people; Adventina Putranti, S.S., M. Hum., my wise advisor who always help me with her advice, suggestion, attention, and motivation. Her support and guidance enable me to complete my work successfully. I really appreciate every single time that she spends for me beyond her busy time. I would like to express my gratitude to my co- advisor, Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, S. S., M. Hum for her valuable correction and suggestion to improve this thesis. I also thank Mrs. Anna for her guidance in my study in Sanata Dharma University. She is such a kind lecturer for me. I am sorry if I often make her upset because of my naughtiness. My lecturers, Mrs. Ria, Miss Linda, Mrs. Dewi, Mrs. Tata, Mr. Harris and many nice lecturers that I cannot mention one by one. I really thank for their time and knowledge that they teach me during my study. I also thank Sanata Dharma University’s librarians and English Literature's secretariat staffs and for their help in writing the thesis.
Moreover, my sincere thank goes to my friends. My C+ Event Organizer friends who make me busy with our jobs. It is nice to remember our happy moments. My friends in Bumblebee English course, especially Miss Suzi. I thank her for lending me her books and giving me advice. My best friends in Chatter Box; Damay, Sela, Mimi, Tzin, and Andry. It is a name given by Mrs. Ria because she loves us so much. I love this four years time that we spend together in Sanata Dharma University. The last is my university friends that I cannot mention one by one. I thank them for giving me happy time in the university. It is nice to know all of them.
I would also like to thank Moviebox Jogjakarta for giving me space and free room so I can concentrate in doing my undergraduate thesis. It has already become my second home.
Last but not least, my gratitude goes to Agustinus Kurniawan. He never gives up supporting, motivating, and accompanying me from the very beginning of this thesis until now. His love is my strength and he makes my life more meaningful. I am almost sure about the future with him, and I hope it will come true.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………………... i
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………………..... ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……………………………………………………………... iii
MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………………….... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………………...... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….………….... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS….…………………………………………..…………….. vii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………….................................. ix
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………….…………........ x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………...……16 a. Changes in Personality ……………………………………………....
26 C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………………...…..
24 B. Approach of the Study .…………………………………………………..…...
24 A. Object of the Study .……………………………………………………..……
22 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………..
21 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………..…………..
d. Selflessness ……………………………………..……………………
21
21 c. Meaningfulness ……………………………………………..……….
21 b. Supportiveness …………………………………………………….....
20 a. Honesty ………………………………………………………...…….
6. Theory of Intimate Relationship ..………………...…………………..…
19
19 iii. Slow versus rapid ……..……………………….………...……
17 i. Better versus worse ………...………………………………… 18 ii. Quantitative versus qualitative ...……………………...………
e. Learning stimulation ………………………………….…….….……. 16 5. Theory of Personality ..………………………………..…….…………..
1 A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………..........
11 2. Theory of Characterization..…………………………………..................
1 B. Problem Formulation .……………………………………..………………….
4 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………..…...
4 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………………….…......
5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ………………………………..………
7 A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………………
7 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………….……. 11 1. Theory of Character ……………………………………………………..
12
d. Food ………………………………….……………………………… 16
3. Theory of Interaction between Genetic and Environmental Factors Prior to Adolescence ………………………………………………….… 13 4. Teori Psikologi Remaja ………………………………………..………..
14 a. Family environment …………………………………………..……..
14
b. Social environment ……………………………………………….…
15 c. Geographical environment ...……………….……………………......
15
27
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………… 29
A. The Development of Dawn’s Character ...……………………………....……44
61 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...………………………………………………………………....
58 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……………..…………………………………........
54 4. Selflessness ……………………………………………………………...
52 3. Meaningfulness ………………………………………………………….
2. Supportiveness …………………………………………………..………
49
1. Honesty ……………………………………………….…………………
48
47 C. The Influence of the Environmental Factors ………………………………....
46 f. The Therapists ……………………………………………………….
46 e. Sandy ………………………………………………………………...
45 d. Brad ………………………………………………………………….
44 c. Tasha ………………………………………………………………...
b. Jake …………………………………………………..………………
43 a. Rhonda ………………………………………………………..……..
29
40
1. Timid – Confident ………………………………………………………
30
2. Childish – Mature …………………………………………….…………
33
3. Pessimistic – Optimistic ...………………………………………………
36 B. The Environmental Factors in Dawn’s Life ...…………………………..……
1. Family Environment ………………………………………………….…
2. Social Environment ……………………………………………..………
41
a. Dawn’s parents ...……………………………………………….……
41
b. Rob .…………………………………………………….……………
42 c. Katie ………………………………………………………...……….
42
66
ABSTRACT
Noviani, Pricillia. (2010). The Influence of the Environmental Factors in
Developing Dawn Rochelle’s Personality in Lurlene McDaniel’s To Live
Again . Yogyakarta: English Letters Study Programme, Departement of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.This study intends to examine the influence of the external factors in developng Dawn Rochelle’s personality in Lurlene McDaniel’s To Live Again. This novel tells us about an adolescent named Dawn Rochelle who suffers from stroke. There are many actions and interaction between Dawn and the people in her life that can influence her personality development.
There are three problems formulated in this study. The first problem is how the main character in the novel, Dawn Rochelle develops. The second problem is what the environmental factors in Dawn Rochelle’s life are. The third problem is what the influence of the environmental factors is on the development of her personality.
The writer applies the psychological approach to be employed in the study because this study is focusing on the psychological aspects of Dawn. Furthermore, the theories are used here are the theory of character and characterization, theory of interaction between genetic and environmental factors prior to adolescence, theory of adolescent psychology, theory of personality, and theory of intimate relationship. The method of this study is library research. There are two sources used in this study. The primary source is the novel itself that is To Live Again. The secondary sources are some books and essays about the primary source, and also some references for additional information, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias.
The conclusion of the study shows that Dawn is characterized as timid, childish, and pessimistic at first. At the end of the story, she develops into a confident, mature, and optimistic girl. Dawn’s personality can develop because of some influences which come from the environmental factors of Dawn, which are Dawn’s family environment, which consists of Dawn’s parents, Rob, and Katie, and her social environment, which consists of Rhonda, Jake, Tasha, Brad, Sandy, and her therapists. They give influence to Dawn through good relationship, communication, and interaction between them. They teach Dawn about positive life values like honesty, supportiveness, meaningfulness, and selflessness, which finally can make her personality develops.
ABSTRAK
Noviani, Pricillia. (2010). The Influence of the Environmental Factors in
Developing Dawn Rochelle’s Personality in Lurlene McDaniel’s To Live
Again . Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas
Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh dari faktor- faktor lingkungan dalam perkembangan kepribadian Dawn Rochelle dalam novel To
Live Again yang ditulis oleh Lurlene McDaniel. Novel ini menceritakan tentang
seorang remaja yang bernama Dawn Rochelle yang menderita stroke. Terdapat banyak tindakan dan interaksi di antara Dawn dan orang- orang dalam hidupnya yang dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Dawn.
Ada tiga masalah yang dirumuskan dalam penelitian ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana karakter utama di dalam novel, Dawn Rochelle, berkembang. Masalah kedua adalah apa sajakah yang termasuk dalam faktor- faktor lingkungan dalam hidup Dawn Rochelle. Masalah yang ketiga adalah apa pengaruh dari faktor- faktor lingkungan tersebut dalam perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penulis menerapkan pendekatan psikologis dalam penelitian ini karena fokus dari penelitian ini adalah aspek psikologis dari Dawn. Teori- teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori karakter dan penokohan, teori interaksi antara faktor genetis dan faktor lingkungan remaja, teori psikologi remaja, teori kepribadian, dan teori hubungan yang akrab. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sumber utama adalah novel To Live Again itu sendiri. Sumber- sumber pendukungnya adalah buku- buku dan esai- esai yang berhubungan dengan sumber utama, dan juga beberapa referensi sebagai informasi tambahan, seperti kamus dan ensiklopedia.
Kesimpulan dari studi ini menunjukan bahwa karakter Dawn pada awalnya adalah pemalu, kekanak- kanakan, and pesimis. Pada akhir cerita, dia berkembang menjadi seorang gadis yang percaya diri, dewasa, dan optimis. Kepribadian Dawn bisa berkembang disebabkan oleh beberapa pengaruh yang berasal dari faktor- faktor lingkungan dari Dawn, seperti lingkungan keluarga, terdiri dari orangtua Dawn, Rob, dan Katie, dan lingkungan sosial, terdiri dari Rhonda, Jake, Tasha, Brad, Sandy, dan para ahli terapi Dawn. Mereka memberikan pengaruh ke Dawn melalui hubungan, komunikasi, dan interaksi yang baik diantara mereka. Mereka mengajarkan Dawn tentang nilai- nilai kehidupan yang positif seperti kejujuran, dukungan, pengalaman yang berarti, dan rasa tidak mementingkan diri sendiri, yang pada akhirnya bisa membuat kepribadiannya berkembang.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literary works cannot be separated from human life. Abram’s Theory of Mimesis says that a work of art is the imitation of nature (Abrams, 1985: 36). It
means that literary work is a work that represents the form of life. Literary works may have many similarities to the real life itself. The characters, situation, and conflicts in literary works usually are the reflection of human life with all of its complicated aspects. The author who makes the literary works may be interfered by the condition of his era, the influence of the religion, culture and issues that happens in the real life and then expressed into a literary work.
Literary works are written to be understood and enjoyed. Whenever someone reads a literary work, he or she certainly wants to get something. It can be pleasure, experience, or knowledge. Therefore, through reading a literary work, we can find some values of human life. Furthermore, it may open our mind to a new life lesson through the analyzing of the characters.
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 19), there are four modern genres of literary works. They are short stories, novels, poems, and also plays or dramas. Each genre has its own form. Novel may have the closest relationship toward the human life because novel can give the explicit description of the developments and also the characters, in which those aspects can be much related with the real life.
By analyzing the characters in the novel, the readers can understand how the conflict appear, how its development is, what the climax is, and how it can affect or being affected by the characters in the novel. Analyzing the characters in the novel can be deeply done by the usage of the psychological approach, in which we can see the characters as the reflection of human being psychology, so we can consider their action, thought, motivation, and also the reason in doing something in the novel. By doing so, we will get two advantages. We will not only see the literary work, especially novel as a beautiful work of art or just for our aesthetic experience, or pleasure, but again we can gain some life knowledge in that. From those aspects, the writer will focus the study on the psychological aspect of the character in a novel titled To Live Again by Lurlene McDaniel.
To Live Again is a novel that full of determination, courage, and also
family matters. It tells about a teenager who suffers from the heavy medical diseases. After her remission, she must face another medical crisis, a stroke that causes partial paralysis. The doctors are optimistic about her recovery, but Dawn, name of the girl, finds herself giving in to despair. Her family always encourages her, and her companions also give her support. After a long struggle in her life, finally she is able to survive from the diseases, she is able to survive from the feeling of being different, she is able to determinate herself, and also she is able to reach her dreams beyond her disability. Her success does not come from her own mentality aspect, but also because she has people who encourage her, together facing the suffering in Dawn’s life. Those people help Dawn to build her mentality; they give her positive experiences and lesson in life so that Dawn will develop into a better person. This idea is supported by Alfred Adler as follow, “An individual’s personality is an aggregate conglomeration of decisions we’ve made throughout our lives. There are inherent natural and environmental factors that contribute to the development of our personality. According to process of socialization, “personality also colors our values, beliefs, and expectations.” (Adler, 1993: 104)
It can be inferred from the quotation above that personality development of oneself is contributed from two very related factors which are the basic characteristic of the person itself and also the social environmental factors of the person’s life.
The theory above by Alfred Adler is also emphasized by Haber and Runyon’s statement,
“The lasting effects of early social relationships and the development of the concept of self so much depend on the environment and the quality of experiences. If these experiences are largely negative, the concept of self will be negative. To develop a positive self- image, we all need warmth, acceptance, and positive self- regard from others.” (Haber and Runyon, 1984: 59)
The quotation above emphasizes that the environment has influence in developing one’s personality. If the environment gives negative influences, then it will cause the personality of someone becomes negative too. If the environment gives positive influences, it may alter someone’s personality becomes positive too.
From this novel, the readers seem to be brought to the life of the girl. The novel can raise their feeling, emotion, courage, and also imagination. The readers can feel how she feels because this novel deals with psychological aspects, one important issue in human real life.
This novel can teach the reader about the values in a relationship. Furthermore, it also shows how people close to us can give a great influence toward one’s personality. The influence can alter a person becomes better or worse.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to have deep analyzes on the personality development on the main character, the study tries to answer these following questions:
1. How does the main character develop?
2. What are the environmental factors in Dawn Rochelle’s life that influence her personality?
3. What is the influence of the environmental factors on the development of her personality?
C. Objectives of the Study
In this analysis of the paper, the writer will find out the development of the main character in the novel, Dawn Rochelle. After that, she will find out the environmental factors in Dawn Rochelle’s life. The last, she will explain about the influence of the environmental factors on the development of her personality.
D. Definition of Terms
There are several terms that used in this study, and have to be understood firstly in order to avoid misunderstanding in reading this thesis. The terms are personality and personality development.
1. Personality Kalish (1973: 52) states that personality is the dynamic organization of characteristics. It also refers to the total individual and includes needs, motivates, methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concept, role behavior, attitude, and abilities. He also states that in order to work, there must be an organization of each part into a whole personality. Furthermore, character relates to behavior in personality. How the person consistently behaves can be said his character because such behavior is more typical of him.
Jersild in his book states that, “An adolescent’s personality is the sum of his attributes and quatlities as a person as well as the way these are integrated into the total way of his life. The adolescent’s personality includes all of his measureable traits and abilities, his temperament, and his disposition. It includes all the emotional tendencies and behavior pattern that mark him as a well- adjusted or maladjusted person as measured by the standards of the society in which he lives. It includes the obvious and the hidden motives that govern his way of life.” (Jersild, 1964: 393)
2. Personality Development According to Hurlock (1974: 19), personality development is the development of the organized pattern of behaviors and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and environment.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter consists of three parts. They are Review of the Related Studies, Review of the Related Theories, and also the Theoretical Framework. In
the first part, the writer takes two related studies which have similar topic with this study. In the second part, the writer discusses the theories that are used for the analysis. In the third part, the writer proposes the relation of those related theories in analyzing the study.
A. Review of Related Studies
The topic of this study is the personality development, so the writer tries to find out other studies related with the topic. Two related studies that she has found are a thesis titled The Influence of Geoff on Ed’s Personality Development as
Reflected in Edward Canfor-Dumas’ The Budha, Geoff, and Me which is written
in 2009 by Palupi Kusuma Wardhani., and a thesis titled The influence of Minor
Characters on Jessie’s Personality Development in Sue Monk Kidd’s The
Mermaid Chair which is written in 2008 by Rantika Praditya.The first thesis above proposed by Palupi is about the influence of Geoff to the development of Ed’s personality. Palupi tries to find out, how the Geoff personality can influence the character of Ed. So she starts her analysis with the
6 description of Ed and Geoff personality, and then continues with the influence of Geoff toward Ed’s personality. (Palupi, 2009: 2-5)
It is stated in Palupi’s work that Geoff and Ed are new friends. They meet in a pub unintentionally, when Ed is looking for a job and Geoff tries to help him.
After that they become best friends, they go everywhere to look for jobs together. In their journey, Ed learns many things from Geoff, he adores him, and afterwards he starts to imitate Geoff. Palupi also states that the personality changes or development can occur because of admiration toward someone. When someone admires someone else, it is not impossible that he will change his personality and try to imitate the person that he admires. In other words, someone who is adored may influence one’s personality a lot (Palupi, 2009: 39-50). Her study is supported by Hurlock that,
“in identification, an individual tries to duplicate in his own life the ideas, attitudes, and behavior of the person he is imitating. When young children identify themselves with parents, they use in their make-believe play the same kinds of behavior that their parents use in similar real-life situation.” (Hurlock, 1898: 96)
For her analysis, Palupi applies the theory of character and characterization proposed by Hurlock to describe the characteristics of Geoff and Ed, and the psychological approach proposed by Rohrberger and Wood to reveal Ed’s personality development (Palupi, 2009: 18).
Even though the topic of the above writer and that of the recent writer are the same about the personality development, there is a little differentiation between the writers. In Palupi’s work, the development of Ed’s personality occurs because of his admiration toward Geoff so he changes his own personality, the factor of the changing is internal. While the recent writer sees the development of the main character not only because of the willingness of the main character but also because there are influences of the family and companion as the environmental factors that really help in developing the characteristic of her.
The other writer, Rantika Praditya sees the development of the main character, Jessie, is because of the influence of the minor characters. Rantika wants to explain how the minor characters can influence the personality development of Jessie. She starts her analysis with the description of the minor characters’ personalities, and then continues with the description of Jessie’s personality development (Rantika, 2008: 3-5).
Rantika states in her work that Jessie, a middle age woman, has a problem in her happy marriage. She realizes that the problems come from inside her. In facing the problems, Jessie is influenced by Nelle, Hugh, and Whit. These people are considered as the minor characters that influence her personality. Her study is supported by Hurlock (1974: 19) that personality development is a product of learning during the course of social relationship with the people both within and outside his home. It is also stated in the story by Rantika that Jessie develops her personality along with her relation with people who close to her (Rantika, 2008: 3-5).
For her analysis, Rantika applies the theory of character proposed by Abram, Foster, and Perrine to explain about the characters in the novel. Theory of characterization proposed by Holman and Harmon is used to describe the characteristics of Jessie and the minor characters. The last, theories of psychology proposed by Floyd L. Ruch and personality development proposed by Hurlock and Murray to reveal Jessie’s personality development (Rantika, 2008: 8-19).
The topic of the above writer and the recent writer is almost the same, about the personality development of the main character which is influenced by the characters around the main character. Rantika states in her work that the personality development of the main character, Jessie occurs after she meets certain people in her life or the minor characters. The people here are those who have a strong influence to her personality, which are her mother, Nelle; her husband, Hugh; and a monk, Whit. While the recent writer states in her analysis that the personality development of the main character occurs because of great influence from the environmental factors of her, in this case are the characters around her.
Even though the topic is the same, but there is a different analysis between the recent writer with the previous writer, Rantika. In Rantika’s analysis, Jessie’s personality develops after she meets certain people. From their characteristics, she learns something, and after that she develops her own personality. The influence of the people is indirect. While in the recent writer’s analysis, the development of the main character occurs because she gets great influence from the close people in her life. They always help, support, and give the main character positive values in life that finally can influence her personality development. The influence is direct.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character
A character is the most important element in a novel. Abrams (1985: 23) defines a character as a person in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as having particular characteristics, natural qualities of a human being, and emotional qualities that are expressed through his dialogue and action.
It can be inferred that a character is not just a person in a story, but he also has human characteristics, feelings, and moral value, which are shown through his words and his attitude as in real life.
Holman and Harmon (1986: 82) categorize a character into two types, major character and minor character. A major character is the character that plays the most important role in a story. He becomes the focus of the story and appears frequently in the story from the beginning until the end. Usually this character changes at the end of the story, but not always. On the other hand, a minor character is less important than a major character. He does not always appear in the story.
Furthermore, Holman and Harmon (1986: 83) explain that a character may be either static or dynamic. A static character is a character that changes his characteristic a little or does not change at all. On the other hand, a dynamic character is a characteristic which is modify by actions and experiences. That is why; a dynamic character may experiences permanent changes in some aspects of his personality or outlook as the consequences of the actions.
2. Theory of Characterization
There are nine ways proposed by Murphy (1972: 161-173) in analyzing the characters. They are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation with others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism.
In personal description, the author describes a person’s appearance and clothes, for example he gives the details of a person such as: the face, skin, eyes, clothes, etc. Character as seen by another means a character is described by the author through the eyes on opinion of another. It means that the readers get a reflected image of a character through the expression of other characters. While in speech, the author gives the readers an insight into the characterization of one of the persons in the book through what that person says.
Another way in analyzing the character is by looking at the character past life. It can be analyzed since the author gives a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character by letting the readers learn something about the person’s character through the direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person. The next is by looking at how the character has conversation with the others. The author gives the readers clues to a person’s characters through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him. Through the character’s reactions, the author gives the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting the readers know how that person reacts to various situations and events. By using direct comment, the author describes or comments on a person’s character directly. Through thought, the readers understand a character through the character’s thought. In mannerism, the author describes a character’s mannerism, or habit, which may also tell the readers something related to his character. Murphy (1972: 173) emphasized that the author will not use exclusively any of these characterizations, but the author will choose or combine them skillfully together.
Characterization according to Perrine (1974: 68) is a representation of character in a story. It is of course different from character because the characterization is the way in which the character is represented. Therefore, character is the result, while characterization is the process. Additionally, according to Holman and Harmon (1986: 81), characterization is the creation of imaginary person. It means that the character has to be so real in order to present more alive story through characters, which are provided.
3. Theory of Interaction between Genetic and Environmental Factors Prior to Adolescence.
Arthur T. Jersild (1964: 22-58) states in his book that the course and the outcomes of an adolescent’s development are determined by an interaction between his genetic endowment and experiences provided by his environment. The interaction begins in the moment he is conceived. Even tough heredity has a vital bearing on each person’s life, it has been ignored because a person’s genetic endowment is something that belonging in the past and cannot be observed much. Another reason is that the influences of genetic and environment factors are so much related that it is difficult to disetangle them.
By the time youngsters reach adolescence, his ideas and attitudes regarding himself influence and are influenced by his response to everything that happens during adolescence that is covered in his concept of self. The adolescent’s self is the essense of his existence. The self includes all the ideas and feelings a person has regarding the properties of his body, the qualities of his mind, and his personal characteristic. It includes his beliefs, values, and convictions. It embodies the conception he has of his past, of his background, and of his future prospects. The componments of the self range from neutral details of self- perception to attitudes that are charged with feeling, such as pride or shame, inferiority, self esteem.
4. Theory of Adolescent Psychology
Dr. Singgih D. Gunarsa (1979: 35-46) states in his book that environmental factors are factors which come from outside the individual and influence the individual developmental process. Environmental factors consist of many environment components such as family environment, social environment, geographic environment, and also facilities which are available in environment like foods and chance or learning stimulation.
In adolescent period, environmental factors take great role, because the characteristic of adolescence itself which is still labile. The environmental factors are divided into some category: i. Family environment: the closest environment around the individual that influences the developmental process. The family environment can be positive or negative. An individual will be well developed if he gets positive support and morality stimulus from his family. Well established adolescent development also depends on the optimal chance from the family toward the individual.
It can be concluded from many cases that family environment which is not giving the optimal chance, like the broken home family, and no communication, has negative influence toward an individual developmental process. Many failed teenagers are caused by the uncontrolled family environmental factor. That’s why family environment cannot be neglected because it has great role in building the developmental process. ii. Social environment: environment outside the family environment. It may be friends around the house, friends in school, or anywhere the adolescent often be or gather. The influence of the broad social environment can be seen from the way the individual dresses, the use of language, the way the individual thinks, and his actions.
If the social environment gives good contribution by giving good examples to be imitated, then the social environment will not hamper or harm the developmental process of the adolescent. Social environment or society is very influential to the development. iii. Geographical environment: the condition of climate, weather, and the condition of land in which the individual has been raised up also has big influence toward development.
Infertile area will give ‘special pattern’ of personality development. Adolescence from infertile area will have strong and determine personality because those characteristics are used to defend his life.