BILL RUSSELL’S MOTIVATION TO BE A BASKETBALL STAR IN BILL RUSSELL’S GO UP FOR GLORY A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  BILL RUSSELL’S MOTIVATION TO BE A BASKETBALL STAR

  IN BILL RUSSELL’S GO UP FOR GLORY A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Susana Meisiana Dwi Kartika

  Student Number: 041214117

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ and Mother Mary. They have blessed and always guided me to finish my thesis. I am thankful for all great people around me who have supported me in finishing my thesis. I believe that God has sent them to show His love to me.

  A great appreciation goes to my sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for her time, advice, ideas, comments, and guidance. I am really grateful for her patience, encouragement, and beneficial suggestions from the beginning until the end of my thesis accomplishment. My sincere gratitude goes to all PBI

  lecturers

  for their guidance during my study. I also thank secretariat staffs of

  PBI and all librarians for their assistance and best services.

  My deepest gratitude goes to my father and mother, Ambrosius, S.Sos. and Anisia. I thank them for their love, support, affection, and prayer. My great gratitude also goes to my brothers, Irenius Lijun Pratama, S.T. and Tri Pasca

  

Natalis, and my sister in law, Shima, A.Md. for their support, attention, and

encouragement.

  I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Shanty Malasari, S.Pd. and Bekti Kristiani, S.Pd. for their time, kindness, ideas, and endless support not only in finishing my thesis, but also in living my life. I thank them for being my very best friends. I hope we will always be friends forever. I also thank their

  

parents for their care and support. It is like I have new families who care of me. I

  am so lucky and blessed to have them in my life. My next gratitude goes to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Vensiana Parnika, S.Pd.

  for her willingness to be my proofreader. I thank her for checking and correcting my grammatical mistakes in my thesis, and for being a good friend of mine. I also thank my junior, Sari for her kindness in lending me her material and syllabus.

  My special gratitude goes to my beloved abank for his love, patience, care, and strength. I thank him for sharing great moments all this time. I thank him for always being on my side.

  Then, I would like to appreciate my classmates, Alit, Ayu, Sigit, Rikko,

  Hebi, Dikka,

  and Lexy for their willingness to help me whenever I need during my study. My special thanks go to Rini, Yanu, and Nana for their kindness and support. I also thank my partners in conducting PPL II, KKN XXXV kelompok

  10,

  and SPD project for teaching me about friendship and cooperation in teamwork.

  I would like to present bunch of thanks to komunitas sentex, grup danisa, and Mega’s family. I thank them for supporting and coloring my life with wonderful friendship ever. I thank them for being so good to me.

  Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all of 2004 PBI students and everybody who has helped and supported me in the process of writing my thesis and for those who have come and beautified my life. I cannot mention one by one but I truly thank them for everything they have given to me.

  Susana Meisiana Dwi Kartika

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGES ...................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................... iv

  LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

  ............................... v DEDICATION PAGE ..................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ x ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xiv

  ABSTRAK

  ........................................................................................................ xv

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

  ................................................................ 1

  A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1

  B. Problem Formulation .......................................................................... 5

  C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 5

  D. Benefits of the Study ........................................................................... 5

  E. Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 7

  

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................ 9

A. Review of Related Theories ................................................................ 9

  1. Theory of Critical Approach .......................................................... 9

  2. Theory of Character……………………………………………… 12

  3. Theory of Characterization ……………………………………… 15

  ......................................................................... 29

  1. Russell’s Approach and Intrinsic Motivation …………………… 43

  B. Russell’s Motivation to be a Basketball Star ...................................... 41

  6. Ambitious ……………………………………………………….. 39

  5. Brave …………………………………………………………….. 38

  4. Tough ……………………………………………………………. 37

  3. Talented ……………………………………………………......... 35

  2. Being proud of himself .................................................................. 34

  1. Loving and Caring ......................................................................... 32

  A. The Description of Bill Russell’s Character ....................................... 29

  CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

  4. Theory of Motivation …………………………………………… 17

  C. Method of the Study ............................................................................ 26

  B. Approach of the Study ........................................................................ 25

  A. Object of the Study ............................................................................. 24

  ............................................................ 24

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

  B. Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 23

  c. Approach and Avoidant Motivation ……………………….. 21

  b. Human Motives …………………………………………….. 20

  a. Kinds of Motivation ………………………………………... 18

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  2. Russell’s Avoidant and Extrinsic Motivation …………………… 44

  3. Russell’s Achievement Motivation…………………………......... 47

  CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  .......................... 49

  A. Conclusions ......................................................................................... 49

  B. Suggestions ......................................................................................... 51

  1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .............................................. 51

  2. Suggestions for The Implementation of Teaching English ........... 52

  REFERENCES

  .............................................................................................. 54

  APPENDICES

  ............................................................................................... 56

  1. The Cover of Go Up for Glory ............................................................ 57

  2. Summary of the Novel ........................................................................ 58

  3. Biography of the Author ..................................................................... 59

  4. Syllabus of Short Essay Writing I ....................................................... 61

  5. Lesson Plan of Short Essay Writing I ................................................. 63

  6. Materials .............................................................................................. 66

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ABSTRACT

  Meisiana Dwi Kartika, Susana. 2011. Bill Russell’s Motivation to be a

  Basketball Star in Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory

  . Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study discusses a novel written by Bill Russell entitled Go Up for Glory. It pictures an African-American, named Bill Russell, who is trying to prove the white American that people in his ethnic have talent and can be a leader.

  Being a basketball star is one of ways he can prove.

  This study analyzes Bill Russell’s motivation to be a basketball star. There are two formulated problems. They are: (1) How is Bill Russell, the main character, described? (2) What are Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star?

  A library study was applied to gather the data. The primary source was gained from the novel. The secondary sources were books of psychology and literature, and the internet sources. Theories of character and characterization were used to get the description of main character. Meanwhile, theories of motivation were used to analyze the main character’s motivation to be a basketball star.

  From the analysis of the first problem, it can be seen that Bill Russell is the major character. The character analysis is divided into two parts. Those are physical description and personality description. The personality description shows that Bill Russell is described as loving and caring, confident, talented, tough, brave, and ambitious. On the other hand, the analysis of the second problem concerns with Bill Russell’s motivation to be a basketball star. The first motivation is Russell’s approach and intrinsic motivation. The second motivation is Russell’s avoidant and extrinsic motivation. The third motivation is Russell’s achievement motivation to be a basketball star.

  This thesis also gives suggestions for future researchers who are interested in analyzing the same novel. They can analyze about Bill Russell’s personality development. They can also analyze the influence of the major character’s love to the existence of his ethnic group. The writer also suggests the further researchers to use some pages of the novel for teaching Short Essay Writing I. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

  Meisiana Dwi Kartika, Susana. 2011. Bill Russell’s Motivation to be a

  Basketball Star in Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory

  . Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini membahas sebuah novel karya Bill Russell yang berjudul Go Up for Glory. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang berkebangsaan Afrika- Amerika bernama Bill Russell yang berusaha untuk membuktikan kepada bangsa kulit putih bahwa rasnya mempunyai bakat dan mampu menjadi seorang pemimpin. Menjadi bintang basket merupakan salah satu cara untuk membuktikannya.

  Skripsi ini menganalisa motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi pemain basket terkenal. Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas. Masalah pertama adalah Bagaimana Bill Russell, tokoh utama, digambarkan dalam novel? Kedua, Apa motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi bintang basket? Penelitian perpustakaan diterapkan untuk memperoleh data. Sumber utama didapatkan dari novel itu sendiri. Sumber tambahan didapatkan dari buku-buku psikologi, kesusasteraan, dan sumber lain dari internet. Teori karakter dan karakterisasi digunakan untuk mendapatkan penggambaran tokoh utama. Sementara itu, teori motivasi digunakan untuk menganalisa motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi bintang basket.

  Berdasarkan hasil analisa permasalahan yang pertama, Bill Russell dapat digambarkan sebagai tokoh utama. Analisis karakter dibagi menjadi dua bagian, penggambaran fisik dan penggambaran kepribadian. Bill Russell mempunyai karakteristik penyayang, percaya diri, berbakat, tegar, berani, dan ambisi. Di sisi lain, analisis permasalahan yang kedua difokuskan pada motivasi Bill Russell untuk menjadi seorang bintang basket. Motivasi pertama adalah motivasi mendekat dan motivasi intrinsik. Motivasi kedua adalah motivasi menjauh dan motivasi ekstrinsik. Motivasi ketiga adalah motivasi pencapaian.

  Skripsi ini juga menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk meneliti tentang perkembangan kepribadian. Mereka juga dapat menganalisa tentang pengaruh cinta tokoh utama terhadap kehidupan rasnya. Penulis juga menyarankan untuk menggunakan beberapa halaman novel dalam pengajaran

  Short Essay Writing I .

   

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces five major points discussed in five separated sub-

  chapters. They are the background of the study, the problem formulation, the objectives, the benefits, and the definition of terms. In the background part, the writer discusses the description of the topic and the reasons choosing the novel as the subject of analysis. The problem formulation consists of two questions addressed as an effort to accomplish the aim of the study. The objectives of the study discuss the purpose of this study in general. The benefits of the study present the benefits addressed to particular persons who are probably benefited from the results of this study. The last part is the definition of terms which discusses some important terms used.

A. Background of the Study Literature is considered as a piece of work which portrays our daily life.

  Literary works – novel, prose, poetry or drama – frequently reflect real life and occasionally represent things happened in our life. They are considered as excellent works when they do not only give pleasure but also meanings to the readers. Moreover, an evocative message embodied will trigger the readers to explore more and learn from it.

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  According to Hudson (10), literature is the expression of life through the medium of language. The source of literature lies on what men have seen in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it and their imagination. Literature is only one of several means of communication where we can share our experiences with other people. To be brief, it reflects and expresses life. Therefore, literature can be regarded as something essential since containing real life, people’s thoughts and feelings on life.

  As previously mentioned a novel, as one of literary works, has peculiarity to create a nearly-actual world without overlooking the imaginative aspect.

  According to Milligan (4), a novel, as a work of literature, is more in touch with reality, as it helps the readers see things as they really are. Therefore, the readers commonly feel as if they are involved in the story when reading it. They emotionally take part in the narrative because of the atmosphere – gloomy, contended, humorous, or horror – produced by the novelist. In addition, many valuable things which actually occur in our genuine life are able to be found inside a novel.

  A novel should have a good theme in order to make it attention-grabbing. Most of the readers are interested to read when the novel contains a good theme – marriage, adultery, mystery and so on. A good theme is created from the author’s creativity in producing and conveying his or her imagination into written form. Therefore, an author needs inspiration which can come from an event or someone’s life experience.

  

 

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  In a grand theme of a novel, it is usually slipped in out of the ordinary topics. One of the attractive topics which are portrayed in the works of literature is motivation. Motivation is related to the daily life. Everyone has motivation when doing something. Even a baby must have motivation in his or her life. A crying baby must have reasons why he or she is crying. Sometimes a baby cries because of hunger, thirstiness, or getting wet.

  In a real life, motivation is needed in order to reach the goals. People must have goals in their life. They must have something to achieve. Moreover, they have their own ways to reach their goals. Whatever the ways take, they always need motivation. Motivation urges people to perform a particular action to fulfill their needs or to achieve their goals. No matter how big the problems they should face in achieving their goals, they will not give up if they have motivation.

  Motivation makes someone work harder and do better.

  Herbert L. Petri (3-4) states that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.

  The concept of motivation is also used to explain the differences in the intensity of behavior. More intense behaviors are considered to be the results of higher levels of motivation. Additionally, we often use the concept of motivation to indicate the direction of behavior. If someone feels sad, then he or she will cry. In this case, the sadness feeling motivates him or her to cry. To sum up, motivations direct someone to behave.

  

 

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  Go Up for Glory, a novel written by Bill Russell, is an example of the novels which portray s motivation. It is a true story of an African-American named Bill Russell. Bill Russell lives in racial discrimination era. At that period of time, it is easier said than done for an African-American to do anything he or she wants to; briefly said there is several regulations prohibit and limit their activities. There are things they cannot carry out or use. Even a child has already understood what is and not allowed to do or use. The adults and the environment inform him or her about the rules and the conditions.

  Bill Russell, as a child, has a dream to be a basketball star. He wants to be a professional basketball star in the United States of America (USA). It is a tough path to achieve it. He himself knows and does understand how difficult it is. He has learnt many things about the rule for an African-American. He understands that a big and famous basketball club in the USA is for the White only.

  Bill Russell does not end up his dream. He does not give up easily. He struggles to reach his dream. He tries to make it come true. His spirit in achieving his life goal cannot be separated from his motivations. There must be strong motivations that lead him to struggle harder in achieving his goal. The motivations do urge him to fight against the rule and have him win many National Basketball Association (NBA) titles. This study discusses Russell’s motivation to be a basketball star in America.

  

 

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    B.

   Problem Formulation

  This analysis is aimed to answer two problem formulations. The formulated problems can be seen as follows:

  1. How is Bill Russell, the main character, described?

  2. What are Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star? C.

   Objectives of the Study

  As stated in the formulated problem, there are two objectives the writer tries to analyze. The objectives of the study can be explained below:

  1. To describe Bill Russell’s characteristics in the novel.

  2. To find out Bill Russell’s motivations to be a basketball star.

D. Benefits of the Study

  The results of this study are expected to bring valuable contributions to the people who concern with the analysis of a novel, especially when dealing with the motivation of the character(s), as reflected in Bill Russell’s Go Up for Glory. We can gain a lot of lessons from reading the novel.

  Firstly, the students of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University can take at least two benefits from the results of this

  

 

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  study in certain aspects. The results of this study will help them gain more understanding about life through reading and analyzing the literary works, especially the novel. They can grasp and implement important values portrayed in this novel into their life, for instance the importance of motivation to reach their achievement.

  The lecturers of English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University can also use the results of this study as a reference to teach Short Essay Writing I. Teaching English using a novel can encourage the students’ curiosity, imagination, and critical thinking. Moreover, it also can stimulate them to read the novel which implies to the improvement of vocabulary mastered.

  The results of this study provide constructive information about the novel which is valuable for the future researchers. Likewise, they also present favorable information about the descriptions and the motivations of Bill Russell in struggling for the glory of being a basketball star. There are many aspects which are necessary to analyze in this novel, and the writer contributes in giving untimely information.

  Finally, analyzing a novel can reinforce the writer’s skills in understanding and interpreting a literary work. It enlarges my literary knowledge and vocabularies. As a human being who has so many goals in this life, the writer can take several lessons on how the motivations play an important role in achieving those goals. There are so many problems the writer will face in the future. No

  

 

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  matter how big the problems are, the writer believes that the writer is able to reach those goals as long as there is a motivation inside. The writer learns that the motivations lead people to be successful.

E. Definitions of Terms

  Some terms in this section are the key words. In order to avoid the different perceptions and to give clear explanations to the reader, the writer provides some explanations related to some terms discussed. Those terms are:

  1. Character

  Gill (127) states “a character is someone in a literary work who has some sort of identity (it does not need be a strong one), an identity which is made up by appearance, conversation, action, name and (possibly) thoughts in the head.” In this study, the term character means the person who becomes the focus of the novel which is described deeply through their attitudes, psychological behavior and performance.

  2. Motivation

  Huffman, and Vernoy and Vernoy (392) also share more or less a similar understanding with Jung by referring it to the factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interests which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward his or her goals. Meanwhile, Herbert L. Petri (3-4) defines the motivation as the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to

  

 

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  initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation is also used to explain differences in the intensity of behavior. In this study, the motivation means desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulse, purposes, needs, and interests within an organism which initiate and direct behavior.

  

 

   

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter includes the theories that are used to analize the formulated

  

problems. This chapter is divided into two parts, namely review of related theories

and theoretical framework. The review of related theories covers critical approach,

character, characterization, and motivation. Meanwhile, theoretical framework

describes the application of all theories used in this study.

A. Review of Related Theories

  In this study, the writer uses four theories to support and help me in the process

of analysis. They are the theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of

characterization and theory of motivation. The theories are considered very helpful to

find out the description of the main character and his motivations in struggling to be a

basketball star. These theories have different functions yet correlate to each other.

1. Theory of Critical Approach

  

According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (3) in Reading and Writing about

  

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literature, every literary work has an aesthetic value. After reading a literary work, the

readers will be able to respond to its aesthetic values. The response to literature as an

art form is called as aesthetic response. In order to find out the aesthetic value, a

critical approach has a role to help the reader understand the nature, function, and

positive values of the literary work. It facilitates the readers to give reasonable

judgment of the literary work.

  Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (13-17) propose five critical approaches. They are

formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach,

mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. The first approach, the formalist

approach, pinpoints to the total integrity of the literary piece itself and its aesthetic

values. This approach also concerns with the harmonious involvement of all the parts

to the whole and points out the derivation of the meaning from its structure and the

determination techniques of the structure.

  The second approach is the biographical approach. In this approach, the

author’s personality, life, and development considered to have influences on his or

her writing. It means that the work of art is the reflection of the author’s ideas and

personalities. The readers can gain more understanding on the literary work by

learning about the life and the development of the author.

  The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach. In a literary work,

such aspects as social, cultural, and historical are believed to have contributions to the

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author in producing the work. By using this approach, we will know the social

condition and historical background at that time.

  The fourth approach is the mythopoeic approach. It emphasizes on discovering

certain universally recurrent patterns of human thoughts in the work of art. They

often concern about death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, and

theological aspect of Christian doctrine, which are found in the ancient myth and folk

rites. Through this approach, the mystical relationship in a story can be explained.

  The fifth approach is the psychological approach. This approach focuses on the

human psychology. It is used to identify any aspects of psychology underlying a

certain element of a literary work. It involves efforts to locate and demonstrate certain

recurring patterns drawn from psychological knowledge. Therefore, this approach

provides a deeper understanding in analyzing character’s thought and how it

influences the behavior pattern.

  However, not all the approaches will be applied in this study. In order to find

out the description of the character and his motivations to be a basketball star, this

study will use the psychological approach. The problem formulations stated earlier

are closely related to the psychology of human beings.

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    2.

   Theory of Character This study uses novel as the object of the study. In order to have better

understanding on a literary work such as a novel, the writer has to understand the

character in the novel first. Therefore, the writer uses the theory of character and

characterization as means to get deeper understanding about the character.

  Abrams (21) defines characters as the persons presented in a dramatic or

narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral,

dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the

dialogue – and by what they do – the action. It means that the character is the person

involved in a novel. Still, there are two ways to describe the character, which is

through the dialogue and the action. Through both, the characters show their

emotional qualities.

  In each novel there must be one or more characters that hold the main

importance of the story. These characters play an important role because the story is

talking about them and the conflicts in their life. According to Milligan (155)

characters are categorized into main or major characters and minor characters. Major

characters are the center of the story – mostly talks about the conflicts among them –

and the most important characters in the story. On the other hand, minor characters

appear only once or twice in the story and their roles are less important than the major

characters.

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    Meanwhile, Perrine divides character into two, namely static and dynamic

character (71). Static character is a character that does not undergo the process of

change development as a result of the things that happen to him. Perrine also states,

“Dynamic character undergoes an important, basic, and permanent change in his

character, personality, or perspective” (71).

  Moreover, dynamic character is understood as a character that changes when

things happen to him (Holman and Harmon 83). Dynamic characters are like human

beings. During the period of their life, human beings always have problems and

emotion. They sometimes easily change, occasionally in a complex manner. The

problems in their life change them. Someone who is cheerful is possible to turn to be

desperate when facing complicated problems.

  According to Forster (46-54), the character is classified into two. They are a flat

character and a round character. A flat character means a character described as the

same sort of person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning. It is represented

as a single idea or quality. There are two advantages of flat characters: first, they are

easily recognized whenever they come in – recognized by the readers’ emotional eye,

not by the visual eye which merely notes the recurrence of a proper name Second, the

reader straightforwardly remembers them afterward. In other words, flat characters

are introduced from the beginning until the end of the story in a stable description.

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    In contrast to flat character, a round character is many sided. It has complexity

in temperament and motivation. This complexity is shaped by the character’s

environment (Forster 48). Round characters are usually fully developed by the author,

and when they are skillfully written then round character will be more memorable.

  

There are two ways in describing round character: first, is in the portrayal or using

dramatic method. The author only presents the character talking and acting and

allows the reader to conclude what motives and nature lie beyond what they say and

do. Second, letting or using direct comments. In this way, the author gets strongly

involved in order to describe, and often evaluate, the nature of dispositional qualities

of the character (Abrams 21-22). Those statements are supported by Rohrberger and

Woods (170). They mention round characters are artistically speaking and have a

higher achievement.

  The characters can also be categorized based on their actions and attitudes in

the narrative. Rohrberger and Wood (17) present the terms protagonist and antagonist

to categorize characters in the novels. The protagonist is the chief character of the

story which is usually, in the traditional fiction, the hero. The character is described

as a good person and mostly becomes the center of the story. In the meantime, the

opponent character is known as the antagonist. As readers, we often recognize this

character as a bad person and as the enemy of the protagonist.

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    3.

   Theory of Characterization Rohrberger and Woods (19), say when an author creates characters, this process

is called characterization. An author can create their characters based on the kinds of

people met in his or her surrounding or just the creation of his or her own

imagination. The author can combine some characteristics of people around him or

her and mix them up to create a character.

  Murphy (161-173) presents nine ways of characterization. First is personal

description. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. The author

describes the person’s appearance in details. The explanation of the clothes also

assists in shaping the personal description of a character. As a result of the

appearance and clothes, the readers can easily figure out the character. The readers

can imagine how the character looks like. As a result, they may have a clear picture

of the character.

  The second is characters as seen by another. The description of the characters

can also be seen from another character’s opinion. Describing a character using

others’ comments is used as the second way to make variation in the story. Instead of

describing a character directly, the author can describe the character through the eyes

and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image. Describing the

character using other characters’ opinions can also reveal the relation and emotion of

the characters in the story.

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    The third is speech. The author can give us an insight into the character of one

of the persons in the book through what other person says. Whenever the person

speaks, whenever the person is in conversation with another, whenever the person

puts forward an opinion, he or she is giving us some clues to his or her character.

  The next way is past life. By letting the readers learn something about a

person’s past life, the author can provide us a clue to the events that have helped to

shape a person’s character. This can be obtained from the direct comment by the

author, through of the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the

medium of another person.

  Another way is throughout conversation of others. The author can also give us

clues to a person’s character through both the conversation of other people and the

things they say about the character. People do talk about other people and the things

they say often give as a clue to the character the person talking about.

  The sixth is reactions. The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character

by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events. People

react differently if they face certain events. Characters in the novel will also give

different response to the events happening in the story.

  The seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a

person’s character directly. Direct comment from the author can also give us direct

knowledge about characters in the story.

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    Next is from the thoughts. The author can give us direct knowledge of what the

person is thinking. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He

can tell us what different people are thinking. In the novel, we accept this. The reader

then is in a privileged position; he has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in

to in the most thoughts of a person in a novel. The last way is mannerisms. The

author can describe the person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may

also tell us something about his character.

4. Theory of Motivation

  Theory of motivation is useful in order to find out the motivation of Bill Russell

in fighting for the glory of being a basketball star. Franken (3) states that the basic

assumption of all theories of motivation is that for every behavior, there is a cause. It

means that the cause of the behavior is the result of motivation. It is believed there

must be motivations that lead and motivate someone to do something or to fulfill their

needs. Therefore, if we discuss behavior, then we will talk about the motivation.

  According to Worchel and Shebilske (373), motivation is a reason why an

organism acts in a certain time caused by some energy or source from the body which

devices temporarily translate the capabilities into actions. People behave because

there is something that motivates them to do it. Motivation is defined as a reason for

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people to do something. The motivation lastly stimulates the energy inside and

pushes it out.

  Kalish (30) says that motivation and needs are concept not things. They cannot

be seen or heard or touched, but they must be inferred or assumed. It is just like what

is stated by Petri (3) that “motivation is the concept we use when we describe the

force acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.”

  According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (392), motivation refers to factors

within an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal.

  

Murray (7) states motivation is distinguished from the other factors that also

influence behavior, such as the past experience of a person, the physical capabilities,

and the environmental situation in which a person finds himself.