Staff Site Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
Introduction to
Linguistics
Week 7
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
1
Morphology
Morphemes, Conditioning &
Words
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
2
Review
Language
is a CODE for thoughts.
sound
decode
meaning
speaker
encode
listener
thoughts
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
3
A flea and a fly in a flue
Were imprisoned, so what could they
do?
Said the flea: ‘Let us fly’.
Said the fly: ‘Let us flee’.
So they flew through a flaw in the flue.
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
4
Word Classes
Content
Words
→ noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
→ “open class” vocabulary
Function
Words
→ pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc
→ “closed class” vocabulary
MY DAUGHTER WENT TO THE CINEMA.
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
5
Word Relation & Morpheme
Words
can be related to other words , e.g.
happy – unhappy.
→ fundamental elements: morpheme
→ rules of combination: Word Formation
Rules
Morpheme:
the smallest unit that carries
information about meaning or function
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
6
MORPHEMES
1.
be identifiable from one word to
another
and
2. contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.
e.g. attack, stack, tackle and taxi
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
7
MORPHEME
MONOMORPHEMIC
Simple words
e.g :
train
track
single morpheme
POLYMORPHEMIC
Complex words
e.g :
builder
(‘to construct’)
September 5, 2017
more than one morpheme
build + er
(Functions as a Noun maker, means ‘one who builds’)
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
8
How many morphemes are there
in each of the following words?
unhappier
happy
happier
unhappy
unhappy
-er
unhappier
unhappine
ss
September 5, 2017
unintro 2 ling/ssn/2007
happy
9
cranberry morpheme
E.g.
morphemes cran-, huckle- and gormin cranberry, huckleberry and
gormless
Berry in strawberry, blackberry and
blueberry
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
10
Recognition of Morphemes
The
dinosaur sniffed arrogantly and
plodded forwards.
The
dinosaur grunted loudly and
edged backwards.
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
11
Bound & Free Morphemes
door
free morpheme
s
bound morpheme
doors
Can be a word by
itself
Must be attached to another
element
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
12
What does –s mean?
There
are two doors in the room.
There are no red doors.
I have zero dollars.
It’s negative one degrees outside.
The current is 0.4 amperes.
not one
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
13
Inflectional & Derivational
Morphemes
clouds
Inflectional
cloudy
morpheme
→ provides further information about an existing lexical
item
e.g : car
cars
jump
jumped
Derivational
morpheme
→ creates an entirely new word
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
14
Derivational Morpheme . . . .
Affixes
morphemes
added to free forms to
make other free forms
four
kinds of affixes:
1. prefixes
→ unable
2. suffixes
→ refusal
3. infixes
→ in-bloody-credible
4. circumfixes → enlighten
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
15
Study the words below
adjectiv
e
dark
verb
verb
noun
darken
sing
singer
black
blacken
dance
dancer
red
redden
write
writer
white
whiten
compute compute
r
What word formation rules can we make?
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
16
Zero Morphemes
Consider the
following words:
adjectiv verb
e
yellow yellow
brown
brown
clear
clear
comb
Comb
September 5, 2017
The relationship
between yellow
(adj) - yellow (v) is
exactly the same
as white – whiten
→ zero morpheme
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
17
Allomorphs
The variant forms of morpheme
e.g: a, an
Cats, dogs, horses, oxen, sheep,
geese
Phonological conditioning
→ its form is dependent on the adjacent
phonemes
Lexical conditioning
→ its form seems to be a purely accidental
one, linked to a particular vocabulary item
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
18
Compounds
the
combination of two free forms
In English, the HEAD of a compound is
usually the right-hand member
The HEAD supplies the category and basic
meaning for the whole compounds
Compounds can be used with affixation to
produce larger words
e.g. blackbird, sleepwalker, bookcase, happy hour,
etc
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
19
What about the following words:
- blackberry
- blueberry
- strawberry
- cranberry
- huckleberry
September 5, 2017
BOUND ROOTS
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
20
Homophonous Morphemes &
Reduplication
Homophonous Morphemes
two morphemes having the same
pronunciation (form) with different
meanings
e.g. un-tie-able
Reduplication
the copying of a part of a word
e.g. the language of the people of Madura
in English?
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
21
Other Ways of Forming Words
Blends
→ smoke + fog = smog
motor + hotel = motel
Onomatopoeia
bang, buzz
Words from names
→ jumbo, sandwich
Truncation (Clipped words)
→ gym(nasium), (tele)phone
Acronyms
→ AIDS
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
22
Linguistics
Week 7
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
1
Morphology
Morphemes, Conditioning &
Words
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
2
Review
Language
is a CODE for thoughts.
sound
decode
meaning
speaker
encode
listener
thoughts
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
3
A flea and a fly in a flue
Were imprisoned, so what could they
do?
Said the flea: ‘Let us fly’.
Said the fly: ‘Let us flee’.
So they flew through a flaw in the flue.
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
4
Word Classes
Content
Words
→ noun, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
→ “open class” vocabulary
Function
Words
→ pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc
→ “closed class” vocabulary
MY DAUGHTER WENT TO THE CINEMA.
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
5
Word Relation & Morpheme
Words
can be related to other words , e.g.
happy – unhappy.
→ fundamental elements: morpheme
→ rules of combination: Word Formation
Rules
Morpheme:
the smallest unit that carries
information about meaning or function
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
6
MORPHEMES
1.
be identifiable from one word to
another
and
2. contribute in some way to the
meaning of the whole word.
e.g. attack, stack, tackle and taxi
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
7
MORPHEME
MONOMORPHEMIC
Simple words
e.g :
train
track
single morpheme
POLYMORPHEMIC
Complex words
e.g :
builder
(‘to construct’)
September 5, 2017
more than one morpheme
build + er
(Functions as a Noun maker, means ‘one who builds’)
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
8
How many morphemes are there
in each of the following words?
unhappier
happy
happier
unhappy
unhappy
-er
unhappier
unhappine
ss
September 5, 2017
unintro 2 ling/ssn/2007
happy
9
cranberry morpheme
E.g.
morphemes cran-, huckle- and gormin cranberry, huckleberry and
gormless
Berry in strawberry, blackberry and
blueberry
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
10
Recognition of Morphemes
The
dinosaur sniffed arrogantly and
plodded forwards.
The
dinosaur grunted loudly and
edged backwards.
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
11
Bound & Free Morphemes
door
free morpheme
s
bound morpheme
doors
Can be a word by
itself
Must be attached to another
element
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
12
What does –s mean?
There
are two doors in the room.
There are no red doors.
I have zero dollars.
It’s negative one degrees outside.
The current is 0.4 amperes.
not one
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
13
Inflectional & Derivational
Morphemes
clouds
Inflectional
cloudy
morpheme
→ provides further information about an existing lexical
item
e.g : car
cars
jump
jumped
Derivational
morpheme
→ creates an entirely new word
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
14
Derivational Morpheme . . . .
Affixes
morphemes
added to free forms to
make other free forms
four
kinds of affixes:
1. prefixes
→ unable
2. suffixes
→ refusal
3. infixes
→ in-bloody-credible
4. circumfixes → enlighten
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
15
Study the words below
adjectiv
e
dark
verb
verb
noun
darken
sing
singer
black
blacken
dance
dancer
red
redden
write
writer
white
whiten
compute compute
r
What word formation rules can we make?
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
16
Zero Morphemes
Consider the
following words:
adjectiv verb
e
yellow yellow
brown
brown
clear
clear
comb
Comb
September 5, 2017
The relationship
between yellow
(adj) - yellow (v) is
exactly the same
as white – whiten
→ zero morpheme
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
17
Allomorphs
The variant forms of morpheme
e.g: a, an
Cats, dogs, horses, oxen, sheep,
geese
Phonological conditioning
→ its form is dependent on the adjacent
phonemes
Lexical conditioning
→ its form seems to be a purely accidental
one, linked to a particular vocabulary item
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
18
Compounds
the
combination of two free forms
In English, the HEAD of a compound is
usually the right-hand member
The HEAD supplies the category and basic
meaning for the whole compounds
Compounds can be used with affixation to
produce larger words
e.g. blackbird, sleepwalker, bookcase, happy hour,
etc
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
19
What about the following words:
- blackberry
- blueberry
- strawberry
- cranberry
- huckleberry
September 5, 2017
BOUND ROOTS
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
20
Homophonous Morphemes &
Reduplication
Homophonous Morphemes
two morphemes having the same
pronunciation (form) with different
meanings
e.g. un-tie-able
Reduplication
the copying of a part of a word
e.g. the language of the people of Madura
in English?
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
21
Other Ways of Forming Words
Blends
→ smoke + fog = smog
motor + hotel = motel
Onomatopoeia
bang, buzz
Words from names
→ jumbo, sandwich
Truncation (Clipped words)
→ gym(nasium), (tele)phone
Acronyms
→ AIDS
September 5, 2017
intro 2 ling/ssn/2007
22