Staff Site Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

1 Dialectical Relationship between History and Other elements of Social Science

By: Saefur Rochmat

Abstract:

The development of sciences and technology at modern era does not guarantee the problems of human being be resolved completely. It has also had negative impacts such as the disparities of the have and the have not, of the rich country and poor country; colonialism/imperialism; world wars; and so on. These negative impacts, of course, contradict with the mission of philosophy as the root of all sciences which pretends to teach man with wisdom. They are as a result of specialization of sciences which neglect their relationship with philosophy. This article also argues that all sciences should develop dialectical relationship with each other.

Key words: philosophy, history, social sciences, integral approach, multi-dimensional approach.

A. Introduction

All sciences root in philosophy. It is not surprising that philosophy is meant wisdom. It implies that all sciences aim to search for the truth by which people are able to deal with the problems wisely. Wisdom is the combination of knowledge and experience, besides a brave to implement the knowledge in the real living situation. The characteristics of the wisdom are to behave in justice, to treat the problems with proportional, to be patient, besides to persist to the principles of life. That is why universities of the West confer the highest academic status with the title of ‘Philosophy

Doctor’ a part of its discipline. By conferring lecturer with the quality of philosophy, it hopes that he/she will be able to develop wisdom in arranging this worldly life (Maarif, 2005a: 3).

This early initiative is very ideal, a part of the fact that now the West become more secular in living so that the holder of Ph. D is no more than white collar worker minus wisdom. It is as a result of specialization of sciences which neglect philosophy as the source of them. Scholars who enjoy doing a research on his specialization without

2 any will to relate it to the widely worldly affairs, as if they live in small cage, although it is nice but it is nothing worth for this widely worldly living of without limit (Maarif, 2005b: 5).

Scholar is not properly to swim just within his small pond of his specialization. He should understand principles of other disciplines so that he is able to handle the complex problems of living successfully or in other words, he is able to find out the wisdom. It is difficult to be wise man if scholars of any discipline are reluctant ly to know philosophy, religion, and social science. At the peak time of Islamic civilization, the universities required the student of exact sciences should pass the examination of social science at their first year.

Philosophy as the root of all sciences should be a returning point for the sciences in order not to get lost in their mission to search for the truth by which man becomes wise. Considering philosophy used logical procedures by a means of reason, it just produces utopia truths (an ideal) so that we can not find them in real living in this world. However, philosophy is very important as a source for comparing with the realities so that we know how far our efforts have been closed to the ideality. In converse, to fulfill the idealities of the goals we should take into considerations the empirical situation of the targets. By so doing we understand the strong and the weak points of the real situation of the targets and then, we arrange the necessary activities to improve them, of course by considering the quality of the manpower and other resources. We should also consider in our mind the barriers for improvement and then how strong the target are able to support this improvement programs. By so doing we try to control the courses of improvement programs so that it does not appear violence or chaotic situation while we are implementing the goodness (the truth).

B. History: A source of Empirical Truth

To reach the idealities in humanistic way, that our efforts are not danger to

human’s living we should have an in-depth knowledge about the situation, condition, and history of the target for the improvement. For that purposes, we need a help of history and indeed it is the oldest sciences (Widja, 1988: 7-8). This assumption is based on the fact that historical resources and the books of history themselves become material for all

3 kind of the social science (Kartodirjo, 1982: 75). In other words, history is the laboratory for humankind because it provides someone with rich resources to be a wise man both in theory as well as in practice.

Furthermore, philosophy needs a help of history for finding the empirical truth considering that philosophy is just able to find logical truth so that its truth is limited to just philosophical truth that is the truth which is resulted from man’s normative thinking. Indeed normative truth is something ideal, but it is very often that it needs a long time to materialize it in empirical truth. However, it does not guarantee that we are able to fulfill the ideal perfectly, considering the fact that there is no absolute truth in this world. Man is just responsible for reforming the situation and condition to improve the quality of humanity. And then, what is meant by the empirical truth? It is something considered as of worthy by majority of the members of the society so that it is viewed as a truth.

Considering the role of history for human living, it is not surprisingly that F. Nietzshe is saying that “Only so far as history serves life will we serve it.” It implies that history is very useful sciences for human living and without it philosophy is not able to take a role for directing human living. Further, social science and humanities are in need for historical resources to develop their sciences. Last but not the least, logical history is in great need to solve social problems.

History should be functional to sharpen one’s human vision in the view to deal

with the unending changes of the world affairs. Koran also emphasis on the uses of

history by using the word ‘ibrah (moral sign) that is “Indeed in their stories, there is a lesson for men of understanding. It (the Koran) is not of forged statement but a

confirmation of (God’s existing Books) which were before it [i.e. the Torah, the Gospel and other Scriptures of God] and a detailed explanation of everything and a guide and a

Mercy for the people who believe.” (Koran 12: 111). From the above quote we may conclude that history is the sciences of humanity which is very serious if it is understood smartly and correctly.

Like other sciences, history roots on philosophy so that it is very important for the lasting of the society or state. For that purposes, it should use critical thinking approach (Maarif, 2005a: 3). It also should use multi-dimensional approach that is we should write history by using various kinds of perspectives with the help of other social science and

4 humanities in order to find a holistic knowledge so that we are able to judge proportionally each participating members. By so doing historian will find wisdom a collection of all goodness (Maarif, 2005b: 6).

Indeed the big problem of human life is not a matter of history in general, but it becomes concern of philosophy or at least philosophy of history. Alan Nevis is correctly saying that philosophy of history results from writer’s a holistic view of humanity and consequently it also include his philosophical life view; and the interpretation of one historical event is only writer’s explanation concerning a series of events, an era, and a movement (Nevis, 1962: 264). History will be lost its functional meaning to serve the life if we think it radically. Like a wise servant, history will think through the future for anticipating the direction of the courses of the changing so that the life will run smoothly following the true direction. It may be an ideal hope for those who want to study without confusing themselves with any statements that history should not be related to the future dimension (Maarif, 2005b: 7).

Why people need history? Considering as a conscious and normal man are not able to forget his past time, and it is history. If he wants to develop himself humanity, he should base on the real situation and condition which actually have become a history because of already the past time. In other words, one is not able to develop himself by jumping the past. History wants to fill the vacant of the past so that what is meant by the collective memories is no more than the product of historians. Collective memories manifest into tradition and culture so that both of them should be considered by those who want to write history and also to make a changes of the society. For example, if we want to implement taxation system, we should know the history of taxation systems because it is very useful: (1) to have continuation with the past taxation systems and (2) to know any weaknesses which should be handled in the in coming new taxation system.

C. History the Sciences of Multi-Dimensional Approach

The birth of rationalism in Europe instigates the development of positivism philosophy that sciences should be judged by basic procedures of observation or experiment, formulation of the concepts, and verification. The fundamental method developed here is a nomotetis method, that is a method which aims to formulate general

5 laws. In other words, this method tries to create generalization. This generalization is to elaborate (erklaeren) the observed social phenomena.

On other hand, in the 19th century in Europe there also developed a group of scholars developing a hermeneutic method which is meant to oppose to the positivism. The first tried to develop an ideography method for the development of social science a method which tries to find detailed and unique pictures of natural phenomena, especially concerning human living affairs (Widja, 1988: 1-2).

How does the status of history in the relation to the classification of the above sciences methods? To answer such question we should know some general characteristics concerning the procedure of sciences. Basically sciences should adjust to six characteristics as follow:

1. There is consciousness to pursue the TRUTH.

2. To reach such truth it should follow some certain ways called METHOD.

3. The result of scientific researches should be arranged in a certain way SYSTEMATICALLY.

4. The result of scientific researches should have an OBJECTIVITY, that is avoids some assumptions and determinations.

5. The result of scientific researches contains a collection of general truth or we call it GENERALIZATIONS.

6. The above generalizations make possible for us to PREDICT some phenomena of nature as well as man in the future (Widja, 1988: 2).

To write history correctly we should follow the above procedures of sciences. Indeed history as part of social science and humanities can not reach the quality of truth such as that of the exact sciences. However we are no doubt about the status of history as a science. It is impossible to find an absolute truth, even in exact sciences. Indeed we can not find an absolute truth in this world because of the complexity of the problems. That is why we should have a wide heart to tolerate the truth claim of other groups because the absolute truth belongs to God alone.

Kuntowijoyo (1999: 60-64) elaborates some characteristics of history to justify its claim as a science as follow:

6 History belongs to empirical sciences (Greek, emperia means experience). Experiences are recorded in documents. Historian researches these documents to find the facts. Then, he will interpret the facts to find logical relationship amongst them so that it will result in historical writing. A part from the fact history has fundamental differences from exact sciences, both base on experience and observation to find the truth. Indeed it is impossible to repeat the experiment in history, because an event happens just one time. For example, it is impossible to repeat the already happened Indonesian Revolution, it happens just one time and then it is swallowed by the past. History just deal the past with the surviving documents.

Another difference between history and exact sciences is that historical facts is a human facts, meanwhile the facts of exact sciences is a natural facts. Consequently some accuse history of not science, however if we notice carefully history and exact sciences have the same working procedures, the difference is just in matter of the object. The differences between history and exact sciences are about the differences between nature and man. Nature is a death, meanwhile man is a life. Nature is impossible to think meanwhile man is able to think. That is why exact sciences is able to formulate natural laws which is relatively permanent and universal, not like history.

2. History has an object

Object is in the Greek objectus is meant by target, in the face, and objective. History often accuse of something not clear. It is usually to include history into humanities because the object is human. Indeed history speaks about human, but its analytical approach differs from such as anthropology and sociology. Furthermore, the object of history is time and it is peculiar to history because no other sciences have right claim to it. Physics speaks time of physic while history speaks time of human being. That is why history speaks about the origin of the events. For example, Islam spread over Indonesia in the 8th or 13th century should not be a problem for historians if we accepted the explanations. The same case can be applied to the birth of Pancasila (national ideology of Indonesia) whether it is on June 1st, 1945 when Soekarno mentioned Pancasila for the first time at the meeting of PPKI or on August 18th, 1945 when Pancasila was formally legalized in conjunction with the Constitution of Indonesia, it is

7 not a concern of historians. Historians just concern about the explanation of the evens, meanwhile the day of celebration is a matter of political decisions.

3. History has theories

In Greek, theoria means contemplation. Like other sciences, history also has theories of knowledge which often called philosophy of critical history. Theory contains principles of a science. In philosophy we call it epistemology, from Greek episteme

means the knowledge and logos means the discourse. Exact sciences take nature as an object of their researches, while social sciences take man as an object of their researches and history has its own object man in dimension of time.

History differs from myth, although both speak about time. Myth is not able to answer when an event happens and history deals with this question. History also is differing itself from other social sciences because of its long tradition. In every tradition we can find some theories.

4. History has generalization

Generalization is originally from Latin generalis means general. Like other sciences, history also pretends to create some general statements. However, one should put in his mind that other sciences develop a nomotetis method meanwhile history develops an ideographic method. For example, if we discuss about pluralism in the USA, in the view of sociology we should search some general statements which are applicable in other places and they can be treated as the general truth. Generalization in history often takes a role as correction to other sciences. For example, Marxists develop a theory of struggling class but it can not be applied to the revolution of Indonesia considering the fact that this revolution was instigated by nationalism.

5. History has its own Method

In Greek, method is methode means a way. In research, history has its own method by using observation. If one statement is not supported by historical evidences, it should be thrown away. For example, a statement of orthodox Marxists that superstructure which reflects symbolic realities are not in existence, they view it just as

8 the manifestation of structure or social system. This statement is not able to defend the attack from empirical method of history that religious belief is a cross section consciousness. We are not able to make a law from the assumption of superstructure and structure because there are a lot of exceptions. The laws of social science is too mechanical, while history is not strict to the law, it just concerns about method and historical facts. These method and historical facts force historian to be careful with his conclusion of the event, moreover to make a law which is applicable to other places. For example, detailed historical researches are not able to prove Prof. Moh. Yamin’s statement that Indonesian red-white flag has been 6000 years old.

According to Kuntowijoyo (1999: 20-21), as a sciences history can develop at least through this four following ways that are: (1) the development of philosophy, (2) the development of theory of history, (3) the development of other sciences, and (4) the development of history method. The development of philosophy influences the historical report. For example, when Middle Europe Period dominated by Christian philosophy, the historical reports also influenced by it with illustration of saints.

The development of theory of Indonesian history took place on the first national seminar in Yogyakarta in 1957 by introducing the concept of nationalism for writing Indonesian history. This concept of nationalism emphasis the role of Indonesia (Indonesian center oriented history) to remove “above ship written history” which emphasis the role Dutch colonizer (Dutch center oriented history). This challenge was responded by John Smail in 1962 suggesting that it is possible to write Indonesian

oriented history. For example, if we want to write history of Aceh we should focus on the conflict between clerics and officer of traditional kingdom of Acehness. Foreigners who involved within it are written playing an additional role of those who were conflicting.

The development of other sciences also influences the development of history. When sociologists take a city as a field studies, in history it appears history of the city. It also happens when Freudian psychology replaced by neo-Freudian, it influences the development of psycho-history, that is history which elaborates historical figures’ psychological conditions.

9 The development within method also influences historical writing. When it

appears quantitative method, historians in America and Europe also develop quantitative history, because it is possible for them to quantify old historical resources. The activities of publishing historical resources also will propel historical research such as the printing of local history of Sarekat Islam by National Archive of Indonesia propels some

historical researches.

Conclusion

It is impossible to develop a sciences by isolating it from the development of other sciences because all sciences are interrelated each other. At first all sciences are rooted in philosophy, considering its methodological approach to the truth is based on logical thinking so that its truth belongs to utopian truth. Then, this reason activity is further developed by supporting it with the fact and data which will result in an empirical science. History is the first science to receive rights of empirical science, considering it as collections of writing resources. In exchange, the development of history will influence the development of philosophy.

After specialization of science developing too far, there appeared a need to integrate some sciences into one umbrella for the purpose of solving the complexity of problems. The same case is with social science which can be viewed as integrated science of the elements of social sciences so that in writing a book of social science should use an integrated approach. For the same purpose of solving the complex problems, history develop multi-dimensional approach.

As a sciences history can develop at least through this four following ways that are: (1) the development of philosophy, (2) the development of theory of history, (3) the development of other sciences, and (4) the development of history method.

References

Maarif, A Syafi’i, 2005a, “Kampus sebagai Pusat Kearifan”, Pewara, Oktober. ______________, 2005b, “Sejarah sebagai Pelayan Kehidupan”, Swara, Nopember.

______________, 1996, Ibn Khaldun dalam Pandangan Penulis Barat dan Timur, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.

10

Widja, I.G., 1988, Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah: Sejarah Dalam Perspektif Pendidikan, Semarang: Satya Wacana.

Kartodirdjo, Sartono, 1982, Pemikiran dan Perkembangan Historiografi Indonesia: Suatu Alternatif, Jakarta: Gramedia.

Al-Hilali, Muhammad Taqiunddin and M. Muhshin Khan, 1996, Interpretation of the Meaning of the Noble

Qur’an, Riyadh: Darussalam.

Nevis, Allan 1962, The Gateway of History, New York: Doubleday&Company. Kuntowijoyo, 1999, Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

5 laws. In other words, this method tries to create generalization. This generalization is to elaborate (erklaeren) the observed social phenomena.

On other hand, in the 19th century in Europe there also developed a group of scholars developing a hermeneutic method which is meant to oppose to the positivism. The first tried to develop an ideography method for the development of social science a method which tries to find detailed and unique pictures of natural phenomena, especially concerning human living affairs (Widja, 1988: 1-2).

How does the status of history in the relation to the classification of the above sciences methods? To answer such question we should know some general characteristics concerning the procedure of sciences. Basically sciences should adjust to six characteristics as follow:

1. There is consciousness to pursue the TRUTH.

2. To reach such truth it should follow some certain ways called METHOD.

3. The result of scientific researches should be arranged in a certain way SYSTEMATICALLY.

4. The result of scientific researches should have an OBJECTIVITY, that is avoids some assumptions and determinations.

5. The result of scientific researches contains a collection of general truth or we call it GENERALIZATIONS.

6. The above generalizations make possible for us to PREDICT some phenomena of nature as well as man in the future (Widja, 1988: 2).

To write history correctly we should follow the above procedures of sciences. Indeed history as part of social science and humanities can not reach the quality of truth such as that of the exact sciences. However we are no doubt about the status of history as a science. It is impossible to find an absolute truth, even in exact sciences. Indeed we can not find an absolute truth in this world because of the complexity of the problems. That is why we should have a wide heart to tolerate the truth claim of other groups because the absolute truth belongs to God alone.

Kuntowijoyo (1999: 60-64) elaborates some characteristics of history to justify its claim as a science as follow:

6 History belongs to empirical sciences (Greek, emperia means experience). Experiences are recorded in documents. Historian researches these documents to find the facts. Then, he will interpret the facts to find logical relationship amongst them so that it will result in historical writing. A part from the fact history has fundamental differences from exact sciences, both base on experience and observation to find the truth. Indeed it is impossible to repeat the experiment in history, because an event happens just one time. For example, it is impossible to repeat the already happened Indonesian Revolution, it happens just one time and then it is swallowed by the past. History just deal the past with the surviving documents.

Another difference between history and exact sciences is that historical facts is a human facts, meanwhile the facts of exact sciences is a natural facts. Consequently some accuse history of not science, however if we notice carefully history and exact sciences have the same working procedures, the difference is just in matter of the object. The differences between history and exact sciences are about the differences between nature and man. Nature is a death, meanwhile man is a life. Nature is impossible to think meanwhile man is able to think. That is why exact sciences is able to formulate natural laws which is relatively permanent and universal, not like history.

2. History has an object

Object is in the Greek objectus is meant by target, in the face, and objective. History often accuse of something not clear. It is usually to include history into humanities because the object is human. Indeed history speaks about human, but its analytical approach differs from such as anthropology and sociology. Furthermore, the object of history is time and it is peculiar to history because no other sciences have right claim to it. Physics speaks time of physic while history speaks time of human being. That is why history speaks about the origin of the events. For example, Islam spread over Indonesia in the 8th or 13th century should not be a problem for historians if we accepted the explanations. The same case can be applied to the birth of Pancasila (national ideology of Indonesia) whether it is on June 1st, 1945 when Soekarno mentioned Pancasila for the first time at the meeting of PPKI or on August 18th, 1945 when Pancasila was formally legalized in conjunction with the Constitution of Indonesia, it is

7 not a concern of historians. Historians just concern about the explanation of the evens, meanwhile the day of celebration is a matter of political decisions.

3. History has theories

In Greek, theoria means contemplation. Like other sciences, history also has theories of knowledge which often called philosophy of critical history. Theory contains principles of a science. In philosophy we call it epistemology, from Greek episteme

means the knowledge and logos means the discourse. Exact sciences take nature as an object of their researches, while social sciences take man as an object of their researches and history has its own object man in dimension of time.

History differs from myth, although both speak about time. Myth is not able to answer when an event happens and history deals with this question. History also is differing itself from other social sciences because of its long tradition. In every tradition we can find some theories.

4. History has generalization

Generalization is originally from Latin generalis means general. Like other sciences, history also pretends to create some general statements. However, one should put in his mind that other sciences develop a nomotetis method meanwhile history develops an ideographic method. For example, if we discuss about pluralism in the USA, in the view of sociology we should search some general statements which are applicable in other places and they can be treated as the general truth. Generalization in history often takes a role as correction to other sciences. For example, Marxists develop a theory of struggling class but it can not be applied to the revolution of Indonesia considering the fact that this revolution was instigated by nationalism.

5. History has its own Method

In Greek, method is methode means a way. In research, history has its own method by using observation. If one statement is not supported by historical evidences, it should be thrown away. For example, a statement of orthodox Marxists that superstructure which reflects symbolic realities are not in existence, they view it just as

8 the manifestation of structure or social system. This statement is not able to defend the attack from empirical method of history that religious belief is a cross section consciousness. We are not able to make a law from the assumption of superstructure and structure because there are a lot of exceptions. The laws of social science is too mechanical, while history is not strict to the law, it just concerns about method and historical facts. These method and historical facts force historian to be careful with his conclusion of the event, moreover to make a law which is applicable to other places. For example, detailed historical researches are not able to prove Prof. Moh. Yamin’s statement that Indonesian red-white flag has been 6000 years old.

According to Kuntowijoyo (1999: 20-21), as a sciences history can develop at least through this four following ways that are: (1) the development of philosophy, (2) the development of theory of history, (3) the development of other sciences, and (4) the development of history method. The development of philosophy influences the historical report. For example, when Middle Europe Period dominated by Christian philosophy, the historical reports also influenced by it with illustration of saints.

The development of theory of Indonesian history took place on the first national seminar in Yogyakarta in 1957 by introducing the concept of nationalism for writing Indonesian history. This concept of nationalism emphasis the role of Indonesia (Indonesian center oriented history) to remove “above ship written history” which emphasis the role Dutch colonizer (Dutch center oriented history). This challenge was responded by John Smail in 1962 suggesting that it is possible to write Indonesian

oriented history. For example, if we want to write history of Aceh we should focus on the conflict between clerics and officer of traditional kingdom of Acehness. Foreigners who involved within it are written playing an additional role of those who were conflicting.

The development of other sciences also influences the development of history. When sociologists take a city as a field studies, in history it appears history of the city. It also happens when Freudian psychology replaced by neo-Freudian, it influences the development of psycho-history, that is history which elaborates historical figures’ psychological conditions.

9 The development within method also influences historical writing. When it

appears quantitative method, historians in America and Europe also develop quantitative history, because it is possible for them to quantify old historical resources. The activities of publishing historical resources also will propel historical research such as the printing of local history of Sarekat Islam by National Archive of Indonesia propels some

historical researches.

Conclusion

It is impossible to develop a sciences by isolating it from the development of other sciences because all sciences are interrelated each other. At first all sciences are rooted in philosophy, considering its methodological approach to the truth is based on logical thinking so that its truth belongs to utopian truth. Then, this reason activity is further developed by supporting it with the fact and data which will result in an empirical science. History is the first science to receive rights of empirical science, considering it as collections of writing resources. In exchange, the development of history will influence the development of philosophy.

After specialization of science developing too far, there appeared a need to integrate some sciences into one umbrella for the purpose of solving the complexity of problems. The same case is with social science which can be viewed as integrated science of the elements of social sciences so that in writing a book of social science should use an integrated approach. For the same purpose of solving the complex problems, history develop multi-dimensional approach.

As a sciences history can develop at least through this four following ways that are: (1) the development of philosophy, (2) the development of theory of history, (3) the development of other sciences, and (4) the development of history method.

References

Maarif, A Syafi’i, 2005a, “Kampus sebagai Pusat Kearifan”, Pewara, Oktober. ______________, 2005b, “Sejarah sebagai Pelayan Kehidupan”, Swara, Nopember.

______________, 1996, Ibn Khaldun dalam Pandangan Penulis Barat dan Timur, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.

10 Widja, I.G., 1988, Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah: Sejarah Dalam Perspektif Pendidikan, Semarang: Satya Wacana.

Kartodirdjo, Sartono, 1982, Pemikiran dan Perkembangan Historiografi Indonesia: Suatu Alternatif, Jakarta: Gramedia.

Al-Hilali, Muhammad Taqiunddin and M. Muhshin Khan, 1996, Interpretation of the Meaning of the Noble

Qur’an, Riyadh: Darussalam.

Nevis, Allan 1962, The Gateway of History, New York: Doubleday&Company. Kuntowijoyo, 1999, Pengantar Ilmu Sejarah, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.