pasang surut air laut
OCEAN AND COASTAL TIDE
Dr. rer nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Theoretical Background
Definition
The Equilibrium Theory of Tide
Influence of Moon’s and Sun’s Position on Tide
The Dynamic Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
1.00
Tanjung Priok
Semarang
Rembang
0.75
WL (m)
.
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
1.00
Nias
Sunda Strait
Cilacap
0.75
WL (m)
.
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
1.50
Sibolga
Pemangkat
Balikpapan
1.00
WL (m)
.
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
2.50
Halmahera
Manokwari
Merauke
2.00
1.50
.
0.50
WL (m)
1.00
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
General Definition on Tide
Relative movement of materials in the planets, natural
satellites, stars or other celestial bodies due to the
gravity of other celestial bodies
Three Types of Tide
Ocean Tide Water ( 1m)
Earth Tide Solid ( 1mm)
Atmospheric Tide Air ( 10 - 100 m)
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tide Definition in Hydrography
Variation of sea level due to the gravity force
due to mutual attraction between the earth/moon and
earth/sun systems
Importance of Tide
Depth Reduction
Coastal Engineering
Scientific Research
Marine and Coastal Dynamics
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Planning of a Harbour
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Study of Tidal Currents
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Biotic Intertidal
Zone
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tidal Changes
Flood Tide – Rising of Water
Ebb Tide – Falling of Water
Tidal Currents – Currents related to the tidal motion
Slack Water
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Equilibrium Theory of Tide
A surface resulting from the
effects of tidal forcing and earth’s rotation, which is
coincident with the tidal bulge; if there were no
other forces acting, the sea surface would take the
shape of the equilibrium tide
Tidal Forces
Earth – Moon System
Earth – Sun System
Earth – Moon – Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Equilibrium Theory of Tide
Adopted from Newton’s Law on Gravity
F21 G
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
m1m2
r
2
12
rˆ12
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
tractive force
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
The Facts of Equilibrium Theory of Tide
In reality, equilibrium tide conditions are never present in
the real due to some facts:
Tides propagate as shallow water waves
Earth rotation is faster than the ability of water mass
to achieve equilibrium condition
The presence of lands
The presence of Coriolis effect
Dynamical tide theory are introduced to accommodate
these facts in the explanation of ocean and coastal
tidal phenomena
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Starts to be developed ca. XVIII Century by some scientists
and mathematicians such as Bernoulli, Euler and Laplace.
The dynamical theory of tide is considering:
Coastal Shapes
Coriolis Force
Inertial Forces
Seafloor Frictions
AMPHIDROMIC SYSTEMS
Amphidromic point
Co-tidal lines
Co-range lines
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Conclusions
• Equilibrium theory explains
• spring neap tide series
• diurnal, semidiurnal and mixed semidiurnal tides
• Dynamical theory explains
• rotary motion of tides
• why coastal regions experience larger tides than
open ocean regions
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dr. rer nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Theoretical Background
Definition
The Equilibrium Theory of Tide
Influence of Moon’s and Sun’s Position on Tide
The Dynamic Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
1.00
Tanjung Priok
Semarang
Rembang
0.75
WL (m)
.
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
1.00
Nias
Sunda Strait
Cilacap
0.75
WL (m)
.
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
1.50
Sibolga
Pemangkat
Balikpapan
1.00
WL (m)
.
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tides in Indonesia
2.50
Halmahera
Manokwari
Merauke
2.00
1.50
.
0.50
WL (m)
1.00
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
06-Sep
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
11-Sep
12-Sep
13-Sep
14-Sep
15-Sep
Time
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
General Definition on Tide
Relative movement of materials in the planets, natural
satellites, stars or other celestial bodies due to the
gravity of other celestial bodies
Three Types of Tide
Ocean Tide Water ( 1m)
Earth Tide Solid ( 1mm)
Atmospheric Tide Air ( 10 - 100 m)
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tide Definition in Hydrography
Variation of sea level due to the gravity force
due to mutual attraction between the earth/moon and
earth/sun systems
Importance of Tide
Depth Reduction
Coastal Engineering
Scientific Research
Marine and Coastal Dynamics
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Planning of a Harbour
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Study of Tidal Currents
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Biotic Intertidal
Zone
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Tidal Changes
Flood Tide – Rising of Water
Ebb Tide – Falling of Water
Tidal Currents – Currents related to the tidal motion
Slack Water
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Equilibrium Theory of Tide
A surface resulting from the
effects of tidal forcing and earth’s rotation, which is
coincident with the tidal bulge; if there were no
other forces acting, the sea surface would take the
shape of the equilibrium tide
Tidal Forces
Earth – Moon System
Earth – Sun System
Earth – Moon – Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Equilibrium Theory of Tide
Adopted from Newton’s Law on Gravity
F21 G
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
m1m2
r
2
12
rˆ12
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
tractive force
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Earth – Moon - Sun System
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
The Facts of Equilibrium Theory of Tide
In reality, equilibrium tide conditions are never present in
the real due to some facts:
Tides propagate as shallow water waves
Earth rotation is faster than the ability of water mass
to achieve equilibrium condition
The presence of lands
The presence of Coriolis effect
Dynamical tide theory are introduced to accommodate
these facts in the explanation of ocean and coastal
tidal phenomena
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Starts to be developed ca. XVIII Century by some scientists
and mathematicians such as Bernoulli, Euler and Laplace.
The dynamical theory of tide is considering:
Coastal Shapes
Coriolis Force
Inertial Forces
Seafloor Frictions
AMPHIDROMIC SYSTEMS
Amphidromic point
Co-tidal lines
Co-range lines
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Dynamical Theory of Tide
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey
Conclusions
• Equilibrium theory explains
• spring neap tide series
• diurnal, semidiurnal and mixed semidiurnal tides
• Dynamical theory explains
• rotary motion of tides
• why coastal regions experience larger tides than
open ocean regions
Dr. rer. nat. Wiwin Windupranata
Hydrographic Science and Engineering Working Group
Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology, Bandung
tides
gd3208 coastal environmental survey