THE REPRESENTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENT: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD
DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENT:
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Department of English Education of Faculty of Language
and Arts Education of Indonesia University of Education as a Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree
By
Riestia Handayani
0902434
Department of English Education
Faculty of Language and Arts Department
Indonesia University of Education
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THE REPRESENTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD
DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENT:
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
Oleh Riestia Handayani
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Riestia Handayani 2014 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Juni 2014
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENT:
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN ONLINE NEWSPAPERS
Written by:
Riestia Handayani 0902434
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum NIP. 196706091994031003 NIP. 198110242005012001
The Head Department of English Education Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M. Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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Riestia Handayani,2014
THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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ABSTRACT
“The Representation of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi on His Controversial Statement:
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers”
Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. Co-Supervisor: R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum
This present research examined the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi concerning his controversial statement as evidenced in Indonesian Online Newspapers by using Sociosemantic approach from van Leeuwen (2008). This research employed descriptive qualitative method to describe the representation and its significance. The collected data were 6 online articles taken from Detik,
Kompas, and Tribunnews. The data were analyzed in the unit of words, phrases,
and sentences to reveal the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi concerning his controversial statement. This research disclosed that, according to the text, Muhammad Daming Sunusi was represented as the one who should be responsible of his statement and he was also represented in a negative way since his case was considered as an insult to the rape victims. Hence, by sociosemantic and context analysis, the research revealed that Detik, Kompas, and
Tribunnewshad the same pattern and thought in representing Muhammad Daming
Sunusi.
Key words: critical discourse analysis, sociosemantic, van Leeuwen, representation, Muhammad Daming Sunusi
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Riestia Handayani,2014
THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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ABSTRAK
“The Representation of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi on His Controversial Statement:
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers”
Pembimbing 1: Prof. Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M.A. Pembimbing 2: R. Dian Dia-an Muniroh, S.Pd., M.Hum
Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai representasi Hakim Muhammad Daming Sunusi terkait pernyataan kontroversialnya yang tertera pada koran-koran online Indonesia dengan menggunakan pendekatan teori Sociosemantic dari van Leeuwen (2008). Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi deskriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan representasi beserta signifikansinya. Data yang diambil merupakan 6 artikel online yang berasal dari koran online Detik, Kompas, dan Tribunnews. Data tersebut dianalisis dalam tahapan kata, frase, dan kalimat untuk membongkar representasi Muhammad Daming Sunusi terkait pernyataan kontroversialnya. Penelitian ini menyingkap bahwa Muhammad Daming Sunusi direpresentasikan sebagai satu-satunya orang yang harus bertanggungjawab terhadap pernyataannya dan juga direpresentasikan dengan penggambaran yang negatif karena kasusnya dianggap sebagai penghinaan terhadap korban pemerkosaan. Selain itu, dengan menggunakan Sociosemantic, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Detik, Kompas, dan Tribunnews menggunakan pola dan pemikiran yang sama dalam merepresentasikan Muhammad Daming Sunusi. Kata-kata kunci: analisis wacana kritis, sociosemantic, van Leeuwen, representasi, Muhammad Daming Sunusi
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Riestia Handayani,2014
THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introduction of the research which covers the background of the study, the reason for choosing the topic, research questions, the aim of the study, the scope of the study, research method, and the organization of the paper.
1.1Background of The Study
Nowadays, internet and information have structurally changed the way information is collected, transformed, and disseminated. It makes news media have undergone changes. Rafaeli et al (2008) stated that news media change from traditional modes by adapting and innovating conventions. Further, traditional media such as newspapers shift into online environment through generating new genres. Thus, as Tandon (2009) stated that the online setting will replace the traditional modes in the future in order to accept transparency, responsiveness, and efficiency.
Currently, people can share news content easily in internet because internet becomes space where people can connect, communicate, and share everything easily. News content is not only articles, but also pictures and videos. However, people might not notice and realize that news has a function as a meaning-maker, because it is constructed socially, culturally, and ideologically.
News tends to be manipulated by some people to control over other people because news shapes publics opinions (Bonyadi, 2010). It may involve power abuse and reproduce inequality. There is also an opportunity to convey ideologies through the mass media. According to van Dijk (2006), manipulation is being exercised through text, talk, and visual messages.
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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Richardson (2007) also stated that newspaper discourse or the language use of newspapers makes a significant contribution to the production of social reality or social life.
Accordingly, a study on the language used by media is worth to be conducted. The way media represents social actor and action certainly is the main focus in this study. Beside representation, the signification of the representation from media can be analyzed through its language use.
Representation of the social actor in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has become one major point that has been investigated along the history of CDA. There are some previous studies related to different kinds of discourse, such as news (Bekalu, 2006; Connell, 1998; Erjavec, 2004), speeches (Post, 2009; Wang, 2010), reports (Wenden, 2005), and press conference (Bhatia, 2006) in social and political contexts. Those studies were also used Critical Discourse Analysis in examining the discourse.
Representation has also been investigated using Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) proposed by Halliday (2004) as a tool. SFG has several analytical tools, such as Thematization and Transitivity systems. These analytical tools are usually used in bigger frameworks, such as CDA.
Within this context, the present study aims to investigate the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi, the judge who claims that women enjoy being raped, in the six related articles taken from Indonesian online newspapers, i.e. Detik, Kompas, and Tribunnews. It explores the way the representation is realized in the text using sociosemantic approach introduced by van Leeuwen (2008). Furthermore, the inclusion-exclusion relation of social actor becomes the center of the analysis to see the representation in the text and reveal the signification of the representation in the news.
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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1.2Reason for Choosing the Topic
Muhammad Daming Sunusi (Daming) is a judge who serves as Head of the Banjarmasin High Court. In early 2013, he ran for Supreme Court Justice. Then, on 14th January 2013, he attended fit and proper test forum in Parliament, Senayan, Jakarta. It is an interview for Supreme Court Justice Candidates.
Daming gave a controversial statement when he was asked of the punishment for the sexual abusers whether they have to be punished to death or not. He answered that it is not needed because women also enjoy being rapped. His statement made people there so surprised and angry. Because of his controversial statement, media blew it up for several weeks.
Daming‟s case is an instance which reflects the strategic function of media. It is “the ability of its holders to exact compliance or obedience of other individuals to their will.” (Bullock & Trombley, 1999 as cited in Bayram, 2010). Because of the case, Daming decided to resign from court because the urges from people through their comments, which also appeared in media.
1.3Research Question
This research is carried out to answer the following questions:
1. How is Muhammad Daming Sunusi represented in three Indonesian online newspapers?
2. What does the representation signify?
1.4Aims of Study
The purposes of this study are:
a. To reveal the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi in seven Indonesian online newspapers.
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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1.5Scope of Study
The present study investigates only the representation of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi in the news and the signification of representation revealed from the analysis. This study focuses on the relation of inclusion-exclusion in the text to reveal the representation. This study uses six related articles of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi who said women “enjoy being raped” taken from three Indonesian online newspapers. The six news reports were selected because the articles were the most frequently accessed by readers, which reach more than 3000 viewers. It is seen as the articles are at the top of the Google search engine. The online newspapers are also the national online newspapers.
1.6Significance of Study
This study is expected to describe how Muhammad Daming Sunusi is represented as a social actor in three Indonesian online newspapers and to reveal the signification of the representation in the news. Hopefully this study can give more contribution and information.
1.7Research Methodology 1.7.1. Research Design
The present study uses a descriptive qualitative data analysis. The study investigates the way social actor is represented in the news. Then, the study reveals the signification of the representation in the news. “Qualitative data analysis is a very personal process with few rigid rules and procedures” (Kumar, 2005) and the data were obtained from several sources (Emilia, 2008). Qualitative research aims to explore, discover,
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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understand or describe phenomena that have already been identified but are not well understood. This research employs Theo van Leeuwen‟s approach to CDA as the main tool to examine the representation of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi in a news article. Critical discourse analysis is an approach to explore the connection between the use of language and the social and political context in which it occurs. The aim of critical approach to discourse analysis is to help reveal some of these hidden and „often out of sight‟ values, position, and perspectives (Paltridge, 2006). Thus, Halliday‟s transitivity is used as a tool to examine the representation and its signifcation.
1.7.2. Data Collection
To answer the research questions of the representation of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi who said women “enjoy being raped” in fit and proper test on January 14th, 2013, the articles collected are six related articles of him taken from three Indonesian online newspapers. The online newspapers are Detik, Kompas, and Tribunnew. The online newspapers selected are also the national online newspapers which have higher probability to be accessed by Indonesian people everywhere, not only in one region. It can be seen from survey of Top Indonesian Sites conducting by Alexa in 2013 (alexa.com) as Top 3 Indonesian Online Newspapers. The articles were written on January 15th, 2013.Table 1.1 presents the collected articles and the sources.
Table 1.1 The source of six related articles selected
No News Articles Source
1. “Permintaan Maaf Lengkap Daming Soal „Pemerkosa & Korban Saling Menikmati”
Detik taken from:
http://www.detik.com/news/rea d/2013/01/15/142644/2142659/
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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10/2/permintaan-maaf- lengkap-daming-soal- pemerkosa--korban-saling-menikmati
2. “Gaji Rp 45 Juta, Daming „Pemerkosa & Korban Saling Menikmati‟ Lukai Rakyat”
Detik taken from:
http://www.detik.com/news/rea d/2013/01/15/083351/2142203/ 10/
3. “Bercanda soal Pemerkosaan, Daming Tak Layak Jadi Hakim Agung”
Kompas taken from:
http://www.nasional.kompas.co m/read/2013/01/15/09101459/ Bercanda.soal.Pemerkosaan.D aming.Tak.Layak.Jadi.Hakim. Agung
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 4. “Candakan Pemerkosaan,
Daming Dianggap Dangkal Nurani”
Kompas taken from:
http://www.nasional.kompas.co m/read/2013/01/15/09264092/ Candakan.Pemerkosaan.Dami ng.Dianggap.Dangkal.Nurani
5. “Muhammad Daming Sunusi: Saya Memohon Maaf Sebesar-besarnya”
Tribun News taken from: http://www.tribunnews.com/na sional/2013/01/15/muhammad- daming-sunusi-saya-memohon-maaf-sebesar-besarnya
6. “Calon Hakim Agung Daming
Sunusi Dimarahi Istri” Tribun News taken from:
http://www.tribunnews.com/na sional/2013/01/15/daming-sunusi-dimarahi-istri
1.7.3. Data Analysis
To answer the research questions of the representation of the Judge Muhammad Daming Sunusi concerning his controversial statement in seven related Indonesian online newspapers, the present study uses Theo van Leeuwen approach of representing social actor to CDA. Several steps have been taken in doing the analysis. The collecting data in the form of articles are broken down into clauses. It is conducted to reveal the social actors included in the text. The next step is categorizing the social actors in each clause. Those steps become the foundation to reveal how the social actor is represented in the texts. Then, it moves to the analysis of the categorization of social actor based on the social actor network proposed by van Leeuwen (2008). It reveals the role of the participants in the clauses. The last step is to conclude from each clause how the social actor, Muhammad Daming Sunusi, is represented in the text.
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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1.8Organization of the Paper
This research is organized in five chapters. The first chapter presents an introduction; it includes the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, a brief explanation of research methodology, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper. Then, it is continued by the second chapter, which presents the Theoretical Framework. It explains the theories and concepts that are used in this study. The third chapter contains Research Method. It elaborates the research design, data collection, and data analysis. The fourth chapter presents Findings and Discussion of the study. Then the last is the fifth chapter, it contains Conclusion and Suggestion of the results, the answer of research questions and several suggestions for future study.
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents the conclusion and suggestion of the present study. The first section presents the conclusion of the present study. Then, the second section presents some suggestions for further study.
5.1 Conclusion
The present study investigated the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi concerning his controversial statement in the three online newspapers. It aims to reveal the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi as well as the ideology underlying the representation.
The present study revealed that the three online newspapers tended to have the same pattern in representing Muhammad Daming Sunusi and the same values behind the representation. For the case of an insult of the rape victims, Muhammad Daming Sunusi was represented more explicitly rather than implicitly. It was realized through the use of inclusion which had the most emerging frequency than the use of exclusion. Also, he was represented through the negative ways which can be seen from the words choice of the authors, for an instance melukai (hurt), tidak meloloskan (not allow), tidak memilih (not vote),
tidak mempunyai (not have), and menuai kecaman (drew criticism). In addition,
he was represented as the one who had to be responsible by his own action which had hurt public, especially the rape victims. It was realized by the use of personalization and the role allocation of activation which had the most emerging frequency.
Since Detik, Kompas, and Tribun used the same pattern of the representation of Muhammad Daming Sunusi, the values used was also equal.
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There were two values identified from the text, i.e. Partiality and Democracy. The two values had the same influence in representing Muhammad Daming Sunusi which led to represent him in the negative ways.
Based on the finding of the present study, it can be concluded that representation of social actor is an important part of CDA since it examines the transformation of social practice into text which cannot be separated with power, critique, and ideology (see Wodak and Meyer, 2009). In representing social actor in the text, inclusion and exclusion strategy can be utilized since the strategy can reveal the way the social actors are treated in a text. Also, representation can be used to interpret ideology in the text since the aim of CDA itself is to help reveal some hidden and often out of sight values, positions, and perspectives (see Paltridge, 2006).
5.2 Suggestion for Further Studies
The present study is far from being perfect so that I would like to recommend several suggestions that might be useful for further studies. First, since the present study only explored the representation from one aspect of social practice i.e. social actor, further studies are recommended to include other aspects of social practice such as action, times, and location so that the analysis of representation will be more comprehensive. Second, since this study only employed one approach of critical discourse analysis, further studies are recommended to combine several approaches of CDA from different scholars such as discourse historical approach to gain more comprehensive analysis.
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THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
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There were two values identified from the text, i.e. Partiality and Democracy. The two values had the same influence in representing Muhammad Daming Sunusi which led to represent him in the negative ways.
Based on the finding of the present study, it can be concluded that representation of social actor is an important part of CDA since it examines the transformation of social practice into text which cannot be separated with power, critique, and ideology (see Wodak and Meyer, 2009). In representing social actor in the text, inclusion and exclusion strategy can be utilized since the strategy can reveal the way the social actors are treated in a text. Also, representation can be used to interpret ideology in the text since the aim of CDA itself is to help reveal some hidden and often out of sight values, positions, and perspectives (see Paltridge, 2006).
5.2 Suggestion for Further Studies
The present study is far from being perfect so that I would like to recommend several suggestions that might be useful for further studies. First, since the present study only explored the representation from one aspect of social practice i.e. social actor, further studies are recommended to include other aspects of social practice such as action, times, and location so that the analysis of representation will be more comprehensive. Second, since this study only employed one approach of critical discourse analysis, further studies are recommended to combine several approaches of CDA from different scholars such as discourse historical approach to gain more comprehensive analysis.
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Riestia Handayani,2014
THE REPRESETNTATION OF THE JUDGE MUHAMMAD DAMING SUNUSI ON HIS CONTROVERISAL STATEMENT: Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Online Newspapers
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu REFERENCES
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