THE LEGITIMATION CONSTRUCTION IN REGENT OF GARUT’S STATEMENTS ON HIS UNREGISTERED MARRIAGE: A Critical Discourse Analysis.
Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
THE LEGITIMATION CONSTRUCTION IN REGENT OF GARUT’S
STATEMENTS ON HIS UNREGISTERED MARRIAGE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
A Research Paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Sarjana Sastra degree
Prita Annisa Utami
0902542
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
The Legitimation Construction in
Regent of Garut Statements on His
Unregistered Marriage: A Critical
Discourse Analysis
Oleh Prita Annisa Utami
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Prita Annisa Utami 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Desember 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
LEGITIMATION CONSTRUCTION IN REGENT OF GARUT’S
STATEMENTS ON HIS UNREGISTERED MARRIAGE: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
A Research Paper Written by: Prita Annisa Utami
0902542 Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed.
NIP.196611271993031002
NIP.198105252005011002
The Head of English Education Department Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP.19621101198712100
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK
“Konstruksi Legitimasi dalam Pernyataan Bupati Garut Terkait Pernikahan Sirinya: Analisis Wacana Kritis”
Pembimbing I: Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Pembimbing II: Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed.
Legitimasi merupakan salah satu bentuk tindakan sosial yang sering dilakukan meskipun mungkin kurang diketahui oleh banyak orang. Penelitian ini meneliti konstruksi legitimasi oleh Bupati Garut dan juga ideologi yang mendasari legitimasi tersebut dengan menggunakan kerangka teori van Leeuwen (2008) mengenai konstruksi legitimasi diskursif di bawah studi Analisis Wacana Kritis. Metode penelitian dalam studi ini sebagian besar kualitatif, namun beberapa kuantifikasi digunakan untuk mendukung deskripsi. Data dikumpulkan dalam bentuk pernyataan yang disampaikan oleh Bupati Garut terkait pernikahan sirinya dengan seorang gadis, lalu dianalisis per-klausa untuk mengungkapkan konstruksi legitimasi yang muncul di dalam teks. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa dari empat jenis legitimasi yang dikemukakan oleh van Leeuwen (2008), hanya tiga jenis legitimasi yang muncul di dalam teks, yaitu rationalization (44,44%), authorization (44,44%), dan moral
evaluation (11,11%). Tindakan Bupati Garut yang direpresentasikan di dalam teks sangat
kuat dilegitimasi melalui penjelasan logis untuk mendukung pernikahan sirinya, didukung dengan mengacu pada status yang lebih tinggi sebagai dasar tindakan, juga mengacu pada nilai moral kemanusiaan untuk menghindari perzinahan. Ideologi yang mendasari legitimasi adalah feodalisme dan maskulinisme .
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRACT
“Legitimation Construction in Regent of Garut’s Statements on His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis”
Main Supervisor: Iwa Lukmana, M.A., Ph.D. Co-Supervisor: Riesky, S.Pd., M.Ed.
Legitimiation is one form of the social actions which is often done even though it is probably less recognized. The present study examines the legitimation construction by the Regent of Garut and also the ideologies underlying the legitimation. It uses van Leeuwen’s (2008) framework regarding discursive construction of legitimation under the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis. This study is largely qualitative, but some quantification is employed to support the description. The collected data are in the form of statements delivered by Regent of Garut related to his unregistered marriage to a young girl. The data are analyzed in the unit of clause to reveal the legitimation construction in the texts. This study finds that from four major types of legitimation asserted by van Leeuwen (2008), only three types of legitimation are evidenced in the texts, i.e. rationalization (44.44%), authorization (44.44%), and moral evaluation (11.11%). Hence, the Regent of Garut’s actions in the texts are strongly legitimized through the logical explanation to support the unregistered marriage, supported by referring to high status as the basis of the actions, and the reference to moral value of humanity to avoid adultery. The ideologies underlying the legitimation are feudalism and masculinism.
Key words: critical discourse analysis, legitimation, regent of Garut, unregistered marriage, ideology.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page of Approval ………... i
Statement of Authorization ………... ii
Preface ………... iii
Acknowledgment ……….... iv
Abstract ……….... v
Table of Contents ……….... vi
List of Tables ... ix
List of Figures ……….... x
List of Appendices ………..... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………..... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ………... 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ………... 3
1.3 Aims of the Study ………... 3
1.4 Scope of the Study ………... 4
1.5 Significance of the Study ………... 4
1.6 Research Methodology ………... 4
1.7 Clarification of the Terms ………... 5
1.8. Organization of the Paper ... . 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ………....... 7
2.1 Text, Discourse, and Discourse Analysis ………... 7
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.3 Legitimation and Ideology ………... 11
2.3.1 Feudalism ………... 12
2.3.2 Masculinism ………... 13
2.4 Van Leeuwen’s Framework on Discoursive Construction of Legitimation ... ... 13
2.4.1 Authorization ... ... 14
2.4.2 Moral Evaluation ... 17
2.4.3 Rationalization ... 19
2.4.4 Mythopoesis ... 21
2.4 Previous Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis on Legitimation ... 22
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ………..... 23
3.1 Research Design ………... 23
3.2 Data Collection ………... 23
3.3 Data Analysis ………... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ………... 25
4.1 The Legitimation Construction in Regent of Garut’s Statement ……... 25
4.1.1 General Findings ………... 25
4.1.2 Rationalization ………... 26
4.1.3 Authorization ………... 28
4.1.4 Moral Evaluation ………... 29
4.2. Trends in the Use of Legitimation Types ... 31
4.3. Ideology of Regent of Garut ………... 33
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.1 Conclusions ………... 34 5.2 Suggestions ………... 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of problems, aims of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, clarification of terms, and organization of the paper.
I.1. Background of the Study
Unregistered marriage raises issues that are often discussed in Indonesia. The discussion among people deals with the different responses from those who agree and disagree with unregistered marriage. Several people who agree with this marriage consider it proper to perform, while others who disagree consider it improper to do.
In terms of religion, unregistered marriage is considered legal to perform as it is recorded in Islamic religious law. Whoever is doing it, he is not going to be sanctioned by religion as long as the marriage is conducted in accordance with the terms of Islam; where there is a witness and a guardian to the marriage.
From a legal standpoint, unregistered marriage is deemed invalid or illegal, because it is not recorded by the state law. Unlike the registered marriage which is performed and recorded in the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA); the marriage will directly be recorded the marital status in the state law.
There is also the social aspect that makes people disagree with unregistered marriage. It is often performed secretly because the legal status is not recorded. This status is abused by several people, therefore they tend to perform the marriage more than once without legal marital status. It is considered as being detrimental to the woman.
Unregistered marriages abuse committed by certain people, occurs in the case of unregistered marriage of Regent of Garut, Aceng Fikri (AF), which
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
conducted unregistered marriage in late 2012. He married a girl then divorced her after four days of marriage. Case involving AF makes himself resign from office as he was considered as a public figure who is not exemplary because of his offense.
As the news spread about the unregistered marriage of AF, he was questioned by some media associated with his marriage. Based on most innocent people’s opinion in general, AF tends to defend himself and did not plead guilty to the offense he did. According to van Leeuwen (2008) defensive effort over something is categorized as a legitimate strategy.
AF’s scandal is an instance that reflects social action described by a discourse. As what van Leeuwen (2008) said that a discourse is a way to describe social practice and it can also legitimize or delegitimize certain action of actors in the social practice and in certain context. Recalling the case of AF, he tends to justify his action, in other words, to legitimize his action through the interview taken.
Accordingly, a study on legitimation put by social actor is worth undertaken. How social actor legitimizes an action in certain ways is the main focus of this study. Besides legitimation, ideologies of the social actor are also observed by analyzing its language use.
There have been studies conducted within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that focus on the issue of legitimation in discourse. In economic issues, Cho (2007) analyzed legitimation strategies used in response to
environmental disaster in a French case study of Total S.A.’s (one of the largest
integrated oil and gas companies in the world) Erika (tanker) and AZF (Azote de
France, which means nitrogen fertilizer) incidents based on historical, attitudinal,
and behavioral issues. It first analyzes the measure of disclosure through the change in volume of annual report, the number of press releases related to incident
based on Total’s internet website and also interview. In political issues, Van Leeuwen and Wodak (1999) analyzed the legitimation strategies used by Austrian
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
authority in legitimizing immigrant control by using discourse-historical approach, which includes some elements of representation of social practice, then the study divides the social practices into some category of legitimation and intertextualities. Reyes (2011) explained specific linguistic ways in which language represents an instrument of control and manifests symbolic power in discourse and society; it also develops and proposes some key strategies of legitimization employed by social actors to justify courses of action.
The present study attempts to investigate the legitimation construction by Regent of Garut in his statements in an interview related to his unregistered marriage. This study employs framework of discursive construction proposed by van Leeuwen (2008) and the legitimation will be identified based on four categories of legitimation by Leeuwen (2008), which are authorization, moral evaluation, rationalization, and mythopoesis. Besides legitimation, ideologies of the social actor will also be identified through the language use.
I.2. Statement of Problems
The problem of the present study is formulated in the following research questions:
1. What types of legitimation are used in Regent of Garut’s statement in an interview related to his short and unregistered marriage? 2. What are the ideologies underlying the legitimation?
I.3. Aims of the Study
This study is conducted to reveal the types of legitimation used in Regent of
Garut’s statement in an interview related to his short and unregistered marriage,
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
I.4. Scope of the Study
This study analyzes the use of legitimation construction in statements stated by Regent of Garut related to his short and unregistered marriage and how Regent of Garut legitimized his action through an interview taken by one of TV
programs. This study will use van Leeuwen’s framework of discursive construction of legitimation (2008) and the linguistic realizations of the action. They are used to answer the research questions of this study.
1.5. Significance of the Study
This study is expected to analyze how an important person, in this case Regent of Garut, legitimizes his action through an interview taken by one of TV program.
1.6. Research Methodology
This study will employ a CDA framework by Theo van Leeuwen about legitimation construction. It will analyse the types of legitimation which appear in the interview, then it will find out the ideology of Regent of Garut through the types of legitimation appeared. This research will use a qualitative approach to achieve the aims of the study. It is because the study involves an empirical data material, in this case is an interview (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994 in Klenke, 2008), then the study approaches to a research with analyzing data (Prasad and Prasad, 2002 in Klenke, 2008). The quantitative data will also be used in the study, because there will be some statistical mode to know the trends of legitimation construction used in the text.
The data collected are statements from Regent of Garut in an interview in one of TV news program. All the statements in the interview are related to his short and unregistered marriage with a girl which has spread in many mass media.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
This study employs the CDA framework to analyze the statements from Regent of Garut. The analysis will begin with the identification of the statements regarding his legitimation in his short and unregistered marriage (action). It will be followed by the classification of legitimation construction; then, the classification will be measured to identify trends in the use of legitimation construction. Then, the ideologies are obtained by inferring the legitimation.
I.7. Clarification of the Terms
To avoid misconception and misunderstanding, there are some significant terms which have to be clarified here:
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
CDA criticizes some forms of domination and how the function of language constitutes and conveys certain knowledge, organizes social institutions or exercises power (Graham, 2002; Lemke, 2002; Martin and Wodak, 2003 in Wodak and Meyer, 2009). In this study, CDA is used as a tool to criticize how powerful person exercises his power to legitimize social action.
Legitimation
According to van Leeuwen (2008) legitimation refers to the way social practice is made to be reasonable by certain people. In this study, legitimation construction proposed by van Leeuwen is used to reveal how certain social practice is legitimized by certain people, in this case is a powerful person.
Regent
Regent is a person or group of persons selected to act as head of state (Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, 2013). In this study, the Regent is a person as a head of Garut and a representation of Garut.
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The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
I.8. Organization of the Paper
This paper is organized in five chapters where each chapter contains subtopics which give detailed explanation of the information written. The first chapter, Introduction, includes background of the study, statement of problems, aims of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, clarification of key terms, and organization of paper. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework relevant to the present study. The third chapter, Research Methodology, explains the procedures taken in conducting the study. In the fourth chapter, the finding and discussion of this study are presented. The fifth chapter of the paper concludes the present study and offers some suggestions.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the methodology used in conducting this study. As presented in Chapter I, the present study examines two research problems, i.e. (1) the types of legitimation used in the statements of Regent of Garut, (2) ideologies underlying the legitimation. The following sections outline how the problems are to be answered, including the research design, data collection, and data analysis. 3.1. Research design
This study employs the analytical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It uses descriptive qualitative method. It is chosen because the data are in the form of words rather than numbers. The qualitative method consists of the investigation of elements in the texts (Cresswell, 2008) but some quantification is employed to support the description. Van Leeuwen’s (2008) notion of discursive construction of legitimation under the framework of CDA has been used to investigate the types of legitimation used in the texts.
3.2. Data Collection
The data used in this study are in the form of statements from the Regent of Garut, Aceng Fikri (AF), related to his unregistered marriage, at the end of 2012. The statements have been chosen because they can show the ways Regent of Garut legitimizes his action in performing unregistered marriage.
There are statements in the form of interview delivered by Regent of Garut regarding his unregistered marriage to a young woman. The statements were taken from youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7y01XffG0Ks,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfV4XMhEUrA, and
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
three video are series of interviews recorded separately, because a single video of the interview was not found. Those statements are delivered after the issue of his unregistered marriage to a young woman which only lasts for four days. The statements were delivered in 2012 in one of TV news program.
3.3Data analysis
The collected data are analyzed using Van Leeuwen’s (2008) framework on discursive construction of legitimation as an approach within CDA. The analysis focuses on the types of legitimation used to legitimize the unregistered marriage of Regent of Garut and the ideologies undelying the legitimation. In conducting the investigation, the following steps have been taken: reading the texts closely, in order to gain comprehensive understanding of the issues raised in the texts; identifying the legitimation construction according to van Leeuwen (2008) in the clauses; classifying the types of legitimation in the texts; quantifying the occurence of the types of legitimation and making interpretation from the trend; and the last, drawing conclusion based on the result of analysis.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusion of the present study based on the analysis and the findings previously presented in Chapter IV. It also offers suggestions for future studies.
5.1 Conclusion
This study examines the legitimation construction used by the Regent of Garut, and the ideologies underlying the legitimation in his statements. It is found that rationalization and authorization are the legitimation constructions that occur most frequently in the text, followed by moral evaluation. While the ideologies found are feudalism and masculinism.
Legitimation has become an element of political practice that can be used to strengthen the actions and the ideology of particular people. Legitimation is potentially analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) because CDA concerns power relation and ideology; and legitimation is an attempt to negotiate power and reveal ideologies. Legitimation constructions as part of CDA are used to legitimize particular actions in discourse. The legitimation construction used in different discourses might vary, depending on the issues in the discourses and the actions which are legitimized in the discourses.
The various legitimation constructions found in the texts are helpful for the examination of representation in discourse. By knowing the reasons behind an action (i.e. the legitimation), the analysis of representation can be deepened, and
the CDA’s interest to uncover the hidden messages in a discourse can be fulfilled. This study, therefore, confirms that CDA can be used to analyze discourse in relation to social concerns. Fairclough (2010) argues that basically social theory has important insights to language and discourse studies, but the social analysts failed to operate their theorization of language to show the significance of
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
language use in social life. Thus, CDA offers social analysts an analytical procedure that can contribute to the development of both linguistic and social theories.
5.2 Suggestions
The present study is relatively simple in which it focuses to examine the legitimation construction used in political data. For future studies, the analysis can be deepened by examining other aspects of representation which are also potentially analyzed, e.g. space, time, purpose, etc.
This study uses political discourse which is in the form of interview as the data to be analyzed. For future studies, the analysis might use other types of texts such as multimodal texts. The investigation of legitimation in multimodal texts can result a deeper analysis by viewing not only the use of words in the texts but also by viewing the pictures or symbols presented in the texts to support the justification. It can enrich the analysis of representation in CDA where the analysis is not only relying on words usage, but also supported by the analysis of pictures or symbols presented in the texts.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Alba-Juez, L. (2009). Perspectives on Discourse Analysis: Theory and Practice. Newscastle: Cambridge Scholar Publishing.
Brown, E. A. R. (1974). The Tyranny of Construct: Feudalism and Historians of
Medieval Europe. Chicago: The American Historical Review,
1063-1088.
Bunnin, N. & Yu, J. (2004). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
Cho, C. H. (2007). Legitimation Strategies Used in Response to Environmental Disaster: a French Case Study of Total S.A.’s Erika and AZF Incidents.
Canada: Concordia University.
Chris & Livesey. (2011). The Mass Media: Defining The Mass Media. Retrieved from http://www.sociology.org.uk/media_defined.pdf
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches. London: SAGE Publications.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Media Discourse. London: Arnold. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, N. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of
Language. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
Habermas, J. (1980). Legitimation Crisis. London: Heinemann.
Klenke, K. (2008). Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
Paltridge, B. (2006). Discourse Analysis: An Introduction. London: Continuum. Reyes, A. (2011). Strategies of legitimization in political discourse: From words
to actions. Discourse & Society, 781-807.
Van Dijk, T. A. (n.d.). The Mass Media Today. Retrieved from http://www.discourses.org/OldArticles/The%20mass%20media%20today .pdf
Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: SAGE Publications.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2008). Discourse and Power. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Van Leeuwen, T. & Wodak, R. (1999). Legitimizing Immigration Control: A
Discourse-Historical Analysis. Discourse Studies , 83-118.
Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. (2013, January 02). Retrieved January 12,
2013, from Wikipedia.org:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_(government)
Wodak, R. & Busch, B. Handbook of Media Studies. London: SAGE, 105-121. Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London:
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the methodology used in conducting this study. As presented in Chapter I, the present study examines two research problems, i.e. (1) the types of legitimation used in the statements of Regent of Garut, (2) ideologies underlying the legitimation. The following sections outline how the problems are to be answered, including the research design, data collection, and data analysis.
3.1. Research design
This study employs the analytical framework of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It uses descriptive qualitative method. It is chosen because the data are in the form of words rather than numbers. The qualitative method consists of the investigation of elements in the texts (Cresswell, 2008) but some quantification is employed to support the description. Van Leeuwen’s (2008) notion of discursive construction of legitimation under the framework of CDA has been used to investigate the types of legitimation used in the texts.
3.2. Data Collection
The data used in this study are in the form of statements from the Regent of Garut, Aceng Fikri (AF), related to his unregistered marriage, at the end of 2012. The statements have been chosen because they can show the ways Regent of Garut legitimizes his action in performing unregistered marriage.
There are statements in the form of interview delivered by Regent of Garut regarding his unregistered marriage to a young woman. The statements were taken from youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7y01XffG0Ks,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfV4XMhEUrA, and
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
three video are series of interviews recorded separately, because a single video of the interview was not found. Those statements are delivered after the issue of his unregistered marriage to a young woman which only lasts for four days. The statements were delivered in 2012 in one of TV news program.
3.3Data analysis
The collected data are analyzed using Van Leeuwen’s (2008) framework on discursive construction of legitimation as an approach within CDA. The analysis focuses on the types of legitimation used to legitimize the unregistered marriage of Regent of Garut and the ideologies undelying the legitimation. In conducting the investigation, the following steps have been taken: reading the texts closely, in order to gain comprehensive understanding of the issues raised in the texts; identifying the legitimation construction according to van Leeuwen (2008) in the clauses; classifying the types of legitimation in the texts; quantifying the occurence of the types of legitimation and making interpretation from the trend; and the last, drawing conclusion based on the result of analysis.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter presents the conclusion of the present study based on the analysis and the findings previously presented in Chapter IV. It also offers suggestions for future studies.
5.1 Conclusion
This study examines the legitimation construction used by the Regent of Garut, and the ideologies underlying the legitimation in his statements. It is found that rationalization and authorization are the legitimation constructions that occur most frequently in the text, followed by moral evaluation. While the ideologies found are feudalism and masculinism.
Legitimation has become an element of political practice that can be used to strengthen the actions and the ideology of particular people. Legitimation is potentially analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) because CDA concerns power relation and ideology; and legitimation is an attempt to negotiate power and reveal ideologies. Legitimation constructions as part of CDA are used to legitimize particular actions in discourse. The legitimation construction used in different discourses might vary, depending on the issues in the discourses and the actions which are legitimized in the discourses.
The various legitimation constructions found in the texts are helpful for the examination of representation in discourse. By knowing the reasons behind an action (i.e. the legitimation), the analysis of representation can be deepened, and
the CDA’s interest to uncover the hidden messages in a discourse can be fulfilled.
This study, therefore, confirms that CDA can be used to analyze discourse in relation to social concerns. Fairclough (2010) argues that basically social theory has important insights to language and discourse studies, but the social analysts failed to operate their theorization of language to show the significance of
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
language use in social life. Thus, CDA offers social analysts an analytical procedure that can contribute to the development of both linguistic and social theories.
5.2 Suggestions
The present study is relatively simple in which it focuses to examine the legitimation construction used in political data. For future studies, the analysis can be deepened by examining other aspects of representation which are also potentially analyzed, e.g. space, time, purpose, etc.
This study uses political discourse which is in the form of interview as the data to be analyzed. For future studies, the analysis might use other types of texts such as multimodal texts. The investigation of legitimation in multimodal texts can result a deeper analysis by viewing not only the use of words in the texts but also by viewing the pictures or symbols presented in the texts to support the justification. It can enrich the analysis of representation in CDA where the analysis is not only relying on words usage, but also supported by the analysis of pictures or symbols presented in the texts.
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Prita Annisa Utami, 2014
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The Legitimation Construction In Regent Of Garut’s Statements On His Unregistered Marriage: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | Repository.upi.edu | Perpustakaan.upi.edu
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