An analysis on Remi`s motivation to find his parents as seen in Hector Malot`s Nobody`s Boy.

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AN ANALYSIS ON REMI’S MOTIVATION TO FIND
HIS PARENTS AS SEEN IN HECTOR MALOT’S
NOBODY’S BOY
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By
Isaac Jogues Danny Permana
Student Number: 061214107

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2013

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AN ANALYSIS ON REMI’S MOTIVATION TO FIND
HIS PARENTS AS SEEN IN HECTOR MALOT’S
NOBODY’S BOY
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education

By

Isaac Jogues Danny Permana
Student Number: 061214107

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2013
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“A room without books is like a body
without a soul.”
― Marcus Tullius Cicero

“In three words I can sum up everything

I've learned about life: it goes on.”
― Robert Frost

“All that is gold does not glitter,
Not all those who wander are lost;
The old that is strong does not wither,
Deep roots are not reached by the frost.
From the ashes a fire shall be woken,
A light from the shadows shall spring;
Renewed shall be blade that was
broken,
The crownless again shall be king.”
― J.R.R. Tolkien,

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations, and the
references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, July 17th , 2013
The Writer

Isaac Jogues Danny Permana
061214107

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata
Dharma:
Nama
: Isaac Jogues Danny Permana
Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214107
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

AN ANALYSIS ON REMI’S MOTIVATION TO FIND HIS
PARENTS AS SEEN IN HECTOR MALOT’S NOBODY’S BOY
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Dengan demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 01 Juli 2013
Yang menyatakan

Isaac Jogues Danny Permana

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ABSTRACT

Permana, Isaac Jogues Danny. (2013). An analysis on Remi’s motivation to find
his parents as seen in Hector Malot’s Nobody’s boy. Yogyakarta: English
Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty
of Teachers Training Education, Sanata Dharma University.
People in the world will always have goals in their life. Those people will
have the same chance with other people in the world to fulfill those goals. One
thing that differenciates them is the motivation to reach their goals. Motivation
plays an important role in reaching the goals. This phenomenon can be seen in
Hector Malot’s Nobody’s Boy. It is interesting to find out the motive behind
Remi’s decision to find his parents after years of separation.
This study has two formulated problems. The first is how Remi is
described in the novel. The second is what motivate Remi to find his parents.
The method of this study was library research. The novel Nobody’s boy by
Hector Malot became the primary source of this study. Meanwhile, the secondary
sources were taken from several printed books and electronic article that
supported the topic of the study. To answer the problems, the psychological
approach, theory of character, characterization, and theories of motivation were
applied.
Based on this study, the answer to the first problem is that Remi is
described as a weak, dependent, handsome, brave, uneducated, friendly and

obedient boy based on Remi’s personal description, speech, reaction and thought
inside the novel.
Based on Reversal Theory by Michael J. Apter, Remi’s motivation to find
his parents belong to two domain and one basic state. The first domain is
Relationships: in this domain Remi’s motivation belong to Autic state.
Furthermore, Relationship domain is affected by two states. On this level,
Remi’s motivation belong to Autocentric. Remi’s action are intended to seek
pleasure for himself.
The second domain is Means-end: in this domain Remi’s motivation
belong to Telic state based on the fact that his act are triggered by future goals and
achievement that he can reach by commiting some action.
This study also provides two suggestions for further researchers who use
the same novel. The future researchers may analyze the minor character that help
the main character in shaping his personality. They can also analyze the struggle
that Remi has to face in finding his parents.
Keywords:

motivation, love, relationship, French

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ABSTRAK
Permana, Isaac Jogues Danny. (2013). An analysis on Remi’s motivation to find
his parents as seen in Hector Malot’s Nobody’s boy. Yogyakarta: Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas
Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma
Setiap orang di dunia selalu memiliki tujuan hidup mereka masing-masing.
Setiap orang memilik kesempatan yang sama untuk mewujudkan tujuan hidup
mereka. Satu-satunya hal yang membedakan adalah seberapa kuat motivasi yang
mereka punya untuk mewujudkan tujuan hidup mereka. Fenomena ini dapat
ditemui di dalam novel Hector Malot Nobody’s Boy. Motivasi dibalik keputusan
Remi untuk menemukan orangtuanya sangat menarik untuk dianalisa.
Studi ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang pertama

adalah bagaimana Remi dideskripsikan di dalam novel. Rumusan masalah yang
kedua adalah apa motivasi Remi untuk memutuskan mencari orang tua
kandungnya
Studi ini menerapkan studi pustaka. Novel yang berjudul Nobody’s Boy
karya Hector Malot merupakan sumber utama penelitian studi ini. Sementara itu,
sumber-sumber sekunder didapat dari buku-buku dan artikel internet yang
menunjang topik pembahasan. Studi ini menerapkan pendekatan psikologi, teori
karakter dan karakterisasi, dan teori motivasi untuk menjawab permasalahan yang
di a m bi l .
Berdasarkan studi yang telah diambil, hasil dari rumusan masalah yang
pertama adalah Remi memiliki sifat-sifat yaitu lemah, bergantung, tampan,
pemberani, tidak terpelajar, bersahabat, dan penurut. Sifat-sifat ini didapat melalui
perkataan, pemikiran, deskripsi pribadi dan reaksi Remi dalam menghadapi
masalah yang tertuang dalam novel ini.
Berdasarkan Reversal Theory dari Michael J. Apter, motivasi Remi untuk
menemukan orang tuanya termasuk dalam 2 domain dan 1 kondisi dasar. Domain
yang pertama adalah Relationship di mana motivasi Remi termasuk dalam kondisi
Autic.
Lebih jauh lagi, domain Relationship dipengaruhi oleh 2 kondisi. Pada
level ini motivasi Remi termasuk dalam kondisi Autocentric di mana tindakannya
di pengaruhi oleh kesenangan yang akan dia dapat.
Domain yang kedua adalah Means-end, di mana motivasi Remi termasuk
dalam kondisi Telic.
Studi ini juga memberi saran kepada peneliti selanjutnya yang juga
menggunakan novel yang sama. Peneliti selanjutnya dapat menganalisa karakterkarakter minor yang membantu karakter utama dalam membentuk
kepribadiannya. Peneliti selanjutnya juga dapat menganalisa perjuangan Remi
dalam menemukan orang tua kandungnya.
Kata kunci:

motivasi, cinta, hubungan, Prancis

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to thank my Lord Jesus Christ, who guides and
guards me through the accomplishment of this thesis. The lessons of life that are
portrayed through the working process of this thesis leads me to the meaning of
hard work and determination.
My deepest gratitude goes to my parents Ign. Bambang Mulyadi and D.M.
Kurniati, for the incredible guidance and advice in the process of making the
thesis. I would also like to give my biggest thank to both my sisters Wieda and
Irma who always forced me to return to the reality everytime I forgot my thesis.
I would like to address my gratefulness to Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y,
M.Hum. His unbelieveable patience for guiding me is something that I would
never forget. I would also give my appreciation to all the lecturers and staff in
English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University for the
unforgetable lessons, service, and moments during my study. Those great people
have contributed great lessons to my life.
I also give my thanks to all of my friends. First, I’d thank my SPD groups,
Deinza, Farida, Yeyen, Ruzna, Arum, Rika and Rina. They were never tired to
remind me of my thesis. Secondly, I’d like to thank all my friends in Sanata
Dharma University (Adit, Ika, Vena, Fajar, Bowo, Alex, and everyone that I
cannot mention). My deep gratitude especially goes to Yoseph and Evi who
always motivated and helped me in proofreading my thesis.
I also give my thanks to all the Gameloft employees with whom I have
spent my time during the process of making my thesis and who are always able to
change my mood when I am so bored with my thesis. I also give my grattitude to
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my supervisor, Aji Prasetyo who always gives me permission to leave the office
during the process of my thesis.

Isaac Jogues Danny Permana

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE

……………………………………………………

i

APPROVAL PAGES ……………………………………………………

ii

DEDICATION PAGE

iv

……………………………………………

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

……………………

v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI

……………………

vi

ABSTRACT

……………………………………………………

vii

ABSTRAK

……………………………………………………

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

……………………………………………

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

……………………………………………

xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

……………………………………

1

A Background of the study ……………………………………………

1

B Problem Formulation

4

……………………………………………

C The Objectives of the Study

……………………………………

4

D The Benefits of the Study

……………………………………

4

E Definition of Terms

……………………………………

5

1

Character

……………………………………………

5

2

Characterization

……………………………………………

6

3

Motivation

……………………………………………

6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A Review of Related Theory

…………….

7

……………………………………

7

1

Character

……………………………………………

7

2

Characterization

……………………………………………

8

a

Personal Description

……………………………………

b

Character as Seen by Another

c

9

……………………………

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Speech

……………………………………………

9

d

Past Life

……………………………………………

9

e

Conversation of Others

……………………………………
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f

Reactions

……………………………………………

9

g

Direct Comment ……………………………………………

10

h

Thought

……………………………………………

10

i

Mannerism

……………………………………………

10

……………………………………………

10

Motivation
a

b

4

Type of Motivation

……………………………………

11

1) Intrinsic Motivation ……………………………………

11

2) Extrinsic Motivation ……………………………………

11

Domain of Motivation

……………………………………

11

1) Means End

……………………………………………

11

2) R ul e s

……………………………………………

12

3) Transaction

……………………………………………

13

4) Relationship ……………………………………………

13

Hierarchy of Needs

……………………………………………

a

Psychological Needs

b

Safety Needs

c

Love or Belongingness Needs

d

Esteem Needs

e

Self Actualization

14

……………………………………

14

……………………………………………

14

……………………………

15

……………………………………………

15

……………………………………

15

Critical Approach

……………………………………………

16

B Teoritical Framework

……………………………………………

17

5

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

……………………………………

19

A Object of the Study

……………………………………………

19

B Approach of the Study

……………………………………………

20

C Method of the Study

……………………………………………

21

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

……………………………………

22

A The Description of Remi

……………………………………

22

1

Weak

……………………………………………

23

2

Dependent

……………………………………………

25

3

Handsome

……………………………………………

26

4

Brave

……………………………………………

27

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Uneducated

……………………………………………

30

6

Friendly

……………………………………………

31

7

Obedient

……………………………………………

32

B Remi’s Motivation to Find his Parents

……………………………

33

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS. 39
A Conclusions

……………………………………………………

39

B Implication

……………………………………………………

42

C Suggestion s

……………………………………………………

42

REFERENCES

……………………………………………………

44

APPENDICES

……………………………………………………

45

APPENDIX 1: The Summary of the Story………………………………

46

APPENDIX 2: The Biography of the Author ……………………………

48

APPENDIX 3: Lesson Plan ……………………………………………

50

APPENDIX 4: Teaching Material

……………………………………

52

APPENDIX 5: Learning Material

……………………………………

53

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five elements. Those are background of the study,
problem formulation, objectives, benefits and definition of terms. The background
of the study will explain the reasons of the researcher in choosing the topic and
the need for analyzing it. The problem formulation will explain the general
description of questions dealing with the major character that would be analyzed
in this study. The objectives of the study itself explain the motivation behind the
struggle of the major character in his effort to find his parents in detail. The
benefits of the study give the benefits that can be useful for the readers. The last
element is definition of terms. In this part, some key words from the analysis
would be defined based on valid references.

A. Background of the Study
We live in this world with a high expectation to have a great life. We want
to have a perfect life, to have a great family, to have a lot of money, to have a big
and beautiful house, etc. However, we also have to realize that to fulfill those
dreams is not as easy as flipping our hand. We need to try hard and harder to
reach those dreams. We need to face problems, difficulties, obstacles that will
come in front of us that separate us from those dreams.
We will face those difficulties and problems in our life, whether we like it
or not. Sometimes, it feels so hard that we will give up in the middle of our

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journey to reach those dreams. It is our choice whether to face and overcome these
problems or to give up against those problems.
We all have our destiny. We cannot avoid it; all we can do is to live it and
try to make the best of it. One does not simply have a great life without working
hard in reaching it. Failure, difficulties, obstacles will come in front of us,
scratching at the door and trying to make us welcome them. The only thing that
separates us from failure is motivation. The decision to get the life that we want
depends on our motivation. Motivation will play an important role which will
encourage us to act or do something in order to make us reach our dream.
Motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of
choice, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (Beck, 1978, p. 24). This
means that motivation is of the main aspect which determines the choice of the
human beings, and how they will react to some event.
This kind of phenomenon can be portrayed in a work of literature, such as
Novel. Work of literature, like novel, poem, short story, essay, etc are completely
reflection of human’s life. Work of literature are completely different with those
newspaper, magazine, and any other technical works which is created based on
fact and reality, since they are made based on the imagination, the life, the
ideology, the religion, or even the perspective of the author. Not only that works
of literature are ideally based on the free mind of its author, but also that they give
and reflect moral value which can be seen and learnt by the reader. This kind of
phenomenon can be found in one of Hector Malot’s works of Art, Nobody’s Boy.

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Nobody’s Boy tells us a story of a boy who is kidnapped and found by a
poor French family. He is sold by the poor French to a street musician Signor
Vitalis. He starts his journey with Signor Vitalis who has become his master. He
faces so many obstacles in his journey and with the help of his master, he learns to
overcome those obstacles. The death of his Master forces him to live in the street.
He lives from one street to another street just to manage to get some food and stay
alive. The adventures that he gets lead him to the decision to find his parents after
he finds out that his real parents are still alive. Then, he experiences many
struggles which lead him to meet his parents.
The researcher’s interest in analyzing this novel is triggered by the confusion
of the researcher himself towards the main character of this novel, Remy in making a
decision that will affect his whole life. Being abandoned by his real family, and sold
by his step parents, we can conclude that Remy had a miserable life as a child.
However as a child Remy with his miserable life, he has managed to stay alive in the
street in search of money to support his life. However the decision that he made
interest the researcher, as in real world when a child is abandoned by his real parents
and manage to life in the street, he will not seek for his parents. Due to his hatred to
his parents and inability to leave his life in the street that provide him with the food
and shelter that he earn. But in this novel, Remy decided to search for his parents. The
researcher is interested to know what can motivate this young child to leave his life in
the street to search for his unknown parents that have abandoned him and make him
live the rough life on the street. Is there any hidden reason or motive behind his
decision in searching for his parents or not, since Remy is aware that his real parents
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B. Problem Formulation
In analyzing the novel, there are two main problems which are formulated
as follows:
1. How is the main character, Remy, described in this novel?
2. What motivates the main character, Remy, in Hector Malot’s Nobody’s Boy to
find his parents?

C. The Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives to achieve in this study. The first is to reveal
Remy’s characteristics as the major character in this novel. The second is to reveal
Remy’s motivation to find his parents in Hector Malot’s Nobody’s Boy. There are
many values that we can get from this study. From Remy’s experiences we can
learn that by facing the problems, we can fulfill and reach our dreams. Remy’s
bravery can also encourage us to imitate his great characteristic in order to achieve
our goal of life.

D. The Benefits of the Study
This study deals with Remy’s motivation to find his parents as seen in
Hector Malot’s Nobody’s Boy. The first benefit goes to the readers, especially the
students of English Education study program of Sanata Dharma University.
Hopefully, this study will deepen their understanding in a work of literature. The
readers can also implement the important values of the novel in their daily life.

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Secondly, it is hoped that this study will help the teachers of English
because it gives them a good source in teaching literature to the students. The
third benefit is for other researchers who want to analyze this novel. Hopefully
this study will help them more in understanding the novel better. This study will
also provide them with relevant sources and references for conducting their study
on the novel.
Finally, for me as the researcher, it is interesting to read a work of
literature that really reflects real life. I can see how the character in this novel
shows his great intention in achieving his goal that he can face every obstacle that
appears in his journey. It gives me a great inspiration in facing all the obstacles
that will appear in my journey to achieve my goal of life.

E. Definition of Terms
This section clarifies some important terms to avoid misunderstanding
about the content of the study:
1. Character
Character is a person, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral
and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialog- and
what they do-the action (Abrams, 1981, p. 20). Meanwhile according to Barnett
(1988), character has two meaning, the first one is a figure in the story or literary
work. Second, it is the personality of the character, whether this character has a
tough or weak personality (p. 71). In this study, a character is a person who is

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created by an author to form a story through his or her action, feeling and
expression.
2. Characterization
Characterization is a method by which an author creates, reveals, and
develops the changes so that, the reader can imagine what kind of person the
character is (Henkle, 1977, p. 92-97). In this study, the word characterization is
defined as the writer’s way to create the character inside the story.
3. Motivation
According to Smith, motivation (1982) means internal process that
influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior (p. 282).
In this study, it refers to Remy’s desire and reason to find his real parents.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part presents brief
explanations of the theories that contains of theory of character, characterization,
motivation, hierarchy of needs and theory of critical approach. The second is
theoretical framework which provides an explanation of how those theories are
applied in analysis.

A. Review of Related Theory
This section presents relevant theories that are used and applied in
analyzing the novel. They are the theory of character, characterization,
motivation, hierarchy of needs and theory of critical approach.
1. Character
Character plays an important role in a novel. It can be seen from the need
of the novelist in creating character as one of the main aspect of the novel.
Abrams (1981) states that character is a representation of a person in narrative and
dramatic works as a result of the readers’ interpretation (p. 20). It is also possible
that every reader has different interpretation on a character in the novel. The
dialogue, the thought, and the way of the character behave will help the reader to
understand the character better.
Characters can be divided into two categories; they are major characters
and minor characters. Major characters usually appear in the whole of the story.

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The story always involves him directly or indirectly. In another side there are
minor characters which are less important than the major characters because they
are not fully developed characters and their role in the story are just to support the
development of major characters (Abrams, 1981, p. 20).
Forster (1974) divides the character of the novel into two kinds, namely
flat characters and round characters. Flat character is created around “a single
idea or quality” (pp. 46-51). One great advantage of flat character is that they
usually stay the same from the beginning until the end of the story. Round
character is varied in temperament and motivation. The character always changes
in the whole story or the opposite from the flat character.
2. Characterization
Understanding theory of characterization is important to know the novel
deeper. Holman and Harmon (1986) state that characterization is the creation of
an imaginary person in the story so that it exists for the reader as a living character
(p. 81).
Characterization is also a method by which an author creates, reveals, and
develops change so that, the reader can imagine what kind of person the character
is (Henkle, 1992, p. 92-97).
There are nine ways of characterization to make the characters
understandable to and come alive for the readers (Murphy, 1972, pp. 161-173).
They are:

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a. Personal Description
The author describes the character by a person’s appearance and clothes.
Most of the time appearance of a person can determine their character.
b. Character as Seen by Another
The author describes the character of the person through the other’s eyes
and opinion. The opinion itself may come from other person around him dealing
with the behavior and appearance.
c. Speech
The author describes the character or the person through the dialogue that
the character says in his/her conversation with others. It can be the way he speaks
and the diction that he/she chooses.
d. Past Life
The author shows the past life of the character to help the person in
shaping his character. Something that happened in the past can change someone
character or even the way the character sees things.
e. Conversation of Others
Using another character’s saying and their conversation, the author
describes the major character. It is just like speech but it emphasizes on the
conversation between the character in order to reveal the character and the role of
the character.
f. Reactions
The reader will know the character of the major characters from their
reaction toward the situation and problem they are facing. Reactions from one

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character toward other characters can lead the reader to discover the character in
the novel.
g. Direct Comment
The author describes the character by giving direct comment on the
person’s character.
h. Thought
The author directly gives what the person is thinking about to give a clue
to the reader about the person’s character.
i. Mannerism
Through this method, the author can describe the character’s mannerism,
habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell the readers something about his
character.
3. Motivation
People face problems and obstacles in their life. It can be big or small.
However, the important thing is how people react to those problems and obstacles.
Whether they will face it or run for it will determine their future.
One of the aspects that will determine people to face these obstacles is
motivation. Petri (1981), defines motivation as the concept that people use when
they describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct
behavior (p. 3). Motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary
determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal directed
behavior (Beck, 1978, p. 24). This concept is one of the reasons why people act
towards the obstacles that appear in their life.

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a. Type of Motivation
According to Self Determination Theory there are two types of motivation
based on the different reasons and or goals that give rise to an action (as cited in
Ryan, 2000, p.55).
1) Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent
satisfactions rather than for some separable consequence. When intrinsically
motivated a person is moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than
because of external prods, pressure and rewards (as cited in Ryan, 2000, p.56).
2) Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is a construct that pertains whenever an activity is
done in order to attain some separable outcome. Extrinsic motivation thus
contrasts with intrinsic motivation, which refers to doing an activity simply for the
enjoyment of the activity itself, rather than its instrumental value (as cited in
Ryan, 2000, p.60).
b. Domains of Motivation
Apter (1989) based on his “Reversal theory” declares that motivation is
divided into four pairs of “domain”. Each domain represents two opposite form of
motivation and only one state in each pair can be active in a time (p. 36). The four
pairs are as follows:
1) Means-Ends
Means-Ends pair has two state which called "Telic" (or "Serious") and
"Paratelic" (or "Playful"). It refers to the motivation which triggers the action,

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whether it is motivated by the future goals or the achievement that they can reach
by committing such action or simply because of a particular excitement during the
process of the action. As Apter (1989) states, “What all this comes to is that not
only the activity serves the goal, but the goal can be used to serve the activity.
Sometimes the end is primary and the means are secondary; sometime the means
are primary and the end is secondary.” (p. 37)
2) Rules
Rules has two states, they are “Conforming" and "Rebellious" or
“Negativistic.” These two states refer to in a condition whether a person enjoys
doing something which he/she wants by the rule or doing it freely or against the
rule. It can be said that if someone following a rule strictly to do an action he or
she has submitted to pressure of expectations.
The Negativistic state itself can be explained as some kind of mode in
which a person who is in this kind of mode is enjoying behave in a particular way.
In which, for some people, this particular way is considered to be in opposition
toward the treatment from the outside compared to what other people do when
they are facing this kind of treatment. As stated by Apter, the Negativistic state
can be defined as a mode in which one enjoys behaving in a way which one
perceives to be in opposition to some external pressure to behave in a particular
way (1989, p. 107). On the other hand, conformist state is defined as the opposite
of Negativistic state. In which when someone is in conformist state, he or she will
enjoy to behave or to act toward particular treatment in a common way or just like
what other people will do. Apter states that, the conformist state can be defined as

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the inverse of this: it is a mode in which one enjoys behaving in a way which one
perceives to be in conformity with some external pressure to behave in a particular
way (1989, p. 107).
3) Transaction
Transaction consists of “Sympathy” and “Mastery” which means that
someone can commit an action whether it is motivated by power or control or by
care or compassion, love in some cases. Apter (1989) points out that mastery
implies any way of “being on top of things,” of more than matching the
requirement needed to do something or be something. This does not, of course,
mean that in the mastery state one is being successful in this way (p. 135). It can
be concluded that this “Mastery” state is about whether one is weak or strong,
dominant or subservient, controlling or being controlled. While “Sympathy” state
is pointing out whether one has close emotional relationship with people around
him/her. It is related to, for example, how attractive one is, does one feel liked,
does one care for others and so on (Apter, 1989, p. 135). As with the mastery
state, being in the sympathy state does not in itself imply that one experiences
sympathy, but only that the central issue is whether one is (Apter, 1989, p. 136).
4) Relationships
It has two states that are called "Autic" (or "Self") and "Alloic" (or
"Other"). These two states refer to whether someone commits an action motivated
by self interest or the interest of other. These two states refer to whether someone
commits an action motivated by self interest of other. In some cases, people tend
to commit particular action in order to pursue a personal achievement while some

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other people commit particular action in order to fulfill the other’s need. Apter
(1989) states that Autic is a state in which one is primarily concerned with
personally benefitting from a situation, whether or not this involves interaction
with others. On the other hand, Alloic is a state in which a person commits a
certain action because he or she is motivated by other people (p.148).
Furthermore, this domain is affected by two states, they are Autocentric
and Allocentric. Autocentric state is about how to receive rather to give something
to other people while Allocentric is about to give other what they need no matter
what kind of loss that might be experienced.
4. Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow as quoted in Schultz (1977) states that there are levels of needs
that need to be fulfilled before it move to a higher levels (pp. 62-64). These are
the Hierarchy of Needs:
a. Psychological Needs
The first level of the hierarchy consists of the psychological needs such as
water, air, food, etc. If these psychological needs are not adequately being met,
the needs above them on the hierarchy are pushed into the background of
controlling behavior. The individual is in an emergency situation and one’s whole
being is determinate by the need.
b. Safety Needs
After the physiological needs are sufficiently satisfied, the safety need
emerge. The safety needs primarily appears in emergency situation. It is the needs
to be secured and out of danger. The needs consist of personal security from

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crime, security as against company lay-offs, health and well-being, and safety
against illness/accident and the adverse impact
c. Love or Belongingness Needs
The belongings and love needs emerge when physiological and safety
needs are satisfied. This aspect involves emotionally-based relationship in general,
such as friendship, sexual intimacy, and supportive and communicative family.
Human needs the feeling to love and to be loved by other people. Without love
someone’s psychological aspect will not grow perfectly. When someone loses this
aspect from their life they become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and
depression.
d. Esteem Needs
These are needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself. This evaluation
can be subcategorized into a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from
others. The need for self esteem motivates the individual to strive for
achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. The need of
esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition,
appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and a feeling of importance.
e. Self Actualization
This final level of needs emerge after the esteem needs satisfied. This need
is the desire to become more and more, to become everything that someone is
capable of becoming. The self-actualization makes people become the most of
their abilities and to strive to be the best they can. Self-actualization is reaching

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someone’s fullest potential. This need deals with the identification of the
psychological need for growth, development and utilization of potential
5. Critical Approaches
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971) there are five kinds of critical
approaches (pp. 6-15). They are formalist approach, biographical approach,
sociocultural-historical approach, mysthopoeic approach, and psychological
approach.
The first approach is the formalist approach. This approach focuses on the
whole of the novel as literature subject. It means that the novel is seen as the unity
of literary works. The harmonious of the part of the novel is determined from the
structure and how the matters of the techniques determine the structure (pp.6-8).
The second approach is the biography approach. This approach aims to
consider the author’s life, the personality and the idea that becomes the major
element in the author’s work. It can be used for attempt to learn as much as they
can about the life and development of the author and to apply this knowledge in
their attempt to understand the author’s writing (p.8).
The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach
is focused on analyzing the novel reference to the civilization that produces the
novel. The civilization is defined as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of
people. Thus, a novel takes those attitudes and actions as subject matter. It is
necessary to investigate the social milieu, the cultural and historical background in
which the novel created (pp. 9-11).

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The fourth approach is the mythopoeia approach. This approach is focuses
on discovering certain universally recurrent pattern of human thought. These
patterns are considered to have shared the universally common belief toward
certain community mind (p.11).
The fifth approach is the psychological approach. This approach is focused
on identifying any aspect of psychology that underlies a certain element of literary
works. The elements particularly focus on the character in the story. In this point
of view, the theory of psychology is meant to explain the character’s personality,
where it comes from, the idea that each character’s behavior could be referred to
the psychology of human being (p.13)
However in this study, the researcher uses psychological approaches in
order to find out the motivation behind Remy’s decision to make a journey in
order to find his real parents. Rohrberger and Woods (1971) state that this
approach leads us to analyze the novel from psychological points of view of
human beings, that is from the organization of thought and feelings of the
character (p. 13).

B. Theoretical Framework
There are two problems to answer in this study. The first one is to find out
the description of Remy and second is to find out the reason why Remy want to
find his real parents. In order to answer the problems, there are some theories
applied in this study. Firstly, I use the theories of character and characterization to
answer the first problem formulation dealing with Remy’s character.

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Secondly, the researcher uses the theory of motivation and hierarchy of
need to analyze what motivate Remy to find his real parents. Since there could be
possibility that Remy’s motivation is affected by his characteristic. Using this
theory, the researcher finds out the motivation behind the main character to find
his real parents.

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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three sections; they are object of the study,
approach of the study, and method of the study. The first section describes the
novel used in this study. The second section describes the approach that is used to
analyze the novel. The third section shows the steps that are conducted to
complete this study.

A. Object of the Study
Nobody’s Boy or Sans Famille is a novel written by Hector Malot in 1878.
Hector Malot was a French writer. He was a law student in Rouen and Paris, but
eventually literature became his passion. The book itself consists of 210 pages and
is divided into 33 chapters. The novel Nobody’s boy used as a main source in this
research was published and printed in Kansas City, United States of America in
2010.
This story tells about a boy named Remy who lives with his mother in a
French village. His father, Barberin, works in Paris. When he returns wounded
and hard-hearted, Remi discovers he is a foundling. Barberin sells Remi to a
traveling artist, Vitalis, and his animal troop. Heart-broken Remi leaves his home
to face the hardships of a traveling artist’s life. In Vitalis, Remy finds a father
figure that he needs. On his way Remi meets a kind woman and her sick son, who
are actually his real mother and brother. Even though life with them is nice, Remi,

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not knowing the truth, chooses to leave with Vitalis. Tragedies strike one after
another to leave Remi alone with the faithful dog, Capi. Between staying with a
family of gardeners, where he gets attached to the youngest mute daughter Lise,
and traveling with his best friend Mattia, earning his living by playing the harp,
remi searches for a place in life. Until he discovers his real parents may be alive,
and undertakes a perilous journey to London in search of his family.

B. Approach of the Study
This study will use the psychological approach to analyze the element of
love inside the novel. Psychology is a science that studies human behavior
through human mind. Therefore, what it means by psychological approach is an
approach to the psychological problem as the case of the characters mind and
behavior within the novel entitled Nobody’s Boy by Hector Malot.
The psychological approach is chosen because the study is about
motivation of the main character in this novel to achieve some condition which he
wants. The fact is that motives are something that appears in human’s mind. In
order to get deeper understanding about the motivation behind’s Remi’s decision
to find his parents, the researcher use psychological approach. Rohrberger and
Woods (1971) state that this approach leads us to analyze the novel from
psychological points of view of human beings, that is from the organization of
thought and feelings of the character (p. 13).

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C. Method of the Study
In conducting this study, researcher used library research to analyze the
novel. There are several steps that are used to analyze the novel. The first step to
take is reading the primary data which is the novel itself, Nobody’s Boy.
Second reading the book many times is done to know the story well. After
reading the novel I found some important points that were interesting to discuss
and formulate the problem. Then, I gathered some data in this reading; taking
notes and highlighting. Third, I looked for books that are related to my study and
read them. I researched on many books dealing especially with literature. Fourth, I
chose the approach that I would use to analyze this novel. I used psychological
approach in my study because I dealt with the aspects that motivate the main
character to find his real parents. Fifth, I began to analyze the topic. First, I
analyzed how Remy, the main character in this novel described. Then I analyzed
what motivated Remy to find his parents, the reason to overcome the problems
and obstacles that appear many times. Sixth, I drew conclusion from all the study
that I have done.

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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS

This chapter describes the answers to the two problems formulated in
chapter one. The first analysis deals with the characterization of Remi. The second
analysis is on what motivates Remi to find his real parents. In answering the
questions, the researcher will use the theories presented in chapter two.

A. The Description of Remi
Abram states that a character is a person presented in a dramatic or
narrative work, who is interpreted by the readers as being blessed with moral,
dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed through what the author
say (1971, pp. 23-25). In Hector Malot’s Nobody’s Boy, Remi is one of the
characters that are presented.
Characters are divided into major and minor characters. Based on Abram’s
theory (1971, p. 20), Remi is the major character in Nobody’s Boy novel because
he always presents in all of the scenes and chapter. He involves in the entire story
inside the novel directly or indirectly.
According to Forster (1974, p.46-51) there are two kinds of characters
namely flat character and round character. Flat character is created around “a
single idea or quality” and they usually stay the same from the beginning until the
end of the story. Round character is the opposite of the flat character. They always
change in the whole story. According to Forster’s theory, Remi is categorized as a

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round character. His personalities and characteristics change during his journey
with Vitalis.
In order to find out how to characterize a character, Murphy proposes nine
ways to characterize (1972, p.161-173). There are personal description, character
as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct
comment, thought, and mannerism. However, in analyze the character of Remi,
researcher only use personal description, character as seen by another, speech,
reaction, and thought.
1. Weak
Remi lives in a small house alone with his foundling mother. A cow and a
small garden is enough to prevent them from famish. His daily live that he spends
around his house has restrict his physical activity. This makes Remi weak, since
he is not accustomed to doing any physical activity. The day when Mr. Barberin
returns from Paris, he already mentions that Remi does not belong to his house
because of he is incapable to work because of his physical appearance.
“Do you think you can make a working man out of a chit with shoulders
like his? He's a city child and there's no place for city child in here.”
(p.14)
From the statement above, Remi is considered weak from his appearance,
especially his body figure. Remi’s foundling father calls him a city child because
a city child is not accustomed to doing any work that needs physical strength,
which lives is spoiled by their parents. It is also the main reason why Mr. Barberin
tries to get rid of Remi from his house. Mr. Barberin does not see any advantages
that he may get in the future by letting Remi stay in his house. Mr. Barberin thinks

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that it is only a loss if they keep Remi at house, since he will not do any good.
Remi will only spend all