AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF PARENTS’ DIVORCE ON LYDIA’S, CHRISTOPHER’S, AND NATALIE’S BEHAVIORS AS SEEN IN ANNE FINE’S ALIAS MADAME DOUBTFIRE
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF PARENTS’ DIVORCE
ON LYDIA’S, CHRISTOPHER’S, AND NATALIE’S BEHAVIORS
AS SEEN IN ANNE FINE’S ALIAS MADAME DOUBTFIRE
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Rr. Suryani Cahyaningrum S.
Student Number: 011214134
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITYYOGYAKARTA
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PAGE OF DEDICATION
CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE WITH
If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn.If children live with hostility, they learn to fight. If children live with fear, they learn to be apprehensive If children live with pity, they learn to feel sorry for themselves.
If children live with ridicule, they learn to feel shy. If children live with jealously, they learn to feel envy. If children live with shame, they learn to feel guilty. If children live with encouragement, they learn confidence. If children live with tolerance, they learn patience. If children live with praise, they learn appreciation. If children live with acceptance, they learn to love. If children live with approval, they learn to like themselves. If children live with recognition, they learn it is good to have a goal. If children live with sharing, they learn generosity. If children live with honesty, they learn truthfulness. If children live with fairness, they learn justice. If children live with kindness and consideration, they learn respect. If children live with security, they learn to have faith in themselves If children live with friendliness, they learn the world is a nice place in which to live.
Dorothy Low Nolte
Dedicated with gratitude to my beloved Jesus Christ,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i PAGE OF APPROVAL .................................................................................
ii
BOARDS OF EXAMINERS ......................................................................... iii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................ iv PAGE OF DEDICATION .............................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... ix ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................1 A. Background of the Study .............................................................................
1 B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................................
6 C. Objectives of the Study ...............................................................................
6 D. Benefits of the Study ...................................................................................
6 E. Definition of Terms .....................................................................................
7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..........................
9 A. Review of Related Theories ........................................................................
9 1. Character and Characterization ...............................................................
9 a. Character .............................................................................................
9
b. Characterization .................................................................................. 10
2. Critical Approaches ................................................................................. 12
3. Marriage .................................................................................................. 13
4. Divorce .................................................................................................... 14
5. Parents’ Role ........................................................................................... 15
6. Behavior and Child Development ........................................................... 16
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C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 19
A. Subject Matter ............................................................................................. 19 B. Approaches .................................................................................................. 20 C. Data Collection ............................................................................................ 20 D. Procedures ................................................................................................... 21CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 23
A. Character ..................................................................................................... 23
1. The Characteristics of Lydia ................................................................... 24
a. Independent ......................................................................................... 24
b. Responsible ......................................................................................... 25
c. Spontaneous ........................................................................................ 26
d. Brave ................................................................................................... 26
2. The Characteristics of Christopher .......................................................... 28
a. Sensitive .............................................................................................. 28
b. Dependent ........................................................................................... 28
c. Rebellious ............................................................................................ 29
3. The Characteristics of Natalie.................................................................. 30
a. Innocent ............................................................................................... 30
b. Cheerful ............................................................................................... 31
c. Tearful ................................................................................................. 32
B. The Parents’ Divorce .................................................................................. 33
1. The Marriage ........................................................................................... 34
2. The Divorce ............................................................................................. 35
a. A growing financial independence of Miranda ................................... 36
b. The growing difference in their personality background .................... 37
c. The difference in educational background .......................................... 38
3. Parental Roles ......................................................................................... 40
C. The Influences of the Divorce on Lydia’s, Christopher’s and Natalie’s
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a. The Influence of Divorce on Lydia’s Behaviors ................................. 46
b. The Influence of Divorce on Christopher’s Behaviors ....................... 48
c. The Influence of Divorce on Natalie’s Behaviors ............................... 50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ............................. 52
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................. 53 B. Suggestions .................................................................................................. 541. Suggestions for the Future Researchers ................................................... 54
2. Suggestions of Using Literature for Teaching Learning Processes
55
a. The Role of Literature in Teaching English ........................................ 55
b. The Implementation of Teaching Reading II Using Alias Madame Doubtfire .............................................................................. 56 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
60 APPENDICES ................................................................................................
62 APPENDIX 1. The Summary .......................................................................... 62 APPENDIX 2. Biography of Anne Fine .......................................................... 65 APPENDIX 3. Lesson Plan of Extensive Reading I ........................................ 69 APPENDIX 4. The Material for Extensive Reading I ..................................... 70 APPENDIX 5. List of Errata ............................................................................ 74
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ABSTRACT
Setjadiningrat, Rr. Suryani Cahyaningrum. (2007). An Analysis of the Influences
of Parents’ Divorce on Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s Behaviors as Seen in Anne Fine’s Alias Madame Doubtfire.
Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. Anne Fine is a British author best known for her children's books, of which she has written more than fifty. Alias Madame Doubtfire is one of her famous teenage novels. This novel gives a lot of good moral values for the readers, not only the children but also the parents. Recently, divorce becomes the biggest family issue in many countries. Seeing this phenomenon Twentieth Century Fox filmed her novel Alias Madame Doubtfire as Mrs Doubtfire. The movie has been able to attract many people’s attention, through its story and the actors and actresses who play in this movie.
Through her novel, Anne Fine tries to make people especially parents realize that divorce can give several bad influences, not only to the couple themselves but also the children. There are three problems to analyze in this study namely, (1) How Lydia, Christopher and Natalie are characterized in Anne Fine’s Alias Madame Doubtfire, (2) Why their parents get divorced, and (3) How the divorce influences Lydia’s, Christopher’s and Natalie’s behaviors.
The method I employed in conducting this study was a library research. The sources that I used were found in the library and some other places. There were two kinds of sources. The primary source was obtained from the novel Alias Madame Doubtfire written by Anne Fine and the secondary source was obtained from books on literary works. Because the study concerned behavior changing, I used psychological approach in analyzing the novel. In analyzing the novel, I employed theories of character and characterization, theory of marriage, theory of divorce, theory of behavior and theory of psychology.
Based on the analysis, Lydia is the oldest child in the family. She is an independent, responsible, spontaneous, and brave girl. After her parents get divorced she must take care of her brother and little sister. The second child is Christopher. He is absolutely different from his sister. He is a sensitive, dependent, and rebellious child. He is not as brave as her sister. He is not strong enough to accept the reality that he should live separately from their father. The last one is Natalie. Natalie is the youngest daughter of this family. She does not really understand about her parents divorce. She is only a little girl with an innocent thought, cheerful girl, and she is also a tearful girl.
The life marriage of Daniel and Miranda does not last long enough. Since the marriage, Miranda feels unhappy. Miranda keeps on trying to save the marriage until she has three adorable children. Finally, Miranda decides to get divorced from Daniel. There are three factors that strengthen Miranda’s decision, firstly, her growing financial independence (she receives better salary than her
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The divorce influences Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s behavior. From the analysis, there are two factors influencing the children’s behaviors. The first factor is age and the second is children’s sex. Lydia becomes brave and spontaneous to state her opinion, her dislike and her disappointment. She never shouts to her father or mother but after the divorce she dares to shout and yell at her parents. Christopher becomes sensitive, dependent and rebellious. The last one is Natalie. Divorce does not give her many behaviors changing.
Finally, besides giving suggestions to future researchers concerning possible future research on Alias Madame Doubtfire, I also suggest the implementation of the novel in teaching English, especially in teaching reading by using novel Alias Madame Doubtfire as the source.
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ABSTRAK
Setjadiningrat, Rr. Suryani Cahyaningrum. (2007). An Analysis of The
Influences of Parents’ Divorce on Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s Behaviors as Seen in Anne Fine’s Alias Madame Doubtfire.
Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. Anne Fine adalah seorang penulis Inggris yang terkenal dengan buku anak-anak, dimana dia telah menulis lebih dari lima puluh buku. Alias Madame
Doubtfire adalah salah satu novel remaja yang terkenal. Novel ini memiliki nilai- nilai moral yang baik untuk pembacanya, tidak hanya untuk anak-anak tetapi juga untuk orang tua. Akhir-akhir ini perceraian menjadi permasalahan keluarga yang terbesar di banyak Negara. Melihat fenomena ini Twentieth Century Fox membuat film berdasarkan novel ini. Film tersebut mampu menarik perhatian banyak orang, melalui cerita itu sendiri serta pemeran pria dan pemeran wanitanya yang bermain dalam film tersebut.
Melalui novelnya, Anne Fine mencoba untuk membuat orang-orang terlebih para orang tua menyadari bahwa perceraian dapat membawa dampak buruk, tidak hanya pasangan itu sendiri tetapi juga anak-anak. Ada tiga permasalahan yang dianalisa dalam skripsi ini yaitu: (1) Bagaimana karakteristik Lydia, Christopher dan Natalie digambarkan dalam novel Anne Fine, Alias Madame Doubtfire, (2) Mengapa orang tua Lydia, Christopher dan Natalie bercerai, (3) Bagaimana dampak dari perceraian tersebut pada Lydia, Christopher dan Natalie.
Metode yang saya gunakan dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini adalah penelitian perpustakaan. Sumber-sumber yang saya gunakan dapat ditemukan di perpustakaan dan beberapa tempat lainnya. Saya menggunakan dua macam sumber. Sumber utama adalah novel Alias Madame Doubtfire yang ditulis oleh Anne Fine dan sumber kedua didapatkan dari buku-buku tentang literatur. Karena skripsi ini berkaitan dengan perubahan sikap, saya menggunakan pendekatan psikologi dalam menganalisa permasalahan-permasalahan. Dalam menanalisa novel, saya juga menggunakan teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori pernikahan, teori perceraian, teori sikap dan teori psikologi.
Berdasarkan pada analisa Lydia adalah anak tertua dalam keluarga ini. Dia adalah seorang anak yang mandiri, bertanggungjawab, spontan dan berani. Setelah perceraian orang tuanya dia harus menjaga adik laki-lakinya dan adik perempuannya. Anak kedua adalah Christopher. Dia benar-benar berbeda dari kakaknya. Dia adalah anak yang sensitif, tidak mandiri dan pemberontak. Dia tidak seberani kakaknya. Dia juga tidak cukup kuat untuk menerima kenyataan bahwa dia harus tinggal terpisah dengan ayahnya. Yang terakhir adalah Natalie. Natalie adalah anak termuda dalam keluarga ini. Dia belum mengerti tentang perceraian orang tuanya. Dia hanya seorang anak kecil yang polos, periang dan juga cengeng.
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menyelamatkan pernikahannya sampai dia mendapatkan tiga orang anak yang mempesona. Pada akhirnya, Miranda memutuskan untuk bercerai dengan Daniel. Ada tiga faktor yang memperkuat keputusan Miranda, pertama peningkatan pendapatannya (dia menerima gaji lebih baik daripada suaminya), kedua perbedaan latar belakang kepribadian mereka yang semakin bertambah, dan yang ketiga perbedaan latar belakang pendidikan. Perceraian tersebut mempengaruhi sikap Lydia, Christopher, dan Natalie. Dari hasil analisa ada dua faktor yang mempengaruhi anak-anak. Faktor pertama adalah umur dan yang kedua adalah jenis kelamin anak. Lydia menjadi berani dan spontan untuk mengutarakan pendapatnya, ketidaksukaannya dan kekecewaannya. Dia tidak pernah berteriak kepada ayah dan ibunya tapi setelah perceraian terjadi dia berani berteriak dan membentak orang tuanya. Christopher dia menjadi sensitif, tidak mandiri dan memberontak. Yang terakhir adalah Natalie. Perceraian tidak membawa dampak banyak pada perubahan sikapnya, dilihat dari usianya yang masih muda.
Akhirnya, disamping memberikan saran-saran untuk penelitian yang akan datang mengenai Alias Madame Doubtfire, penulis juga memberikan saran-saran mengenai penerapan novel ini dalam pengajaran Bahasa Inggris, terutama dalam mata kuliah membaca dengan menggunakan novel Alias Madame Doubtfire sebagai sumbernya.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my praise to Jesus Christ who gives me wonderful life and also for His everlasting love, blessing, and guidance during my study at Sanata Dharma University. He has blessed me with his love through people around me in mysterious ways, so that finally I was able to finish my thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes to my major sponsor, Drs. L. Bambang
Hendarto Y., M.Hum and my co-sponsor, C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd, who
have willingly devoted their time to read, correct, and improve my thesis. I am deeply grateful for their significant suggestions (and advice) during the completion of this thesis. Their invaluable generous assistance and criticism from time to time in every part of my study have enabled me to finish this thesis without encountering serious obstacles. I am also deeply thankful to all of the
members of lecturing staff of the English Department of Sanata Dharma
University, who have guided and taught me during my study in Sanata Dharma
University, and to the secretariat staff, Mbak Dani and Mbak Tari, and the
librarians of Sanata Dharma University, who have given their kind service to
me.My sincere appreciation are mostly addressed to my dearest father. R.
Tedja Irry Puspa S. and mother, Annie Maryani H. S. for their support morally
and financially, everlasting love, attention, pray, and also their valuable help.Special appreciation is also given to my beloved brother, Koh Candra and his wife, Cik Yulys and my beloved sisters, Cik Lia and her husband Mas Miko and my little sister Dewi, for their affection and care. Thank you for always being there for me and never letting me down so that I can keep standing tall.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Dra. Lany Anggawati and
Dra Wena Cintiawati for their kindness in giving me time and chance to learn
more in CEC. My gratitude also go to Cik Endang, for her kindness, patience, support and prayers, all English teachers, Kakak Retno, Widhi, Santi, Woro,
Cecil, Ima, Seevi, Dame, Upix and Putra Bangsa Kindergarteen and Elementary
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Tri, Bu Haryanti, Bu Nia, Bu Eva, Bu Tika, Bu Vero, Pak Adi, Pak Yadi for his
kindness.My Appreciation also go to my beloved best friends, Loise Yolanda
Susanto, Kak Dimas, John and family, Budi Suryana, and Albert Setyawan
for always staying around me. I thank them for giving me support, inputs, ideas, and comments on my thesis, their love and the unforgettable moments, either joys or sorrows, we have had together. They are the ones who always shared my ups and downs. I realize I might not have taken right decision on my confusing difficulty and dilemmas of my thesis and other things without their being my side. I never regret to have friends like them.
My special appreciation also goes to the late Simak Nyoo Kiem Tjoe, Cik
Hyang and all of Jakarta families, Singku Anton and family, and Singku Hin
and family, Cik Djing and family who have taught me many useful things, and
encouraged me to finish my study successfully and do my best in whatever I do.
I also thank to my friends who made this work possible, particularly
Widuri, Swanti, Septi, Handi, Victor, Lia, Widi, Dik Uni, Shinta, Shanti, and
Woro for providing me their advices, companion and generous technical help. I
also wish to express my sincere appreciation to all friends at Sanata Dharma
University, especially my classmates of 2001, class e and f, who have been nice
companions and encouraged me to finish this work.Once again, I thank them very much for everything they all have done for me and given to me in conducting this thesis. I love them all and I will always remember them all for my lifetime.
Rr. Suryani C.S.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents five parts, namely background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of study contains some reasons which serve as a basis for writing
this thesis and the importance of discussing the topic of the study. The problem formulation states the problems discussed in this study. The objectives of the study state the answer of the problem formulation. The benefits of the study state the expectation of the writer toward the readers. Finally, the definition of terms clarifies some important terms used in this study.
A. Background of the Study
Love is universal concept that everybody is familiar with. Love is a very difficult word to define, but it can be perceived easily through some effects that it creates. The feeling of joy, happiness, and peace is the effects created by love. Love is not restricted to the relation between sexes, but it expands beyond it. Fromm (6) says this universal concept may exist between human being and God, parents and child, brothers, sisters, friends, and even between people and other creatures. By loving someone, we can learn how to care, how to give affection and attention, how to forgive and how to understand one another. Family is the smallest unit of society. It contains a father, a mother, and children. Beebe says
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father, mother, son, and daughter) with ties of blood, marriage or adoption, and they usually share a common residence and cooperate economically (376). Thus, family is a place where parents and children share their love, happiness, and sadness. It is a place where children can get a lot of attention and affection from their parents and the most important is that children can get their first education from the family. The first education, such as how to speak, how to behave, how to eat, and how to socialize with other people is very crucial. It will form the children characteristics. Hurlock says:
The child’s attitude and behavior are marked by the family into which he is born and in which he grows up. Because the home is the child’s first environment, it sets the pattern for his attitude towards people, things, and life in general (514).
Family education is crucial because it is the basic education in forming children’s personality. That is why parents’ role is very significant, as children can easily imitate the adult’s behavior. Also, environments where they live and stay give a lot of influences. Saying bad words, smoking, physical harassment, sex abuse, raping and divorce are few examples of situation that can ruin children’s personality, psychology, and behavior.
Adults and the environment take part in giving influences on the children’s growing personality. A child who lives in a family that survives from poverty is trained by the condition to become a tough, hard worker, and he has high motivation to become rich. It seems that the important part in childhood is environment, and the smallest environment is family. Hurlock (392) states that children who feel that they are not appreciated and loved at home will develop a
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The children feel upset, and desperation can draw them into personality sickness. Afterwards, people just blame the family as the cause of the matters. In fact it is not easy for a family to bring up children. The condition of family holds the control of children up bringing. Healthy family will bring up healthy children.
To form a family, a man and a woman get married first. Marriage is the beginning of a family life. They accept legal responsibility for supporting and caring children. The success of a marriage depends on what the couples want and how they live. Some people believe that marriage is successful if the husband is a good provider, if the wife is a dutiful keeper, and if the couple has children. The others believe that a successfully married couple must find happiness in their relationship as a husband and wife. They believe that happiness in marriage requires deep understanding and loving companionship between the two persons (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1971: 24).
Marriage is a bridge to build a kind of relationship which has several consequences. Marriage brings together two different attitudes, ideas, ideals and principles. Therefore, marriage is not a simple thing to get through. Each individual must realize that they cannot force their attitudes, ideas, ideals and principles to each other. There must be understanding and maturity. Lack of understanding and maturity in marriage will lead various kinds of conflicts.
Conflict is something that may happen in marriage. Conflict can be either negative or positive due to how the couple responds to it. A conflict between a husband and wife is a means to improve their love relationship. Through a
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conflict, hey may learn to understand each other more. When they have settled it down, they will find a new way to show their love.
A conflict in marriage may lead to a divorce. When love no longer exists and there is an unsolved problem in a marriage, divorce will be the best decision for the couple, but sometimes they do not realize that the decision can affect other members of the family. Children experience the hardest effect of their parents divorce. Deciding to divorce as the only way to solve conflict in a marriage directly and indirectly brings enormous influences on the children. According to Young (64), the best thing we could do for children is to help their parents. The more we could help a divorcing mother or father work through her or his adjustment problems, the more it seems we are doing the best for the children.
The effects of divorce are age-related in children, they respond differently to parental separation according to their present developmental stage. Thus parents must realize that children have a right to convey their idea. However, good and close understanding and communication between parents and children can help them pass the difficult moment they are experiencing.
A work of literature can portray such experience of life as it is a reflection of life. It tells the truth, gives readers pleasure and knowledge since it is imaginative and interpretative to reflect a view of reality, life and society. Besides, literature broadens our awareness of the possibility of anything that might happen to the readers. In addition, literature also influences its readers’ emotional state
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Literature helps us grow, both personally and intellectually, it provides and objectives base for our knowledge and understanding, it helps us to connect ourselves to the cultural context of which we are part, it enables us to recognize human dreams and struggles in different societies that would never otherwise get to know (2) One type of works of literature is novel. A novel has the capability to give its readers pleasure. It is also able to open our understanding of the truth of life wider as a novel displays complex relationship among the characters, which brings some messages to the readers.
Based on the facts mentioned above, I chose Alias Madame Doubtfire by Anne Fine. The novel is about the power of love of a father on his children.
Having divorced with his wife, Daniel cannot live with his children. He only has limited times to meet his children. He does everything to meet his children, including disguises himself as a Lady housekeeper.
I focus on the children, Lydia, Christopher, and Natalie and the influences of divorce on their behaviors. The divorce brings a lot of changes in their relationship. First, the children are separated from their beloved father. Second, nobody takes care of the children because none of their parents is ready to do it as a single parent. Third, the divorce changes their behavior.
Alias Madame Doubtfire is chosen as the subject matter of the analysis because of three reasons. Firstly, the three characters: Lydia, Christopher, and Natalie that have different ways in accepting and facing their parents’ divorce are interesting to analyze. One of the factors is their ages or the level of maturity.
Secondly, it is interesting and tempting to learn about life and the struggle of the
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fails because their mother chooses another man. Thirdly, by reading and analyzing the novel, one can learn that nobody is perfect.
Therefore, by understanding the characteristics and the behaviors of the three children before and after their parents’ divorce, one may learn that each individual is unique, and that everybody changes and progresses. Besides, it may help the adult to consider every decision that they take.
B. Problem Formulation
There are three problems to discuss in this study. They can be formulated as follows:
1. How are Lydia, Christopher, and Natalie characterized in Anne Fine’s Alias Madame Doubtfire?
2. Why do Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s parents divorce?
3. How does the divorce influence Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s behavior?
C. Objectives of the Study
The study is conducted to meet the three objectives stated in problem formulation. First, it is to find out Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s characteristics. Second, is to find out the cause of Lydia’s, Christopher’s, and Natalie’s parents divorce. The last objective of the study is to find out the influences of divorce on Lydia, Christopher, and Natalie behavior as seen in Anne
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D. Benefits of the Study
There are three objectives to gain in this study. Firstly, for I myself, studying and examining this novel specifically in analyzing the main characters can give me broader knowledge about literature, a family life with its conflicts, and psychological lessons. Secondly, it is to introduce Anne Fine’s novel to the readers and help the readers to understand and recognize the characteristics of this novel. Hopefully the readers could grasp the message stated by the author. At last, this study can be used by the English Language Education Study Program student who has the same study on literature and who is interested in studying Anne Fine’s novel as their supporting sources.
E. Definition of Terms
It is necessary to clarify some important terms in order to provide an accurate analysis and a clearer explanation to answer formulated problems. These terms are:
1. Influence Hornby says influence is a power to affect somebody’s character, beliefs or actions through example, fear, admiration, etc. (437). This means that influence is an ability to make some thoughts, actions and expressions appear on someone, so that they enrich and become the parts of the person’s character. In another words, the “influence” can change and form
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2. Divorce According to Kuper (193) divorce is the legal procedure by which marriage can be formally ended. Since divorce is the legal ending of marriage, there are some rules that control the process of divorce.
3. Behavior Schwartz says behavior is human attitude which can be readily observed and measured. The source of the actions lies in the environment (4). In this novel, children’s behavior changing is clearly described after their parents divorced.
4. Character Character according to Kennedy (45) is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story. Character is the most important factor to build a story.
The characters in Alias Madame Doubtfire portray the real life today.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter will focus on the theories that relate to this study. This
chapter will be divided into three main parts, namely review of related theories, criticism, and theoretical framework. Review of related theories consists of theories of critical approaches, theory of character and theory of characterization. Theories of marriage, divorce, and behavior will be discussed in the next section. This chapter also includes the criticism on Alias Madame Doubtfire and the theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Character and Characterization
a. Character Greedy, arrogant, cruel, kind, and humble are examples of characteristics of a character. That is why a character is a significant element in the work of literature. It can make the story alive. Through a character the author can convey the message he wants to say and the readers can easily understand the story.
Character according to Rohrberger and Woods Jr. (20-21), is a person who acts out in a particular time and place some kind of conflict in a pattern of events.
Forster (46-51) however divides characters into two kinds, flat and round characters. A flat character is the easiest character to recognize, because this
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change from the beginning until the end of the story. A flat character can be described in a single phrase or sentence and also characterized by one or two traits.
A round character is difficult to recognize or to remember, it has unsteady characteristic. We can remember this character in connection with the great scenes, different from flat character, round character has many sides.
Henkle (87-97) states that character can be described as major and secondary character. A major character or main character is a character that plays an important role in the story, he is the one to whom all the events in the story have relevance. Major character is always getting the fullest attention from the readers because he performs a key structural function. A secondary character may be less sophisticated, because this character performs limited functions. Although a secondary character gets little attention from the readers, this character is important for building the character of the major character.
b. Characterization Characterization according to Rohrberger and Woods Jr. (20-21) is the process by which an author creates a character. Murphy mentions nine ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable to and come alive for his readers (161-173). They are: 1) Personal description
Personal description means that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in the story.
2) Characters as seen by another
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Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. 3) Speech
It is an important way that may be used to describe a character. The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character. 4) Past life
By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life, the author can give them a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character.
This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
5) Conversation of others We can take clues of a person’s character through the conversations of the other people and the things they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about.
6) Reactions Through the person’s reaction to various situations and events, the author gives us a clue to know a person’s character.
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7) Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly.
8) Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking. 9) Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerism and habits which may also tell us something about his character
2. Critical Approaches
To understand any kind of literary work in more details, readers should use a critical approach. A critical approach provides a method for the readers to gain a higher value of understanding of the work being read. In short we can say that it brings us a better understanding of its nature, function, and positive values.
There are five approaches suggested by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr (6-15) that can be used to analyze works of literature. First is the formalist approach.
This approach examines the literary without reference to facts of the author’s life, without reference to the genre or in literary history, and without reference in which the literary object takes place. When critics employ this approach, they concentrate on the total integrity of the literary works. Second is the biographical approach. When analysts of literature use the biographical approach in order to judge literary works, they perceive the importance of acknowledging the author’s
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author’s life, idea and personality are considered to be important elements in studying literary work. Third is the socialcultural – historical approach. This approach asserts the socialcultural – historical back ground in which the literary work is created influences that literary object. Fourth is the mythopoeic approach.
When the major interest of critic is the mythopoeic approach, he or she attempts to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. The patterns, generally, involve death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, or patterns of behavior basic to Christian theology. The last is the psychological approach. When the analyst employs this approach he or she insists that each character’s behavior could be referred to the psychology of human being. So the characters’ thought and behavior can be traced more profoundly by using this approach. To analyze the novel, the reader response approach is also used. It is used to know the reader’s response and opinion on this novel.
3. Marriage Marriage is the most significant decision most people make in their lives.
When one chooses a spouse partner, one chooses a companion for life whom he can count on, he can trust, he can love and give himself to, someone who will care for him no matter what, and someone whom he can make happy.
Standford says that marriage is one of human life phases that should be passed (169). Most people believe that marriage is one of the ways to make them more mature. Furthermore, Standford insists that marriage is a kind of relationship
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of human beings. Marriage is a vital relationship to human beings for the growth and development.
Furthermore, Whitehead states that marriage for a lifetime is constituted by the interaction of the couple’s relationship, the couple’s commitment and lifestyle. It means that marriage for a lifetime demands both stability and responsibility. The mutual love is the core of a marriage, but in a marriage the relationship is more than just their love here and now. It is the commitments that they have made to one another that ground their love. These commitments give them the courage to undertake the risks of creative and procreative activity together. It is these commitments that are expressed in the choices, behavior and attitudes that make up the patterns of the couple’s life style (Whitehead, 32).
4. Divorce
According to Kuper (193) divorce is the legal procedure by which marriage can be formally ended. The process of divorce is based on the law and rules that are applied in the state the couple lives.
Kupper (193) states, many factors in a family can cause a separation. There are four factors that can lead a marriage into divorce. First is diversity on social class. Some people believe that marriage among the working classes is better adjusted, happier, and less prone to divorce among the middle and upper classes. This belief appears to be unfounded. Poverty can be a definite handicap to successful marital interaction, although the relationship may be an involved one.
Second is education. Individuals who complete higher education may have
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background. The personality which each spouse brings to marriage is, as we have indicated, a basic consideration in the success of the marital relationship. Fourth is age at marriage. Age at marriage is another factor in divorce. People who get married at a very young age have a pronounced instability of marriage and a high rate of divorce. This is especially true of women who marry before the age of 18. Those are common factors that appear in marriage and if the couple cannot find the problem solving, their marriage will end up with divorce.
Divorce, nowadays, is not only initiated by men but over the last twenty years women have begun to take more initiative in ending intolerable marriages (Young, 7). Young also states, changing role concepts in marriage, altered religious, social and cultural attitudes, and financial independence increasingly have put men and women on an equal footing when it comes to resolving a bad marriage (8).