Dari Taj Mahal Hingga Cleopatra.
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S e ja r a h
Dari Taj Mahal
Hingga C l e o p ~ t r a
ISTlMEWA
K AIS AR M u g h a l, S h a h J a h a n , d a n is tr in ya Ar ju m a n d
a ta u M u m ta z
M a h a l . B e q itu
M a h a l u n tu k m e n d ia n g
'S
b e sa m ya
M u m ta z
c in ta s a n g ka is a r
lA P A y a n g ta k k e n a l, s e ti-
s a n g k a jik a b a n g u n a n
d a k n y a m e n d e p g a r,
d ib a n g u n
tra g is .
h a l? Y a , m o n u m e n
s a la h s a tu a d ik a ry a
E S C O d ite ta p k a n
s ite k tu r
te r h a d a p
T aj M ay a n g te r-
y a n g o le h U N -
s e b a g a i S itu s
D u n ia . B a n g u n a n
b e ra r-
M u g h a l itu b e g itu fe n o m e -
n a l d a n m e n ja d i
d a y a ta rik b a g i ju -
ta a n tu ris d a ri s e lu ru h
is tr in ya
h in g g a
Sh a h J a h a n
Za m a ni
m e m b a n g u n ka n
Ta j
M a h a l. *
le ta k d i A g ra , In d ia , itu m e ru p a k a n
W a ris a n
B a n u B e g u m , a ta u le b ih d ike n a l d e n g a n M u m ta z-u l
d u n ia . S ia p a
in d a h
ta n y a , A rju m a n d
itu
Is ta n a y a n g te rk e n a l
se b e n a rn y a
d i In d ia itu
d e k la ra s i a k h ir d a ri
c in ta , d ib a n g u n
B a n u B e g u m , a ta u
le b ih d ik e n a l d e n g a n M u m ta z -u l
Z a m a n i a ta u M u m ta z M a h a l.
o le h la ta r c in ta y a n g
S hah Jahan,
m e m ilik i k e k a y a a n
y a n g b e s a r s e la m a m a s a k e ja y a a n -
o le h K a is a r M u g h a l, S h a h J a h a n ,
n y a . P a d a 1 6 3 1 M u m ta z M a h a l
w a fa t s e w a k tu m e la h ir-k a n p u -
s e b a g a i m u s o le u m
trin y a
p e ris tira h a ta n
p a d a a b a d k e -rz
a ta u te m p a t
te ra k h ir
u n tu k
is tri
k e tig a s e k a lig u s y a n g p a lin g d ic in -
1 ( lip
i n g
H um
Cl
sU n
pad
2 0 1 2
G a u h a ra
B e g u m , a n a k k e -ra
m e re k a . M e n in g g a l-n y a
y a n g ju g a
M u m ta z
d iju lu k i s e b a g a i " J e w e l o f
th e P a la c e " itu m e m b u a t S h a h J a -
S a la h s a tu k is a h c in ta tra g is y a n g
te o lo g d a n g u ru (tu to r) d a la m k e -
h a n b e rd u k a lu a r b ia s a . S e b a g a i
le b ih m o d e rn b e ra s a l d a ri m a s a
h id u p a n H e lo is e , s e o ra n g g a d is
b e n tu k ra s a c in ta n y a , S h a h p u n
s e k ita r s e a b a d la lu d a n b e rs u m b e r
y a n g b e ru s ia 2 0 ta h u n . M e re k a p u n
m em bangun
T a j M a h a l. B u tu h
d a ri s u m b e r y a n g s e p e rtin y a m u s -
te rlib a t a s m a ra s e h in g g a m e m b u a t
(1 6 3 0 -1 6 5 3 ) u n tu k
ta h il-k e lu a rg a k e ra ja a n In g g ris .
m a ra h p a m a n H e lo is . S a n g p a m a n
m e n y e le s a ik a n is ta n a te rs e b u t. D i
C in ta y a n g d ira s a k a n o le h R a tu
m e n g e b iri A b e la rd , te ta p i te rla m b a t
te m p a t itu p u la S h a h b e rg a b u n g
V ic to ria te rh a d a p
k a re n a k e d u a n y a s u d a h m e n ik a h
d e n g a n M u m ta z , m e n y u s u l k e m a -
P a n g e ra n A lb e rt, s a n g a tla h m u rn i
d a n p u n y a a n a k . A k h irn y a , A b e la rd
d a n tu lu s . H a l itu d ip e rlih a tk a n
d a n H e lo is e d ik u c ilk a n d a n d ik e lu -
o le h V ic to ria le w a t b e b e ra p a s u ra t
a rk a n d a ri g e re ja .
w a k tu 2 3 ta h u n
tia n n y a p a d a ta h u n
1666.
Tak hanya Romeo-Juliet
TAK a d a y a n g m e m b u a t j a n t u n g
b e rd e b a r-d e b a r
s e la in k is a h c in ta
y a n g b a ik . K is a h c in ta y a n g b a ik
s u a m in y a ,
y a n g d itu ju k a n k e p a d a p a m a n n y a ,
P u tu s a s a k a re n a s itu a s i, A b e la rd
L e o p o ld , y a n g ja d i R a ja d i B e lg ia .
m e m u tu s k a n
K e m a tia n A lb e rt p a d a 2 2 D e s e m b e r
m e n u lis s u ra t-s u ra t
m a s u k b ia ra d a n
1 8 6 1 d a la m u s ia 4 2 ta h u n , m e m b u -
m u d ia n m e n ja d i s a n g a t te rk e n a l.
c in ta y a n g k e -
b e ra rti a d a u n s u r tra g is d i d a la m -
a t R a tu te rju n k e d a la m m a s a b e rk -
S u ra t-s u ra t a s m a ra m e re k a m a s ih
n y a . J ik a b ic a ra c in ta tra g is d a n
a b u n g y a n g b e rla n g s u n g d i s e p a n -
a d a h in g g a s e k a ra n g . M e re k a p a d a
d ra m a tis , te n tu s a ja , k ita a k a n s e -
ja n g h id u p n y a h in g g a a k h irn y a ia
a k h irn y a m e m a n g b e rte m u , te ta p i
la lu b e rp a lin g k e p a d a k is a h c in ta
w a fa t p a d a ta h u n
k a ry a m o n u m e n ta l
S h a k e sp e a re =
R o m e o d a n J u lie t--k is a h
c in ta
1901.
d a la m p e rte m u a n
V ic to ria m e n y u k a i w a rn a h ita m
s e la m a s is a h id u p n y a d a n m e n g -
p e n u h k u tu k a n , g a ira h ta k
abadi saat dua
ja s a d m e re k a d ik u b u r b e rs a m a d i
P a ris .
h a b is k a n s e b a g ia n b e s a r w a k tu n y a
b e rb a la s , d a n k e m a tia n y a n g tra g is
d a la m d e k a d e te ra k h ir p e m e rin ta -
d a n m e n g iris h a ti. K is a h R o m e o
h a n n y a d i p e n g a s in g a n . K e tik a
d a n J u lie t s e o la h m e n ja d i s e b u a h
a k h irn y a ia m e n in g g a l d u n ia p a d a
p a tro n d a n k ib la t d a ri s e lu ru h
ta h u n 1 9 0 1 , d ia d im a k a m k a n
k is a h c in ta tra g is y a n g a d a d i d u n ia
m akam um um
in i.
g e r b a n g m a k a n te r tu lis k a lim a t,.
Cleopatra dan Mark Antony
In i b is a d is e b u t s e b a g a i k is a h
di
d a n d i a ta s p in tu
c in ta e p ik y a n g b e g itu S h a k e s p e a re
m e lih a tn y a , c o c o k d ija d ik a n s e b a g a i s u b je k s a la h s a tu tra g e d i.
C le o p a tra d a n M a rk A n to n y b e rte -
" P e rp is a h a n te rb a ik te rk a s ih , d i s in i
m u p a d a ta h u n 4 1 S M , s a a t p u n c a k
h a n y a la h ro m a n , k is a h re k a a n s a n g
a k h irn y a a k u a k a n b e ris tira h a t
g e jo la k d i R e p u b lik R o m a w i.
p u ja n g g a , y a n g d a la m s e ja ra h
g a n e n g k a u , d e n g a n e n g k a u d a la m
C le o p a tra , s e o ra n g ra tu M e s ir, m e r-
s u s a s tra , k e b e ra d a a n n y a
K r is tu s a k u a k a n b a n g k it la g i."
a y u A n th o n y y a n g s u d a h b e ris tri k e
P a d a h a l, k is a h R o m e o d a n J u lie t
m a s ih ja d i
s e n d iri
s u m b e r m is te ri d a n k o n -
tro v e rs i. B e tu lk a h s e o ra n g S h a k e s p e a re itu b e n a r-b e n a r
p u ja n g g a
d e n g a n id e n tita s n y a ta a ta u s e b u a h
n a m a sa m a ra n
d a ri o ra n g y a n g ta k
m a u d ik e n a li?
S e la in R o m e o d a n J u lie t, d a la m
c a ta ta n s e ja ra h d a n k e h id u p a n
nya-
ta , a d a b a n y a k k is a h tra g is y a n g
m irip -m irip
den-
dengan R om eo dan
d a la m s e b u a h a lia n s i p o litik ro A b e la rd -H e lo is e
m a n tis , te ta p i le m a h .
P e n y a ir te rk e m u k a In g g ris
A lia n s i in i k e la k d ija d ik a n b u k ti
A le x a n d e r P o p e p e rn a h m e n g g u b a h
s a a t K a is a r O k ta v ia n u s m e y a k in k a n
s e b u a h c e rita te n ta n g m e re k a d a n
s e n a t R o m a w i b a h w a M a rc A n to n y
m e n ja d ik a n n y a s e b a g a i b a g ia n d a ri
h a u s k e k u a s a a n d a n b e rk o n s p ira s i
s a s tra k la s ik . S e b e n a rn y a , in i
d e n g a n C le o p a tra y a n g d ia n g g a p -
b u k a n k is a h fik s i, ta p i
true story
d a ri s e b u a h k is a h c in ta y a n g ru m it
n y a s e b a g a i p e n y ih ir. O k ta v ia n u s
p u n m e n y a ta k a n p e ra n g te rh a d a p
d a n tra g is , d i m a n a ta k d ir m e n e n -
m a n ta n
tu k a n a k h ir c in ta m e re k a s e b a g a i
S M . B a ik A n to n y d a n C le o p a tra
te rs e b u t k e m u d ia n d is u la p a ta u d i-
c e rita tra g is p a d a p e rte n g a h a n
bunuh
a d a p ta s i d a la m k a ry a fik s i, b a ik
a b a d k e -iz d i P ra n c is .
d ita n g k a p .
J u lie t. S a n g a t m u n g k in , k is a h -k is a h
d a la m b e n tu k s a s tra a ta u film .
P e te r A b e la rd a d a la h s e o ra n g
m itra n y a itu p a d a ta h u n 3 1
d iri s e la m a p e ra n g d a rip a d a
(Mulyana/lulusanjurusan Antropologi Unpad)***
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14
13
27
M in g g u
()
16
15
29
28
31
30
Ags
K is a h C in ta P a lin g T r a g is D a la m
S e ja r a h
Dari Taj Mahal
Hingga C l e o p ~ t r a
ISTlMEWA
K AIS AR M u g h a l, S h a h J a h a n , d a n is tr in ya Ar ju m a n d
a ta u M u m ta z
M a h a l . B e q itu
M a h a l u n tu k m e n d ia n g
'S
b e sa m ya
M u m ta z
c in ta s a n g ka is a r
lA P A y a n g ta k k e n a l, s e ti-
s a n g k a jik a b a n g u n a n
d a k n y a m e n d e p g a r,
d ib a n g u n
tra g is .
h a l? Y a , m o n u m e n
s a la h s a tu a d ik a ry a
E S C O d ite ta p k a n
s ite k tu r
te r h a d a p
T aj M ay a n g te r-
y a n g o le h U N -
s e b a g a i S itu s
D u n ia . B a n g u n a n
b e ra r-
M u g h a l itu b e g itu fe n o m e -
n a l d a n m e n ja d i
d a y a ta rik b a g i ju -
ta a n tu ris d a ri s e lu ru h
is tr in ya
h in g g a
Sh a h J a h a n
Za m a ni
m e m b a n g u n ka n
Ta j
M a h a l. *
le ta k d i A g ra , In d ia , itu m e ru p a k a n
W a ris a n
B a n u B e g u m , a ta u le b ih d ike n a l d e n g a n M u m ta z-u l
d u n ia . S ia p a
in d a h
ta n y a , A rju m a n d
itu
Is ta n a y a n g te rk e n a l
se b e n a rn y a
d i In d ia itu
d e k la ra s i a k h ir d a ri
c in ta , d ib a n g u n
B a n u B e g u m , a ta u
le b ih d ik e n a l d e n g a n M u m ta z -u l
Z a m a n i a ta u M u m ta z M a h a l.
o le h la ta r c in ta y a n g
S hah Jahan,
m e m ilik i k e k a y a a n
y a n g b e s a r s e la m a m a s a k e ja y a a n -
o le h K a is a r M u g h a l, S h a h J a h a n ,
n y a . P a d a 1 6 3 1 M u m ta z M a h a l
w a fa t s e w a k tu m e la h ir-k a n p u -
s e b a g a i m u s o le u m
trin y a
p e ris tira h a ta n
p a d a a b a d k e -rz
a ta u te m p a t
te ra k h ir
u n tu k
is tri
k e tig a s e k a lig u s y a n g p a lin g d ic in -
1 ( lip
i n g
H um
Cl
sU n
pad
2 0 1 2
G a u h a ra
B e g u m , a n a k k e -ra
m e re k a . M e n in g g a l-n y a
y a n g ju g a
M u m ta z
d iju lu k i s e b a g a i " J e w e l o f
th e P a la c e " itu m e m b u a t S h a h J a -
S a la h s a tu k is a h c in ta tra g is y a n g
te o lo g d a n g u ru (tu to r) d a la m k e -
h a n b e rd u k a lu a r b ia s a . S e b a g a i
le b ih m o d e rn b e ra s a l d a ri m a s a
h id u p a n H e lo is e , s e o ra n g g a d is
b e n tu k ra s a c in ta n y a , S h a h p u n
s e k ita r s e a b a d la lu d a n b e rs u m b e r
y a n g b e ru s ia 2 0 ta h u n . M e re k a p u n
m em bangun
T a j M a h a l. B u tu h
d a ri s u m b e r y a n g s e p e rtin y a m u s -
te rlib a t a s m a ra s e h in g g a m e m b u a t
(1 6 3 0 -1 6 5 3 ) u n tu k
ta h il-k e lu a rg a k e ra ja a n In g g ris .
m a ra h p a m a n H e lo is . S a n g p a m a n
m e n y e le s a ik a n is ta n a te rs e b u t. D i
C in ta y a n g d ira s a k a n o le h R a tu
m e n g e b iri A b e la rd , te ta p i te rla m b a t
te m p a t itu p u la S h a h b e rg a b u n g
V ic to ria te rh a d a p
k a re n a k e d u a n y a s u d a h m e n ik a h
d e n g a n M u m ta z , m e n y u s u l k e m a -
P a n g e ra n A lb e rt, s a n g a tla h m u rn i
d a n p u n y a a n a k . A k h irn y a , A b e la rd
d a n tu lu s . H a l itu d ip e rlih a tk a n
d a n H e lo is e d ik u c ilk a n d a n d ik e lu -
o le h V ic to ria le w a t b e b e ra p a s u ra t
a rk a n d a ri g e re ja .
w a k tu 2 3 ta h u n
tia n n y a p a d a ta h u n
1666.
Tak hanya Romeo-Juliet
TAK a d a y a n g m e m b u a t j a n t u n g
b e rd e b a r-d e b a r
s e la in k is a h c in ta
y a n g b a ik . K is a h c in ta y a n g b a ik
s u a m in y a ,
y a n g d itu ju k a n k e p a d a p a m a n n y a ,
P u tu s a s a k a re n a s itu a s i, A b e la rd
L e o p o ld , y a n g ja d i R a ja d i B e lg ia .
m e m u tu s k a n
K e m a tia n A lb e rt p a d a 2 2 D e s e m b e r
m e n u lis s u ra t-s u ra t
m a s u k b ia ra d a n
1 8 6 1 d a la m u s ia 4 2 ta h u n , m e m b u -
m u d ia n m e n ja d i s a n g a t te rk e n a l.
c in ta y a n g k e -
b e ra rti a d a u n s u r tra g is d i d a la m -
a t R a tu te rju n k e d a la m m a s a b e rk -
S u ra t-s u ra t a s m a ra m e re k a m a s ih
n y a . J ik a b ic a ra c in ta tra g is d a n
a b u n g y a n g b e rla n g s u n g d i s e p a n -
a d a h in g g a s e k a ra n g . M e re k a p a d a
d ra m a tis , te n tu s a ja , k ita a k a n s e -
ja n g h id u p n y a h in g g a a k h irn y a ia
a k h irn y a m e m a n g b e rte m u , te ta p i
la lu b e rp a lin g k e p a d a k is a h c in ta
w a fa t p a d a ta h u n
k a ry a m o n u m e n ta l
S h a k e sp e a re =
R o m e o d a n J u lie t--k is a h
c in ta
1901.
d a la m p e rte m u a n
V ic to ria m e n y u k a i w a rn a h ita m
s e la m a s is a h id u p n y a d a n m e n g -
p e n u h k u tu k a n , g a ira h ta k
abadi saat dua
ja s a d m e re k a d ik u b u r b e rs a m a d i
P a ris .
h a b is k a n s e b a g ia n b e s a r w a k tu n y a
b e rb a la s , d a n k e m a tia n y a n g tra g is
d a la m d e k a d e te ra k h ir p e m e rin ta -
d a n m e n g iris h a ti. K is a h R o m e o
h a n n y a d i p e n g a s in g a n . K e tik a
d a n J u lie t s e o la h m e n ja d i s e b u a h
a k h irn y a ia m e n in g g a l d u n ia p a d a
p a tro n d a n k ib la t d a ri s e lu ru h
ta h u n 1 9 0 1 , d ia d im a k a m k a n
k is a h c in ta tra g is y a n g a d a d i d u n ia
m akam um um
in i.
g e r b a n g m a k a n te r tu lis k a lim a t,.
Cleopatra dan Mark Antony
In i b is a d is e b u t s e b a g a i k is a h
di
d a n d i a ta s p in tu
c in ta e p ik y a n g b e g itu S h a k e s p e a re
m e lih a tn y a , c o c o k d ija d ik a n s e b a g a i s u b je k s a la h s a tu tra g e d i.
C le o p a tra d a n M a rk A n to n y b e rte -
" P e rp is a h a n te rb a ik te rk a s ih , d i s in i
m u p a d a ta h u n 4 1 S M , s a a t p u n c a k
h a n y a la h ro m a n , k is a h re k a a n s a n g
a k h irn y a a k u a k a n b e ris tira h a t
g e jo la k d i R e p u b lik R o m a w i.
p u ja n g g a , y a n g d a la m s e ja ra h
g a n e n g k a u , d e n g a n e n g k a u d a la m
C le o p a tra , s e o ra n g ra tu M e s ir, m e r-
s u s a s tra , k e b e ra d a a n n y a
K r is tu s a k u a k a n b a n g k it la g i."
a y u A n th o n y y a n g s u d a h b e ris tri k e
P a d a h a l, k is a h R o m e o d a n J u lie t
m a s ih ja d i
s e n d iri
s u m b e r m is te ri d a n k o n -
tro v e rs i. B e tu lk a h s e o ra n g S h a k e s p e a re itu b e n a r-b e n a r
p u ja n g g a
d e n g a n id e n tita s n y a ta a ta u s e b u a h
n a m a sa m a ra n
d a ri o ra n g y a n g ta k
m a u d ik e n a li?
S e la in R o m e o d a n J u lie t, d a la m
c a ta ta n s e ja ra h d a n k e h id u p a n
nya-
ta , a d a b a n y a k k is a h tra g is y a n g
m irip -m irip
den-
dengan R om eo dan
d a la m s e b u a h a lia n s i p o litik ro A b e la rd -H e lo is e
m a n tis , te ta p i le m a h .
P e n y a ir te rk e m u k a In g g ris
A lia n s i in i k e la k d ija d ik a n b u k ti
A le x a n d e r P o p e p e rn a h m e n g g u b a h
s a a t K a is a r O k ta v ia n u s m e y a k in k a n
s e b u a h c e rita te n ta n g m e re k a d a n
s e n a t R o m a w i b a h w a M a rc A n to n y
m e n ja d ik a n n y a s e b a g a i b a g ia n d a ri
h a u s k e k u a s a a n d a n b e rk o n s p ira s i
s a s tra k la s ik . S e b e n a rn y a , in i
d e n g a n C le o p a tra y a n g d ia n g g a p -
b u k a n k is a h fik s i, ta p i
true story
d a ri s e b u a h k is a h c in ta y a n g ru m it
n y a s e b a g a i p e n y ih ir. O k ta v ia n u s
p u n m e n y a ta k a n p e ra n g te rh a d a p
d a n tra g is , d i m a n a ta k d ir m e n e n -
m a n ta n
tu k a n a k h ir c in ta m e re k a s e b a g a i
S M . B a ik A n to n y d a n C le o p a tra
te rs e b u t k e m u d ia n d is u la p a ta u d i-
c e rita tra g is p a d a p e rte n g a h a n
bunuh
a d a p ta s i d a la m k a ry a fik s i, b a ik
a b a d k e -iz d i P ra n c is .
d ita n g k a p .
J u lie t. S a n g a t m u n g k in , k is a h -k is a h
d a la m b e n tu k s a s tra a ta u film .
P e te r A b e la rd a d a la h s e o ra n g
m itra n y a itu p a d a ta h u n 3 1
d iri s e la m a p e ra n g d a rip a d a
(Mulyana/lulusanjurusan Antropologi Unpad)***
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