The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose
Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH A MARBLE SKY INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA ROSE
A THESIS
BY
NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA NIM: 080721004
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH A
MARBLE SKY INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA ROSE
A THESIS BY
NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA NIM: 080721004
Supervisor, Co. Supervisor
Dra. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.hum Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A NIP. 19570626 198303 2001 NIP.19680122 199803 2 001
Submitted to faculty of letters, University of North Sumatera Medan in Partial Fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature/Linguistics.
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum Nip: 19571002 198601 2 003 Nip:19630216 198963 1 003
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
Accepted by the board examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree Sarjana Sastra from English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera, Medan
The Examination is held at the Faculty of Letters, English Department, University of North Sumatera on Wednesday, December 23 2009
The Dean of the Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera,
Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph. D Nip: 132 098 531
Board Examiners:
Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum ( ) Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum ( ) Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum ( ) Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A ( )
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank and praise to Allah SWT for blessing the writer in so many ways give his guidance, love, health and capability in completing this Thesis to finish her study from English Department, Faculty of Letters, university of North Sumatra. Prayer is also for the writer so he can finish her study from university. Upon the last prophet, Muhammad SAW.
The writer sincere thank is expressed to her supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis M.A. Who has spent her precious time, to guide and give suggestions during the process of writing this paper, and Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A. as a reader that give me constructive criticism and suggestions. I also thank to Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D as the dean of the Faculty of Letters, and Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. And Drs.
Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum as the head and secretary of English study program for
their support and good co-operation in helping the writer finish this paper. And the writer would also like to express her sincere gratitude to all of the lectures for their knowledge, guidance and advice during her study in faculty.
Furthermore, the writer would also like to express her special thanks to her beloved parents, sister who have patiently given their moral and financial, supported, advice, love and prayer. I would like to give my special thanks to my parents special to my father
Marahansan, SH, my mother Sri Indrawaty Kesuma, SH and my younger sister SusFany Kesuma Maharani and all of my friends, Juliana, Dewi Puji Lestari,
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
i
Rizka Elfira, Selviana Tindaon, Poppy Amanda, and to my close friend Arie Ismail S. Sos for making my life more colourful and the best my friend Fitriani, Nanda Asri Nurul Huda no one can be like you.
Finally, the writer would like to admit this paper is far from being perfect, therefore, she is open to constructive criticism and suggestions.
Medan, Dec,2009 Novie Andriani Kesuma Reg. No. : 080721004
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been submitted for the aware of another degree in any tertiary education
Signed :
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : NOVIE ANDRIANI KESUMA
Title of thesis : The Morphemic Shifts in Translation of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose
Qualification : S-I/ Sarjana Sastra Study program : English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reduplication at the discretion of the Librarian of the English Department University of North Sumatera (USU) on the
understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed :………..
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Novie Andriani Kesuma : The Morphemic Shifts In Translation Of Jhon Shors Beneath A Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose, 2010.
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul “The Morphemic Shifts in Translation of Jhon Shors Beneath A
Marble Sky Into Taj Mahal By Meithya Rose” merupakan sebuah analisis tentang
pergeseran yang terjadi pada tataran morfem. Dimana bahasa inggris adalah sebagai bahasa sumber dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa sasarannya. Landasan teori yang di gunakan adalah teori J.C Catford di dalam buku batil hasim yang menitik beratkan pada pergeseran– pergeseran dalam terjemahan yang banyak di jumpai oleh seorang penerjemah. Penelitian dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah penelitian kepustakaaan yang bersifat deskriptip kualitatif. dari hasil analisis yang di peroleh di dalam penulisan skripsi ini yang di temukan adalah pergeseran dari morfem menjadi kata, pergeseran dari morfem menjadi frase, dan di temukannya data yang mengandung unsure – unsure morpheme yang tidak mengalami pergeseran di dalam terjemahan. dengan berpedoman pada teori J.C Catford dalam buku basil hatim penulis menemukan beberapa pergeseran yang terdapat pada morpheme namun tetap memiliki kesamaan konsep makna dengan bahasa aslinya.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 .1 Background of the Analysis ………1
1 .2 Problem of the Analysis ………5
1 .3 Objective of the Analysis ………6
1 .4 Scope of the Analysis ………6
1 .5 Significances of Analysis ………6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2 .1 The Description of Translation ………10
2.1.1 Definition of Translation………10
2.1.2 Function of Translation ………11
2.1.3 Types of Translation ………12
2.1.4 Process of Translation ………17
2.1.5 Shifts in Translation ………19
2.2 The Description of Morpheme ………21
2.2.1 The Understanding of Morpheme ………21
2.2.2 The types of Morphemes in English and Indonesia ………22
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3.1 Research Method ………26
3.2 Data and Data Source ………26
3.3 Data Collecting Method ………27
3.4 Data Analysis Method ………27
CHAPTER IV THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH’S A MARBLE SKY A NOVEL OF TAJ MAHAL INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA ROSE 4 .1 Morphemic Shifts from morpheme to word 4.1.1 Prefix 4.1.1.1 Prefix Un- ………29
4.1.1.2 Prefix Im- ………31
4.1.1.3 Prefix Re- ………31
4.1.1.4 Prefix Dis- ………32
4.1.1.5 Prefix Under- ………32
4.1.1.6 Prefix Out- ………33
4.1.1.7 Prefix A- ………34
4.1.1.8 Prefix Extra- ………34
4.1.1.9 Prefix Over- ………35
4.1.2 Suffix 4.1.2.1 Suffix –Ing ………35
4.1.2.2 Suffix –ly ………36
4.1.2.3 Suffix –s ………37
4.1.2.4 Suffix –er ………39
4.1.2.5 Suffix –less ………39
4.1.2.6 Suffix –est ………40
4 .2 Morphemic Shifts from word to phrase 4.2.1 Prefix 4.2.1.1 Prefix Un- ………40
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4.2.1.2 Prefix Re- ………41
4.2.1.3 Prefix Under- ………42
4.2.2 Suffix 4.2.2.1 Suffix –ly ………42
4.2.2.3 Suffix –s ………43
4.2.2.4 Suffix –er ………43
4.2.2.5 Suffix –less ………44
4.2.2.6 Suffix –est ………44
4 .3 Others 4 .3.1 No shifts from Morpheme to Morpheme 4 .3.2.1 Prefix ………45
4 .3.2.2 Suffix ………46
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ………47
5.2 Suggestions ………48
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX
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INTRODUCTION
Background of Analysis
There are some acceptable definitions which describe what translation is. Translation means transferring the meaning of the source language into receptor language (Larson, 1984:3). Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is process of transferring the meaning of the source language or one’s own language into the target language or another language. The form from which the translation is made will be called the SOURCE LANGUAGE (SL) and the form into which it is to be changed will be called TARGET LANGUAGE (TL). The form from the target language be translated became a word, phrase, clause, sentence, and paragraph.
In translation, there are many translation shifts, translation shifts is defined as a translation procedure involving the change in the grammar from the SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). While, the term shifts is used in the translation to refer to changes which may occur in the process of translation (Dirk Delabatista,1992:226). Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation shift is the process of translation which involves change in the grammar fro SL to TL.
In transferring the meanings, a translator not only be able to transfer the source languages into the target language but also a translator must be able to understand the form, semantic, grammatical, phonology and morphology. Besides, a translator must be able to determine the meaning from two different languages to produce the perfect translation because every language has the different morphemes. For example, English and Bahasa
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English Morphemes
(Sibarani,2002: 6,11)
Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia
(Arifin & Junaiyah, 2009:vi,vii)
Prefixes = a-, un-, im-, in-, en-, and dis-.
Suffixes = -s,
Prefiks = di- , ke-, per-, meng-, ber-, ter-, se-, dan peng-.
Suffiks= -an, -anda, -i, -kan, -wan, dan -in
Infiks = -el-,-em-,-er-, dan -in
Confiks = ke-. . an, ber-. . an, per-. .
.-an, peng-. . .-.-an, dan se-. . .-nya,
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit into which words can be analyzed. Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of word which can be analyzed. For example, the base form such as like, popular, born, are combined with prefix re-, un-, and suffix –ly become like + ly → likely, re + born →
reborn, un + popular → unpopular. Morpheme can be classified into Bound and free
morphemes. Free morphemes are linguistic forms which can be used on its own or which can exist as independent word. For example Betty, horse, red, write, love, and drive. While bound morphemes are linguistic forms which are never used alone, but must be used with another morpheme. For example, the English suffix –ing must be used with a verb stem,
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e.g. write + ing → writing, love + ing → loving and drive + ing → driving (Sibarani, 2002:2).
This thesis discusses about the morphemic shift in translation. In most languages such as English and Bahasa Indonesia, words can be divided into smaller forms. These forms are the smallest linguistic unit that can have a meaning or grammatical function called morphemes. While Shift is a translation procedure which involves the change in the grammar from the SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). Shift is firstly proposed by J.C Catford. There are two types of shifts, they are level and category shifts. A level shift occurs when SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (Grammatical, lexical, etc). Category shift is generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit (e.g. ST adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in TT). (Catford (1965:80) in Hatim, 2000:15). Morphemic shifts as a part of level shifts but in translation it can be realized as category shifts especially in unit shifts as Hatim, (2000:16) says a translation through level shift could, on a different occasion or by a different translator, be achieved through category shift.
The morphemic shift is chosen as the main topic of this thesis because in the translation, many shifts are found. Sometimes, in translating the text from the different language is very difficult. Every language has different rules. As Maurits (2008:8) argues that “Setiap bahasa mempunyai aturan aturan sendiri. aturan aturan yang berlaku pada
suatu bahasa belum tentu berlaku pada bahasa lain”. [every language has its own the rule,
of course the rule of language is not effected to another language]. To translate the text a translator must find the equivalence of the text in order to make the reader understand the product of the translation. As Machali, (2000:xi) argues “Yang di cari oleh setiap
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penerjemah adalah kesepadanan antara teks yang diterjemahkan dan terjemahannya” [in
translation, a translator must find the equivalence of translation between the source language of text which translated and its translation]. In translation, a translator faces some difficulties in finding the equivalence of translation, so a translator make the shift in order to keep the meaning of the text, so the message can be conveyed naturally.
In this thesis, a novel is used as a data because in Jhon Shors’ novel entitled
Beneath a Marble sky and its translation are found many morphemic shifts in translation of
the novel. For example:
1. Shift from morpheme to word: Un-
(SL)
Tidak (TL)
I was unable to see what the lay beyond them (p.19 l.33)
Begitu tingginya hingga aku
tidak bisa melihat apa yang
terbentang di luar sana (p.26 l.2 The bound morpeheme un- are translated into tidak
The bound morpheme un- in unable is translated into the word tidak bisa. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme un– in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.
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2. Shift from morpheme to phrase:
Un + popular→ Unpopular
(SL)
Yang tak (TL)
Despite the unpopular taxes, (p.238 l.22)
Selain pajak yang tak
merakyat, (p.333 l.7)
The bound morpeheme un- are translated into yang tak
The bound morpheme –un in unpopular is translated into the word yang tak
merakyat. It shows there has been morphemic shift. So, the word unsure becomes one
word in English and becomes the phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
Based on the explanation above, I am interested to analyze the morphemic shift in the translation in Jhon Shors’s novel entitled Beneath a Marble Sky into Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose.
1.2 Problem of Analysis
In analyzing this thesis, the problems of analysis are:
1. What the morpheme are found in Jhon Shors Beneath a Marble sky into Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose?
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3. Which morphemic shifts are the most dominant used in the novel of Beneath a
Marble Sky and into Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose?
1.3 Objective of Analysis
In analyzing this thesis, the objectives of analysis are:
1. To find out the morphemes used in the novel of Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon Shors and its translation.
2. To analyze the morphemic shift in the novel of Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon Shors and its translation.
3. To find out the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the novel of Beneath a
Marble Sky by Jhon Shors
1.4 Scope of Analysis
The scope of this analysis is focused on morphemic shifts that consists of shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. In this analysis, I limit the analysis on the morpheme which added to the prefixes and suffixes.
1.5 Significances of Analysis
This analysis has some significance both theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, this analysis is useful for increasing the knowledge about translation between two different languages, English and Bahasa Indonesia. Practically this analysis
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will be useful for teaching and training of translation. Further, this analysis is expected to be useful as references for those who are interested in translation.
1.6 Review of Related Literature
In this analysis, this thesis used some theories which are relevant to the basic principle of translation which support the framework of the analysis. Some theories are as follow:
J.C. Catford (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15) classified the translation shift into two major types of shift are identified: ‘Level Shift’ and ‘Category shift’.
Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (Grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, source text word play achieved at the phonological level may be translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical level in the target language.
Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit (e.g. ST adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in TT). The category shifts may involve:
1. A ‘class shift’, when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class: e.g. the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’;
2. A ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between ST and target text TT: e.g. Jhon loves Mary becomes ‘is love at Jhon on Mary’ in Gaelic;
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3. A ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed: e.g. the English definite article translated by a change in word order in Russian;
4. An ‘intra-system shift’ which occurs when translation involves selection of a non-correspond formally: e.g. an SL ‘singular’ becomes a TL ‘plural’
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful elements into which words can be analyzed. (Sibarani, 2002:3,23). In this case, Robert Sibarani also classified the morpheme into free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morphemes are linguistic forms which can be used on its own or which can exist as independent word, for example Betty, horse, red, write, love, and drive while bound morphemes are linguistic forms which are never used alone but must be used with another morpheme, e.g. as an affix. For example, the English suffix – ing must be used with a verb stem, e.g. write + ing → writing, love + ing → loving and drive + ing → driving.
Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. (Junaiy`ah, 2009:2,3) they also classified the morpheme into Free morpheme and bound morpheme. Morfem bebas adalah morfem yang dapat berdiri sendiri, seperti jual, beli, duduk, dan tidur. Morfem terikat adalah morfem yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri yang di sebut dengan imbuhan seperti men + sapu → menyapu, me + tulis → menulis, me + jual → menjual.
In analyzing this thesis, I also use some previous studies that disccuss about shifts in translation. they are:
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Sri Rahmadani Siregar (2008:55-56) in The Translation of Morphemic Shift in
Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilawati presents about shifts in
morpheme, she concludes that morphemic shift in translation have different word classes in target text: they can be noun, adjective and adverb phrase. Morphemic shifts occur to make the readers easily in understanding the text translated.
Zahara Hijriani Rahmi (2004:54) in Dynamic Equivalence in the English
Translation of Sura Al-Waqi’ah of the holy Qur’an by Abdullah Yusuf Ali present about
Shifts from word in SL become phrase in TL despite that shift does not change the concept of original meaning of word in TL.
From those explanations above, it can be concluded that a translator makes shift to adjust the structure of source language to the appropriate structure in target language and also to produce a natural translation
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2 .1 The Description of Translation
This Thesis talks about the morphemic shift in a translation from English to Bahasa
Indonesia, so the writer wants to explain about the translation in brief first. 2.1.1 Definition of Translation
There are many theorists describe what translation is in different ways. They have their own explanation about translation.
Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) (Catford, in Machali 2000:5). it means that the translation is changing of the text material of the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) which in the target language the text has the equivalence in the source language.
Translation means rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text (Newmark, 1988:). it means that the translation to translate the meaning of the text to another language must be intended with the message of the author.
Translation involves the rendering of a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted (Basnett, 1980 : 2)
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Istilah translation mengacu pada pengalihan pesan tertulis dan istilah interpretation mengacu hanya pada pengalihan pesan lisan. [the term of translation refer to the transfer the meaning of the written message while the term of the interpretation refer to oral message]. (Nababan,1997:12). It means that translation is transfer the meaning of written message while interpretation refers to oral message translation.
Based on the definition above it can be conclude that the translation is process of transferring the meaning from the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) with focuses on the structure different language.
2.1.2 Function of Translation
In translation, the function of translation as an interlingua communication activity in developing country to get the information and technology. This statement is the same with Reiss arguments “interlingual translation (translation between two different languages) is a bilingual mediated process of communication, which usually aims at the production of a target language text that is functionally equivalent to source language text” (Reiss in venutti, 2000:160). One clear statement is expressed by linguists. He states “... Translation is a process of communication: the objective of translating is to import the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader (Levy in venutti, 2000:148).
Based on the argument above we can conclude that the function of translation is not only to transfer a message from one language to another but as a communicative facilitates same as the languages function and we can differentiating both the original and translated text assess the differences and the similarities between the two languages.
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2.1.3 Types of Translation
Many linguists make the divisions on translation. As Newmark, (1988:45) divides translation into eight; they are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation and communicative translation. Furthermore, the brief description of these types of translation will be discussed below:
2.1.3.1 Word-for-word Translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language immediately below the source language words. The SL word order is preserved and the words translated singly (Newmark, 1988:45). It means that each word or morpheme in source language is translated by a word or morpheme in target language by their most common meanings.
For example:
Source Language (SL) : His heart is in the right place.
Target Language (TL) : Kepunyaanya hati adalah dalam itu benar tempat. In this case each word in the sentences is translated singly.
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2.1.3.2Literal Translation
Literal translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly (Newmark,1988:46). It means that Literal translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly.
For example:
Source Language (SL) : His heart is in the right place.
Target Language (TL) : Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar
If we analyzed, the translation of target language is compatible with the English grammar. TL follows the form of SL
2.1.3.3Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures (Newmark,1988:46). It means that to transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
For example:
Source Language (SL) : Ben is to well aware that he is naughty. Target Language (TL) : Ben menyadari terlalu baik bahwa ia nakal.
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In this case the meaning of this translation is faith with SL in TL.
2.1.3.4 Semantic translation
Semantic translation is differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthic value that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetititon jars in the finished version (Newmark, 1988:46). It means that in semantic translation it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral of functional terms but no by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to readership. The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible and allows for the translator’s intuitive emphaty with the original.
For example:
Source Language (SL) : He is a book-worm.
Target Language (TL) : Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca.
This translation is not difficult to understand though no culture equivalent but using the same idiom in TL.
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2.1.3.5 Adaptation
This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually reserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produces many poor adaptations, bur other adaptation have rescued period plays (Newmark,1988:46). Besides for plays and poetry, adaptation is used to translate the cultural utterance in different concept between SL and TL.
For example:
Source Language (SL) : Dear sir.
Target Language (TL) : Dengan hormat.
Dear Sir is translated into Bahasa Indonesia becomes dengan hormat by using
adaptation, it is not translated becomes Tuan yang terhormat.
2.1.3.6Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original (Newmark, 1988:46). It means that the linguistic structure of the source language is ignored, and an equivalent is found based upon the meaning it conveys. For example:
Source Language (SL) : His heart is in the right place. Target Language (TL) : Dia baik hati
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In this case, this translation is often not to find equivalence of word or sentence but the translator has to able to catch meaning in SL, such as the example above.
2.1.3.7Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original (Newmark, 1988:47). In this case this translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring idioms where these do not exist in the original text.
For example:
Source Language (SL) : Be my guest.
Target Language (TL) : Silahkan
In this case this translation reproduces the message of the original from the source languages emphasizes for meaning with ignore the form of source language.
2.1.3.8Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (Newmark, 1988:47). It means that to translate the text a translator must make the product of translation is clear and is easy to understand by the reader.
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For example:
Source Language (SL) : Beware of the dog. Target Language (TL) : Awas anjing galak.
SL sentence clearly shows that a dog is vicious without using the vicious word so that TL has been equivalence with the SL.
2.1.4 Process of Translation
To transfer the meaning from the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL), a translator must be able to concern with the text and the message of the text of the source language. To produce the good translation the translator can be passing the three step process of translation. They are: analyze the source text, transfer the meaning and re structurisation.
Analyze the Source Text
At the first time to analyze the text, as the translator must be able to analyze the source text to find or understand the meaning from the source text of source text which want to translated. To find or understand the meaning from the source language a translator can reading the source text carefully. With the reading the text carefully a translator can understand the meaning from the source text. Besides to understand the meaning from the source text a translator must be able a good understanding to the elements of linguistic and extra linguistic from the source text. The elements of linguistic may involve Structure from two different languages, phonology, morphology and etc which related with the linguistic
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unit while the extra linguistic may involve concern with out of the linguistic element such as the element of the Socio-cultural text which want to translated.
Transfer the Meaning
After a translator can understand the meaning of the source text, so a translator transfer the messages from the source text into the target text, then to transfer that meaning a translator must be able find the equivalence of the word which want to translated into the target language.
Restructurization
In this case the translator focuses on the style of language to transfer the meaning which is appropriate with the type of the text which wants to translate. A translator must be able to require to pay attention to whom the product of translation in addressing.
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2.1.5 Shifts in Translation
Catford (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15) classified the translation shift into two major types of shift are identified: ‘Level Shift’ and ‘Category shift’.
A. Level Shift
Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (Grammatical, lexical, etc). For example, source text word play achieved at the phonological level may be translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical level in the target language (Catford (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).
B. Category Shift
Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit (e.g. ST adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in TT). (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15). The category shifts may involve:
2.1.5.1 A Class shift
A ‘class shift’, when an SL item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class: e.g. the adjective in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’ (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).
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2.1.5.2 A Structure Shift
A ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between ST and target text TT: e.g. Jhon loves Mary becomes ‘is love at Jhon on Mary’ in Gaelic; (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).
2.1.5.3 A Unit Shift
A ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed: e.g. the English definite article translated by a change in word order in Russian; (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).
2.1.5.4 An Intra-system Shift
An ‘intra-system shift’ which occurs when translation involves selection of a non-correspond formally: e.g. an SL ‘singular’ becomes a TL ‘plural’ (Catford, (1965: 80) in Batil Hasim (2001:15).
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2.2 The Description of Morpheme
This Thesis talks about the morphemic shift in a translation from English to Bahasa
Indonesia, so the writer wants to explain about the morpheme in brief first.
2.2.1 The Definition of Morpheme
There are many theorists describe what morpheme is. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful elements into which words can be analyzed (Sibarani, 2002:3). It means that morpheme is the smallest meaningful element which can be analyzed.
Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed (Nida, 1967:6). In this case, that the morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.
The traditional term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme (Fromkin, 1998:69). It means that morphemes are an unit of grammatical form.
The morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure (Katamba,1988:24). It means that morpheme is the smallest difference in shape of word in grammatical structure.
Morpheme is Linguistics a speech element having a meaning or grammatical Function that cannot be subdivided into furthers such elements
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Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. [morphe is the
smallest meaningful unit which has the meaning] (Junaiy`ah, 2009:2). It means that morpheme is a linguistic unit which contains the meaning.
Based on the definitions above it can be conclude that Morpheme is a meaningful of
linguistic unit consisting of a→ is a word) or a word element (such as
the -s at the end of dogs. The word dogs consists of the word dog + suffiks s → dogs ) that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
2.2.2 The types of Morphemes in English and Indonesia 2.2.2.1 English Morpheme
In English morpheme, morpheme can be classified into free and bound morpheme. Free morphemes are linguistic forms which can be used on its own or which can exist as independent word (Sibarani, 2002: 23). Root which are capable of standing independently are called free morpheme (Katamba, 1988:41). Based on the argument above it can be concluded that free morpheme are a word (can be nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions, or adverbs) which are capable standing independently. For example: Betty, horse, red, write, love and drive.
Bound morphemes are linguistic forms which are never used alone but must be used with another morpheme. e.g Affix (Sibarani, 2002:23). While only roots can be free morphemes, not all roots are free. Many roots are incapable of occurring in isolation. They always occur with some other word-building element attached to them. Such roots are called bound morphemes (Katamba, 1988:42). Based on the argument above it can be
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conclude that the bound morpheme are linguistic forms which are never used alone and must be used with another morpheme. For example write + ing → writing. in this case, the bound morphemes also recognized affixes.
Affixes are the bound morphemes which are added to a word which change the meaning/category or the grammatical function of the word (Sibarani, 2002: 26). This argument also argument by theories which argument by Katamba says that “An affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base. Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morphemes” (Katamba, 1988:44). Based on the definition above we can conclude that the affixes are the bound morpheme.
In English morpheme, there are two types of affixes: Prefixes and Suffixes even though in many languages, Infixation (the adding of infixes in word formation). Prefixes are the affixes which are added to the beginning of the word. While Suffixes are the affixes which are added to the end of a word, and infixes are the added within a word (Sibarani, 2002:26). It means that prefixes are the bound morpheme which added in the beginning of word, suffixes are the bound morpheme which added in the end of the word and the infixes are the bound morpheme which added inserted into other morphemes. For example :
Prefixes : Prefix -bi + free morpheme Polar → Bipolar Suffixes : Free morpheme linguist + Suffix s- → Linguists
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2.2.2.1 Morphemes of Bahasa Indonesia
In Indonesia morpheme, morpheme can be classified into morpheme bebas and morpheme terikat. Morfem bebas adalah morfem yang dapat berdiri sendiri sedangkan
morfen terikat adalah morfem yang tak dapat berdiri sendiri. [free morpheme are the
morpheme can stand alone while bound morpheme are the morpheme cannot stand alone](Junaiyah, 2009:2). It means that the morpheme in Indonesia can be classified into two. There are morfem bebas and morfem terikat when the morfem bebas are the morpheme can be stand alone and the morfem terikat is the morpheme which cannot stand alone.
For example
Morfem bebas : Jual
Morfem terikat : Prefix Mem + free morpheme bantu → Membantu
Same as the English morpheme, in Indonesia morpheme the bound morpheme also called affixes. “Imbuhan (afiks) adalah suatu bentuk (morfem) yang di lekatkan pada kata dasar.
Sedangkan prosesnya sendiri di sebut afiksasi (affixation).” [ Affixes is the form
(morpheme) which added to the base form while the process of the affixes is called affixation] (Http/www.google.com which accesses on 16 April 2009). It can be conclude
that affixes are the form (morpheme) which added to the base form.
Affixes can be classified into 4 (four) they are: Prefixes, suffixes, infiks and konfiks. Awalan (Prefiks) adalah imbuhan yang di lekatkan pada kata dasar. Infiks
(sisipan) adalah imbuhan yang dilekatkan di tengah kata dasar, while Sufiks (akhiran) adalah imbuhan yang yang di lekatkan pada akhir kata dasar, and Konfiks (imbuhan terbelah) adalah imbuhan yang di lekatkan sekaligus pada awal dan akhir kata dasar
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(Junaiyah, 2009 : 6,7). It means that Prefiks are the bound morpheme which added in the beginning of the basic word, Infiks are the bound morpheme which added in the middle of the basic word, while Suffiks is the bound morpheme which added in the end of the basic word. and Konfiks are the bound morpheme which added in the beginning and in the end of the basic word.
For example :
Prefiks : Prefix –Ber + Free morpheme segi → Bersegi
Infiks : Free morpheme Getar (Indonesia morphemes) + Infixes -el- → Geletar Suffiks : Free morpheme ambil + suffiks –kan → Ambilkan
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Method
In this analysis, I use the library research to find theories dealing with this subject from various books and dictionary. According to Bungin (2004:46) Penelitian
dapat pula di lakukan di perpustakaan, penelitian yang di lakukan di perpustakaan ini mengambil setting perpustakaan sebagai tempat penelitian dengan objek penelitiannya adalah bahan bahan kepustakaan [Research can be done by the library
and the references as the object of the research]
3.2 Data and Data Source
The data source of this analysis is written text, which were taken from one of the best seller novels written by Jhon Shors, Beneath a Marble Sky’ in 2004. This novel was translated by Meithya Rose, Taj Mahal in 2007. The data is collected by closely observing the morpheme in SL and TL. By reading and analyzing them repeatedly. Then the data were taken directly from the data source.
Data for analysis are words which have the bound morphemes from the novel
Beneath a Marble Sky, written by Jhon Shors and its Indonesian version Taj Mahal
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3.4 Data Collecting Method
To collect the data, I applied the written method is by noting down the morpheme from the original English novel as well as from its translated version. The English novel version which entitled Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon Shors consists of 4 chapters and 324 pages. While its translation Taj Mahal translated by Meithya Rose consists of 4 chapters and 457 pages.
Data Analysis Method
In analyzing the data, I apply the qualitative method and to take an example these analyze using the purposive sampling. Qualitative method is applied by making a description of morphemic shift in the translation of Jhon Shors Beneath a Marble Sky into
Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose. Qualitative method means an analysis which uses some
instruments for collecting the data.
“Dalam Penelitian Kuantitatif proses pengumpulan data dan analisisnya
terpisah secara jelas, dan analisisnya dilakukan pada tahap akhir pengumpulan data selesai. Tidak demikian halnya dalam penelitian kualitatif, yang proses analisisnya harus di lakukan sejak awal bersamaan dengan proses pegumpulan data.” (Sutopo, 2006:257)
In analyzing the data, procedures are applied:
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2. Identifying and selecting the morpheme from the source language and the target language.
3. Categorizing and underlining the morpheme from the source language and the target language.
4. Analyzing the data by using J.C. Catford theory in Basil Hatim, 2001:15
In order to gain the most frequent of the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in the translation of this novel I use Nawawi Formula (1991:127) as the following
X
N = -- X 100 % Y
where, X = the number of each morphemic shift found in the novel
Y = the total number of all data
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CHAPTER IV
THE MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN TRANSLATION OF JHON SHORS BENEATH’S A MARBLE SKY A NOVEL OF TAJ MAHAL INTO TAJ MAHAL BY MEITHYA
ROSE
4.1 Morphemic Shift from morpheme to word
Morphemic shift from morpheme to word means the changes from morpheme in the Source Language (SL) become word in the Target Language (TL).
Shifts from morpheme to word occurred in prefixes (un-, im- re-,dis-, under-,out-,a-, extra- and over) and suffixes (-ingunder-,out-,a-, -lyunder-,out-,a-, -sunder-,out-,a-, -erunder-,out-,a-, -lessunder-,out-,a-, and -est) as follow:
4.1.1 Prefixes
4.1.1.1 Prefixes Un-
Prefixes Un-Translated become Tidak Un-
(SL)
Tidak (TL)
I was unable to see what the lay beyond them (p.19 l.33)
Begitu tingginya hingga aku tidak bisa melihat apa yang terbentang di luar sana (p.26 l.2)
“I wouldn’t say so if it were untrue” (p.27 l.7)
“Aku tidak akan mengucapkannya bila itu
tidak benar” (p.36 l.22)
At first, I was uneasy with such glances, (p.41 l.27)
Mulanya rasa tidak nyaman menyerangku, (p.58 l.10)
“he said,”even if my view is unusual Among Muslims, (p.44 l.14)
“ia berkata, “meskipun pandanganku tidak lazim diantara orang orang islam
(p.61 l.31-32)
But we’re unlike our friends. (p.46 l.30) Tapi kita tidak seperti teman teman kita. (p.65 l.10)
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Prefixes Un- translated become tak Un-
(SL)
Tak (TL)
, was stained and his hair was unkempt. (p.79 l.14)
Rambutnya kusut tak terurus.(p.109 l.20) , while armed guards kept unwelcome
visitors at bay. (p.122 l.11)
, sementara para penjaga bersenjata menjauhkan tamu yang tak diundang. (p.170 l.23)
The bound morpeheme un- are translated into tak
Prefixes Un- translated become tanpa Un-
(SL)
Tanpa (TL)
, his eyes unexpectedly swelled with tears. (p.82 l.32)
, matanya tanpa di duga menitikkan air mata. (p.114 l.18)
, leaving only three criminals unscathed. (p.98 l.11)
, hanya menyisakan tiga penjahat tanpa cedera. (p.136 l.6)
The bound morpeheme un- are translated into tanpa
Prefixes Un- translated become Belum Un-
(SL)
Tidak (TL)
I reply, still somewhat unsure of the answer (p.11 l.8)
ujarku, namun masih belum yakin pada jawaban ini (p.14 l.10)
, unwashed soldiers and cooking fires mingled with the stench of rotting flesh (p.69 l.38)
, prajurit yang belum membasuh diri , dan tungku masak, berbaur dengan amisnya luka dari daging yang membusuk (p.98 l.21)
The bound morpeheme un- are translated into belum
The bound morpheme un- in the example above is translated into the word tidak,
tak,tanpa and belum. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to
find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme un– in English becomes the word in
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4.1.1.2 Prefixes Im-
Prefixes Im-Translated become Tidak/tak Im-
(SL)
Tidak (TL)
“impossible!” (p.11 l.26) “tidak mungkin!” (p.15 l.2)
I loved a man who cerished the
imperfections of my face (p.58 l.29)
Mencintai laki-laki yang memuja wajahku yang tak terlampau cantik (p.82 l.19-20) The baby grew impatient during our
second week in burhanpur (p.70 l.9)
Bayi di perut ibu semakin tak sabar pada minggu kedua kami di burhanpur
(p.98 l.33)
The bound morpeheme Im- are translated into Tidak/tak
The bound morpheme im- in the example above is translated into the word
Tidak/tak,dengan. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to
find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme im– in English becomes the word in
Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.1.3 Prefixes Re-
Prefixes Re-Translated become kembali Re-
(SL)
Kembali (TL)
Such blood could reunite the empire again (p.12 l.14)
,Darah itulah yang bisa menyatukan
kembali kerajaan ini (p.15 l.30)
Father returned to his Peacock Throne. (p.23 l.6)
Ayah melangkah kembali ke singgasana meraknya (p.30 l.24)
..., these entertainers recreated the famous acoount my great-great- grandfather, (p.25 l.24)
Para penghibur ini menggubah kembali kisah terkenal kakek moyangku, (p.34 l.17) ...of a person I hardly recalled.(p.48 l.16) ... dan mimpi tentang seseorang yang sulit
kuingat kembali. (p.68 l.2)
...,they should recover(p.55 l.16) ...,pohon-pohon itu akan segar kembali.” (p.77 l.20)
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The bound morpheme re- in the example above is translated into the word kembali. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme re– in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.1.4 Prefixes Dis-
Prefixes Dis-Translated become Tidak Dis-
(SL)
Tidak (TL)
, he was disinterested at best, in my effort (p.52 l.16)
, ia tidak tertarik , paling tidak, dengan usahaku (p.73 l.14)
He looked displaced in his chain mail, (p.62 l.24)
Ia terlihat tidak nyaman dalam baju jirah (p.88 l.13)
Dara shook his head in disbelief (p.67 l.9) Dara menngelengkan kepala tidak percaya (p.94 l.24)
The bound morpeheme Dis- are translated into tidak
The bound morpheme dis- in the example above is translated into the word tidak,. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme dis– in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.1.5 Prefixes Under-
Prefixes Under-Translated become bawah Under-
(SL)
Di bawah (TL)
Isa had designed the gardens so that
Underground passages from the river
Isa telah merancang kebun-kebun itu sedemikian rupa sehingga saluran-saluran
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would always keep their canals and fountains flowing. (p.118 l.37)
di bawah tanah dari sungai akan selalu menjaga kanal-kanalnya dan air mancur tetap mengalir. (p.165 l.31)
I tumbled underwater, not knowing up from down from sideways. (p.275 l.32)
Under + water → Underwater
Aku jatuh terguling-guling di bawah air dan tak lagi tahu arah. (p.387 l.16) The bound morpeheme under- are translated into di bawah
The bound morpheme under- in the example above is translated into the word di
bawah. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same
equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme under– in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.1.6 Prefixes Out-
Prefixes Out-Translated become Luar Out-
(SL)
Luar (TL)
, find your self a pile of mud outside! (p.18 l.25)
, pergi ke gundukan lumpur di luar sana! (p.24 l.20)
The bound morpeheme Out- are translated into luar
The bound morpheme out- in the example above is translated into the word luar. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme out– in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.1.7 Prefixes A-
Prefixes A-Translated become di A-
(SL)
Di (TL)
, sitting atop a cushion was my mother, Arjumand. (p.13 l.16)
Di dalam toko itu Arjumand tengah duduk
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Somewhere amid the chaos was Isa. (p.169 l.27)
Di suatu tempat di tengah kebalauan itu, mataku terhenti pada Isa. (p.235 l.12) The bound morpeheme a- are translated into di
The bound morpheme a- in the example above is translated into the word di. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme a– in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.1.8 Prefixes Extra-
Prefixes Extra-Translated become Sangat Extra -
(SL)
Sangat (TL)
“Your great-grandparents lived
Extraordinary lives,”(p.12 l.32)
“kehidupan kakek dan nenek buyutmu
sangat hebat,” (p.16 l.21)
The bound morpeheme Extra - are translated into Sangat
The bound morpheme Extra- in the example above is translated into the word
Sangat. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same
equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme Extra– in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.1.9 Prefixes Over-
Prefixes Over-Translated become Terlalu Extra -
(SL)
Terlalu (TL)
“Overambitious? (p.140 l.34) “Terlalu berambisi? (p.194 l.29)
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The bound morpheme Over- in the example above is translated into the word
Terlalu. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same
equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme Over– in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.2 Sufixes 4.1.2.1 Suffix –ing
Suffix Ing-Translated become Saling Ing -
(SL)
Saling (TL)
,whispering as young women (p.9 l.28) ,mereka saling berbisik (p.12 l.18) The bound morpeheme Ing – are translated into saling
Suffix Ing-Translated become Sambil/sembari Ing -
(SL)
Sambil/sembari (TL)
,meeting their stares (p.11 l.18) sembari menatap mata mereka (p.14 l.23)
,subduing a smile, (p.13 l.20) ,jawabku sambil menyembunyikan senyum
bahagia (p.17 l.6)
The bound morpeheme Ing – are translated into sambil/sembari
Suffix Ing-Translated become yang/lalu/sesaat/ tengah Ing -
(SL)
Yang (TL)
Standing next Mother was her slave, (p.16 l.17)
Yang berdiri di samping ibu adalah
budaknya, (p.21 l.4) ..., I noticed Aurangzeb glaring at me (p.25
l.7)
, Aurangzeb melepaskan tatapan yang menusuk (p.33 l.24)
Pausing from his calligraphy (p.17 l.8) berhenti sesaat dari kaligraphy yang tengah di tekuninya (p.22 l.7)
... and rippling red banners (p.19 l.53) .. dan panji-panji merah yang tengah berkibar (p.26 l.5)
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I found my self wishing, (p.58 l.28) Kudapati diriku tengah berharap,(p.82 l.18-19)
..., stopping at a stand of lemons (p.31 l.30) , lalu berhenti di kios penjual jeruk nipis (p.43 l.3)
The bound morpeheme Ing – are translated into yang/lalu/sesaat/tengah
The bound morpheme Ing- in the example above is translated into the word
saling,sambil/sembari,yang,lalu/sesaat/tengah. It shows there has been morphemic shift
which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme -Ing in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.2.2 Suffix –ly
Suffix –ly Translated become Dengan -Ly
(SL)
Dengan (TL)
My guardian,Nizam,Patiently rows our boat acroos the Yamuna (p.9 l.17)
...,dengan sabar mengayuh perahu menyusuri yamuna (p.11 l.26) ...,Mother’s slave, she cared for his wounds
and treated him kindly(p.16 l.33)
...,Ibu merawat luka-luka Nizam dengan baik(p.21 l.22)
The bound morpeheme -ly are translated into dengan
Suffix –ly Translated become Secara -Ly
(SL)
Secara (TL)
Dara took such thoughts seriously, (p.17 l.31)
Dara mengungkapkan gagasan itu secara serius, (p.22 l.29)
...,you’d see things differently.(p.65 l.30) ...,kau akan melihat berbagai perkara
secara berbeda.“ (p.92 l.29)
The bound morpeheme -ly are translated into dengan
Suffix –ly Translated become Yang -Ly
(SL)
Yang (TL)
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Dara took such thoughts rarely, (p.17 l.31) Dara mengungkapkan gagasan itu yang serius, (p.22 l.29)
...,you see things differently than we.(p.37 l.1)
...,Engkau melihat banyak hal dengan cara
yang berbeda.“ (p.50 l.21)
The bound morpeheme -ly are translated into yang
The bound morpheme -ly in the example above is translated into the word dengan
and secara. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the
same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –Ly in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.2.3 Suffix –s
Suffix –s Translated become plural -s
(SL)
Plural (TL)
When I see them I feel as if I’m moving forward into places harboring no regrets (p.9 l.23)
Place+ s→ Places
Aku merasa seolah melaju ke tempat -tempat yang tidak melabuhkan sesalan. (p.12 l.5)
, of the dreams they counter. (p.9 l.29)
Dream + s→ Dreams
, juga tentang mimpi - mimpi yang mereka jelang. (p.12 l.9)
The bound morpeheme – s are translated become plural
Suffix s-Translated become para -s
(SL)
Para (TL)
, the poets claimed, (p.13 l.17) , seperti yang dilukiskan para pujangga, (p.17 l.2)
His wives, the most powerful of the harem’s residents, (p.15 l.12)
Para istri---penghuni harem yang paling
berkuasa, (p.19 l.15) The bound morpeheme – s are translated into para
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Suffix s-Translated become banyak -s
(SL)
Banyak (TL)
,I have enemies.(p.10 l.17) , aku mempunyai banyak musuh.(p.13 l.9)
...,you see things differently than we.(p.37 l.1)
...,Engkau melihat banyak hal dengan cara yang berbeda.“ (p.50 l.21)
The bound morpeheme – s are translated into banyak
Suffix -sTranslated become dua -s
(SL)
Dua (TL)
,my granddaughters believed me instinctively, (p.11 l.1)
,dua cucuku ini percaya begitu saja. (p.13-14 l.34-1)
, thanks to my brilliant girls (p.25 l.32) , berkat dua wanitaku yang cerdas ini.” (p.33 l.15)
The bound morpeheme – s are translated into dua
The bound morpheme -s in the example above is translated into the word para dan
banyak,dua and even suffix –s translated to show the meaning is plural in the target
language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –s in English becomes the word in Bahasa
Indonesia.
4.1.2.4 Suffix –er
Suffix –er Translated become lebih -er
(SL)
Lebih (TL)
Within Agra’s alleys greater varieties of clothing were also visible (p.35 l.15)
Di gang-gang agra lebih banyak corak pakaian yang bisa disaksikan. (p.48 l.10) Most of the children were younger than
we, (p.35 l.27)
Sebagian besar dari mereka lebih muda dariku, (p.48 l.27)
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The bound morpeheme –er are translated into lebih
The bound morpheme -er in the example above is translated into the word lebih in the target language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –er in English becomes the word in
Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.2.5 Suffix –less
Suffix –less Translated become tak -less
(SL)
Tak (TL)
,regardless of whether at war abroad or at court conducting the Empire’s affairs (p.16 l.37)
,tak peduli baik pada saat perang di negri luar maupun membereskan urusan-urusan kerajaan dalam istana (p.21 l.23)
The night was cloudless and the moon full, (p.92 l.5)
Malam tak berawan dan bulan purnama. (p.127 l.13)
The bound morpeheme –less are translated into tak
The bound morpheme -less in the example above is translated into the word Tak in the target language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –less in English becomes the word in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.1.2.6 Suffix –est
Suffix –est Translated become paling -less
(SL)
Paling (TL)
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--- one of your strongest oppurnities, (p.33 l.10)
---bahkan salah satu kesempatanmu yang
paling kuat--- (p.45 l.4)
Lords displayed the brightest of colors and the softest of fabrics; (p.35 l.17)
Golongan ningrat mempertontonkan pakaian berwarna cerah dari bahan yang
paling lembut; (p.48 l.13)
The bound morpeheme –est are translated into paling
The bound morpheme -est in the example above is translated into the word Paling in the target language. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. The bound morpheme –est in English becomes the word in
Bahasa Indonesia.
4 .2 Morphemic Shifts from morpheme to phrase
Morphemic shift from word to phrase means the changes from word in the Source Language (SL) become phrase in the Target Language (TL).
Shifts from word to phrase occurred in prefixes, and suffixes as follow:
4.2.1.1 Prefixes Un-
Prefixes Un-Translated become Tidak/tak Un-
(SL)
Tidak/tak (TL)
Her death seemed immensely unjust and I struggled to find meaning in her absence. (p.79 l.22)
Un + Just→ Unjust
Kematiannya terasa sangat tidak adil , dan aku berjuang mencari makna atas
ketidakhadirannya.(p.110 l.6) “ then strikes me Unconscious and take me
thus to Alamgir (p.221 l.29)
Un + conscious→ Unconscious
“kalau begitu, pukul aku hingga tak sadarkan diri, lalu bawa aku ke Alamgir (p.308 l.11)
Despite the unpopular taxes, (p.238 l.22)
Un + popular→ Unpopular
Selain pajak yang tak merakyat, (p.333 l.7)
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The bound morpheme un- in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme un– + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.2.1.2 Prefixes Re-
Prefixes Re-Translated become kembali Re-
(SL)
Kembali (TL)
...,they should recover(p.55 l.16)
Re+ cover → Recover
...,pohon-pohon itu akan segar kembali.” (p.77 l.20)
...,of a person I hardly recalled (p.46 l.6)
Re+ call + ed → Recalled
...dan mimpi tentang seseorang yang sulit
ku ingat kembali.(p.68 l.2)
The bound morpeheme re- are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme re- in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme un– + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia
4.2.1.3 Prefixes Under-
Prefixes Under-Translated become di bawah Under-
(SL)
Di bawah (TL)
Isa had designed the gardens so that
Underground passages from the river
would always keep their canals and fountains flowing. (p.118 l.37)
Under + ground → Underground
Isa telah merancang kebun-kebun itu sedemikian rupa sehingga saluran-saluran
di bawah tanah dari sungai akan selalu
menjaga kanal-kanalnya dan air mancur tetap mengalir. (p.165 l.31)
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from down from sideways. (p.275 l.32)
Under + water → Underwater
dan tak lagi tahu arah. (p.387 l.16) The bound morpeheme Under- are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme Under- in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme un– + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.2.2 Sufixes 4.2.2.1 Suffix –ly
Suffix –ly Translated become secara -Ly
(SL)
Dengan (TL)
, and might secretly agreewith me about my brother’s skills in polo (p.19 l.27)
Secret + Ly→ Secretly
..., dan mungkin secara diam diam ia juga bersepakat denganku tentang
kemampuannya bermain polo, (p.25 l.28) We meet secretly far downstream (p.187
l.14)
Secret + Ly→ Secretly
..., kami bertemu secara sembunyi
sembunyi jauh di tepi sungai yang megarah ke hilir (p.259 l.19-20)
The bound morpeheme -Ly are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme ly- in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme un– + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
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Suffix –s Translated become plural meaning -s
(SL)
Plural meaning (TL)
My brothers could do almost anything, (p.15 l.20)
Brother+ s→ Brothers
Saudara-saudara lelakiku dapat
melakukan hamper segalanya, (p.19 l.23) I lean toward my girls.” (p.11 l.21)
Girl + s→ Girls
kucondongkan badan mendekati
gadis-gadis ini.’ (p.14 l.7)
The bound morpeheme -s are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme -s in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme –s + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.2.2.3 Suffix –er
Suffix –er Translated become lebih -er
(SL)
Lebih (TL)
“push, my lady. Push harder!”(p.72 l.7)
Hard + er→ Harder
“Dorong permaisuri. Dorong lebih keras
lagi (p.101 l.25)
“Come here!” Isa shouted from deeper water (p.275 l.37)
Deep + er→ Deeper
“kemarilah!teriak isa dari tempat yang
lebih dalam. (p.387 l.252)
The bound morpeheme -er are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme -er in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme un– + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
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4.2.2.5 Suffix –less
Suffix –Less Translated become tak/tiada -Less
(SL)
Tak (TL)
...and climbed endless stairways(p.178 l.22)
End + less → Endless
...dan mendaki tangga yang tak sudah-sudah (p.248 l.12)
...and boundless energy, (p.185 l.19)
Bound + less → Boundless
...dan daya yang tiada habisnya, (p.257 l.24)
The bound morpheme –less are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme -less in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme –less + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.2.2.6 Suffix –est
Suffix –est Translated become paling -est
(SL)
Paling (TL)
The poorest of the poor ate these creatures, (p.57 l.32)
Poor + est → Poorest
Fakir yang paling miskin memakan makhluk-makhluk itu (p.81 l.11) The day of Father’s imprisonment was the
darkest of my life (p.222 l.10)
Dark + est → Darkest
Hari pemenjaraan ayah adalah hari paling kelam dalam hidupku (p.309 l.12)
The bound morpeheme –est are translated into paling
The bound morpheme -est in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the
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4.2.2.5 Suffix –less
Suffix –Less Translated become tak/tiada -Less
(SL)
Tak (TL)
...and climbed endless stairways(p.178 l.22)
End + less → Endless
...dan mendaki tangga yang tak sudah-sudah (p.248 l.12)
...and boundless energy, (p.185 l.19)
Bound + less → Boundless
...dan daya yang tiada habisnya, (p.257 l.24)
The bound morpheme –less are translated differently from each sentences
The bound morpheme -less in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme –less + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
4.2.2.6 Suffix –est
Suffix –est Translated become paling -est
(SL)
Paling (TL)
The poorest of the poor ate these creatures, (p.57 l.32)
Poor + est → Poorest
Fakir yang paling miskin memakan makhluk-makhluk itu (p.81 l.11) The day of Father’s imprisonment was the
darkest of my life (p.222 l.10)
Dark + est → Darkest
Hari pemenjaraan ayah adalah hari paling kelam dalam hidupku (p.309 l.12)
The bound morpeheme –est are translated into paling
The bound morpheme -est in the example above is translated differently from each sentences become the phrase. It shows there has been morphemic shift which used in the
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novel, to find the same equivalent in TL. So the bound morpheme –est + basic word in English becomes phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
4 .3 Others
4 .3.1 No shifts from Morpheme to word and phrase Prefix
Dis- and Over- (SL)
Meaning (TL)
...“Gulbadan repeats in disbelief (p.11 l.20) ....”tanya Gulbadan sangsi (p.14 l.26) ..., our forces had overrun the Persians.
(p.16 l.30)
..., pasukan kami menduduki persia. (p.21 l.19)
The bound morpheme dis- and over- are translated and there is no shift from morpheme to word and from morpheme to phrase
The bound morpheme dis- and over- in the example above is translated into target language differently from each sentence. It shows there is no morphemic shift which used in the novel. So the bound morpheme –dis and -over + basic word in English cannot becomes word and phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
Suffix
-ed and -ing (SL)
Meaning (TL)
..., he compossed the poem. (p.11 l.4) ...., ia menggubah sebaris puisi. (p.14 l.26) ..., it tendrils kissing the water. (p.9 l.37) ..., sulur-sulurnya mencumbui air. (p.12
l.18)
The bound morpheme –ed and –ing are translated and there is no shift from morpheme to word and from morpheme to phrase
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The bound morpheme –ed and -ing in the example above is translated into target language differently from each sentence. It shows there is no morphemic shift which used in the novel. So the bound morpheme –ed and –ing + basic word in English cannot becomes word and phrase in Bahasa Indonesia.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data that taken from Beneath a Marble Sky by Jhon Shors and the translation in Indonesian Taj Mahal by Meithya Rose, it can be conclude that:
First, morphemic shift is one of shift that used to keep the meaning still constant in the target language. Morphemic shift consist of shifts from morpheme to word and morpheme to phrase and there is no shift from morpheme to word and shift from morpheme to phrase. Shift from morpheme to word occurred in prefix un-, prefix im-, prefix re-, prefix dis-, prefix under-, prefix out-, prefix a-, prefix extra- and prefix over-and suffixes -ing, suffixes -ly, suffixes -s, suffixes -er, suffixes -less, suffixes –est, and Suffix –
ed [suffix which is showed the past of the meaning form]. Each of the morpheme is added
in the beginning of word which called prefix and added in the end of the word which called suffix.
Second, the morpheme which added in the beginning and in the end of the word in Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL) can be change the word class. for example one morpheme can be translated become word, one morpheme can be translated become phrase.
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Finally, shift from morpheme to word and shift from morpheme to phrase make the readers easily in understanding the text translated.
5.2 Suggestion
I suggest the readers especially the student of English Department learn and analyze the translation shift as deeply as possible because translation will become a great contribution to other people who want to study English. I also suggest the readers do further research about translation shifts in other novel or other literary works such as poem, short story or play.
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