The Portrayal of Dictatorship as Reflected in George Orwell’S Novel “Nineteen Eighty-Four”
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Literature
Roberts and Jacobs in Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing (1993: 1) states that literature refers to compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, analyze and advocate ideas. In the other words, in a literary work contains many human’s experience which made in the beautiful arrangement of words. Base on that, literature is not only entertaining people but also leads human to learn some new ideas, situation, or emotional expression as their knowledge and unconsciously reflected in daily life. As general fact, literary works contain various aspects in human life such as culture, social and moral lesson that readers may get and being knowledge from them. In the other words, it may say that literature can make human be more human because it is not rarely that after read a literary work, people could change their point of view upon something. Wellek and Warren in Theory of Literature (1997:1) stated, literature can be treated as a document in the history of ideas and philosophy for literary history parallels and reflects intellectual history. So it is clear that if someone wants to know further about the history or the real condition in certain era, it is better to look at the literary works in the period itself because a literary work is a directly reflection of social structure, class struggle and others.
Literature is a place for expressing our thoughts, and shed in a letter. Literature also has an attractive language style, so the reader does not feel bored to keep reading.
Human usually become the object of a literary work, because of many things that can be discussed in human life.
2.2 Literature and Sociology
Sociology derives from the Greek
‘Socius’ (society) and ‘logos’ (science) which
means the study of all aspects of human and their relation in community (Ratha, 2003:1). Basically sociology is a field of knowledge which concern about human act, human interaction to their social and to other human. Moreover, as stated in
Dictionary of Social Sciences (2002: 453), the term of society was first used by
Auguste Comte in 1830s to propose a synthetic science that would unite all knowledge about human activity. So it can be concluded that through sociology we can get a deeper understanding about human because we may figure out the way of human adaptation to the nature, the sociological mechanism of human and other things. In general, the object of Sociology is society. A society is a group of humans or other organisms of a single species that is delineated by the bounds of cultural identity, social solidarity, functional and others. Members of society are may not come from one ethnic group or races. A society may be a particular ethnic group, such as the Bataknese or Javanese; a nation state, such an Indonesia; a party, such PDIP or Golkar; a broader cultural group, such as a Eastern society; or even a social organism such as an ant colony. It can be concluded that there can be a classification in society because it’s a human being to find out the most convenient to them where they might think they belongs to. The sense of belonging, the feeling of one big family based on tribes, nationality, and other things leads a classification in society. Then the classification in the society is naturally arranged by the society itself.
Sociology was trying to figure out how society is decent, how it progresses, and how they constantly. By studying social institutions and all the economic problems, religious, political, etc. All of which constitute the social structure we can get the way about human, humans adapt to their environment, about the mechanisms of socialization, acculturation process that puts society in their respective places. Literary sociology comes from sociology and literature. Literature is a reflection of society. Through literature, the author reveal of the problems of life. Literary works receive influence from society and also is able to make an impact on society. Sociology can be defined as the science or systemic knowledge about the life of human groups in relation to other human beings is generally called society.
Literature presents a picture of life, and life itself is a social reality. In this sense, life includes relationships between people, between people with individuals, between people, and between the events that occur in someone’s mind. However, the events that occur in someone’s mind that often the material of literature, is a reflection of someone’s relationship with other people or with the public and foster particular social attitudes or even to trigger certain social events. Sociology of literature derived from the sociology and literature. Literature is a reflection of society. through literature, the author reveals the problems of life.
Literary works are influenced by the society and at the same time able to make an impact on society. Sociology can be defined as the science or systematic knowledge about the life of human group in relation to other human beings is generally called society. The sociology literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture. It studies the social production of literature and its social implication. Wellek and Warren in
Theory of Literature (1976:94) stated
“literature is a social institution, using as its medium language, a socialcreation. They are conventions and norm which could have arisen only in society. But, furthermore, literature represent ‘life’ and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, eventhough the natural world and the inner orsubjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary ‘imitation’. The poet himself is a member of society, possesed of a specific social status; he recieves some degree of social recognition and reward; he addresses an audience, however hypothetical.”
Sociological approach most widely practiced today pay great attention to the documentary aspects of literature: the foundation is the idea that literature is a mirror at that time. This view assumes that literature is a direct mirror of the various aspects of the social structure, kinship, class conflict, and others. In this case, the task of sociology of literature is to connect the experience of imaginary characters and situations character creation with the author of the historical circumstances which constitute origin. Themes and styles that exist in the literary work, of a personal nature, it must be change into matters of social nature.
2.3 Historical Approach
Historical approach is an approach that was associated with the general competencies that are considered relevant history, old literature with kingdoms large, modern literature with social movements, politics, economics, and culture in general. The essence of literary is imagination has a social and historical context.
Sociology of literature that developed by Goldmann tries to combine the structural analysis with historical materialism and dialectical. For him, literature should be understood as a meaningful totality Lucien goldman stated in the literature et
sociologie (1967
- – 195 ) …no sociology can be realistic until it is historical, just as no historical research can be scientific and realistic unless it is sociological. Not only are there no distinctively social fact, and other human facts which are historical: there are not even two analyticaly distinct dimensions of these facts which could be attached to two difference sciences. Thus the need to study human facts both in their concrete reality requires a method which is simultaneously both sociological and historical. Thus the effort to analyze the facts of humanity both in structure and essential and in fact it is concrete that requires a method that simultaneously which is sociological and historical. If sociology separated from history, it will be inconclusive disciplined and abstract, as well as with history.
2.4 Representation of Dictatorship
Dictator comes from the language Latin is Dictare, which means as a command, a single power holder in running a government in a nation from Ensiklopedia Indonesia (1989: 822). According to Franz L. Neuman in the Jurnal Ilmu Politik (1993: 39) dictator is government by a person or group who arrogant and monopolize power in a country and implement their authority without limitation.
Definition of dictator itself there are two kinds, namely: 1) the proletarian dictator, it is located between the capitalist society and communist society. There is a transition period in a period of revolutionary transformation. Capitalist society become communist society. 2) Military dictator, it is a senior officer or a group officers without giving accountability to the citizens, who get their authority or power by doing a coup said Miriam Budiardjo in Moral- moral Ilmu Politik (1989: 98).
Jules Archer in Kisah Para Dikatator Biografi Politik Para Penguasa Fasis,
Komunis, Despotis dan Tiran (2007: 21) said that the dictatorship can be divided into
two types, namely, first type is military dictator, it is get its power through military power and second type is political dictator, it is get power through general elections.
Dictator is a leader who has absolute power that they obtained through violence and coups in other words it is not democratic. A leader of nation who run his government in an authoritarian state or tyranny and oppresses his citizens. It is very detrimental to the People itself. In a government dictator will happen corruption, collusion and nepotism, in the end its people fall into poverty. A dictator is only think about his personal interest only. By doing so many corruptions in a government. Resulted was damaged to the people, poverty and unemployment surely very high. The main problem is the poor mental itself leader who failed to become a fair and wise leader. Behavior and character of leaders like this will directly destroy his integrity and leadership naturally. His position in the eyes of citizens will be destroyed. So, one day there will be a revolution by the citizens.
Dictatorship is single power system ruling is absolute power. The leader was called a dictator, who ruled fully in running power system.Leadership of dictator is leadership which an absolute, tend to be free from the constitution and the law in his country.
Some reasons for the emergence of dictatorships, among others: (a.) some authorities are believe and sure that dictator is one and only way to maintain or strengthen their power for the sake of maintaining national stability. (B.) Dictator was created to replace the government that is not considered able to save nation from emergency or security threats. (C.) Dictatorships were emerged from an ambitious figure that was able to build a glory and greatness to nation. This power is usually obtained through a coup during a state in emergency. (D.) Dictator also born to cover the government's inability manage nation to tackle corruption, social turmoil, financial hardship, and because of reduced the confidence of people against to authority and government institutions. (E.) Several of the dictatorships claim themselves did the will of god. (F.) Dictator also appears from a chaos of the country. The chaos caused by war or military crisis that ca n’t be solved by military force in a war. (G.) Dictatorships also appear because the country wants to make massive changes. (H.) Dictator also can be created to deal with the reformers, revolutionaries and rebels. In Encyclopedia (2004: 353).
2.5 Characteristic of Dictatorship
Soehino in Ilmu Negara (1980: 35) said In a dictatorship system all activity of citizens were bound by ruler of dictator, so all of activities citizens is only praise the dictator. The characteristics of dictatorship system are: There is no accountability of its power.
People do not have authority to limit the power of a dictator. Sovereignty belonged to the dictator and used for their benefit. Public support was obtained through propaganda and education system controlled by dictator.
History in the past was replaced. There is only one ruling party and have special characteristics, there are: o Set aside the opposition. o Reign with a cruel. o Enter a rebellion into prison and camps. o Establish secret police. o Doing indoctrination to public. o Doing strictly supervise to society.
The characteristics of the Dictator country by Carl J. Frederick and Z. Bigriewle Brezinksky in Jurnal Ilmu Politik (1993: 40), is:
1. An existence ideology was taught thoroughly to all society that consist of the doctrine did by government covering all the aspects vital of life and society. All of people should be obey to it. This ideology was created to make new people era who different with human that now exist in society.
2. Party led by a dictator with members consist of a relatively small percentage of the public population, which are consist of men and women. Throughout his life devote accept to the party’s ideology and doing any way to accepted by public.
3. A government has terror system, both psychological terror and physical terror. It was done by the ruling party. Government also has the special police surveillance directed against the enemies of dictator, rebels and to the class of population that does not agree with government. Terror had been done by secret police or by the ruling party to oppress citizens systematically using by modern science.
Abu Daud Busroh in Hukum Tata Negara, Perbandingan (1987: 67) mentions the characteristics of dictatorship are:
1. The existence of a special court to judge people who oppose the regime. (In fact, there is no judicial process for the guilty)
2. There is no freedom to association and assembly.
3. There is no general election.
Dictatorship is a form of government headed by a person or small group of people who have absolute power and their power have not limitation even though by law.