KEDUDUKAN HAK ULAYAT DALAM HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN USAHA PELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY

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  1 . L a t a r B e l a k a n g P e n u l l s e n K e m a ju a n t e k n o l o g i y a n g p e s a t p a d a d a s a m y a m e r u - p a k a n u s a h a m a T ^ u sia u n t u k d a p a t raem e’ n i h i k e b u t u h a n h i - d u p n y a . P a d a m u l a n y a u s a h a m e n i n g k a t k a n p e m b u a t a n d a n p o m a k a i a n t o k ? ' d o g i k u r a n g s e k a l i m o m p e r h i t u r g k a n a k i b a t a k i b a t s a m p i n g a n , y a n g d a p a t m e m b a h a y a k a * ' k e h i d u p a n m a ­ n u s i a d a n l i n g k u n g a n n y a *

  M e m a n g p a d a d a s a r n y a p e m a k a i a n t e k n o l o g i d i t u j u - k a n u n t u k k e s e j a h t e r a a n h i d u p m a n u s i a , w a l a u p u n a d a p u l a b e b e r a p a h a s i l t e k n o l o g i y a n g d i t u j u k a n u n t u k p e m u s n a h a n k e h i d u p a n m a n u s i a i t u s e n d i r i , s o p e r t i p o n i n g k a t a n t e k ­ n o l o g i p e r s e n j o t a a n y a n g m a j u d e n g a n p e s a t s e h i n g g a d a ­ p a t m e n i m b u l k a n a k i b a t y a n g m e n g e r i k a n * T e k n o l o g i y a n g d i t u j u k a n u n t u k k e s e j a h t e r a a n m a n u s i a i t u s e n d i r i t i d a k t o r l o p a s d a r i k e m u n g k i n a n a k i b a t y a n g m e m b a h a y a k a n k e - b i d u p a n m a n u s i a s o p e r t i y a n g d i s e b u t k a n d i a t a s . S e b a g a i c o n t o h d a p a t d i b e r i k a n d a r i k o n y a t a a n y a n g a d a , i a l a h p o l u c i a i r , u d a r a d a n d a r a t a n , a k i b a t y a n g d i t i m b u l k a n d a r i p e m a k a i a n b a h a n b a h a n k i m i a s i n t o t i s , d a p a t m e n im ­ b u l k a n k e r u s a k a n l i n g k u n g a n d a n I c e h i d u p a n b i o l o g i s , a o r ­ t a k e t i d a l c k e s e i m b a n g a n l i n g k u n g a n . K e s e i m b a v g a n l i n g - k u n g a n s e s u n g g u h n y a s a n g a t d i b u t u h k a n o l e h s e l u r u h a l a m

  

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  2 d a n k o h i d u p a n y a n g a d a d i a e k i t a r n y a .

  T e r a t o m a k e r u s a k a n l i n g k u n g a n d a n k o h i d u p a n , t e r - u t a m a y a n g b e r s i f a t b i c l o g i s m o n i m b u l k a n a k i b a t l a n j u t a n t o r h a d a p k e s i n a m b u n g a n k e l G 3 t a r i a t i a l a m s o m e s t a d a n o k o - l o g l , S o b a g a i c o n t o h d a p a t d i k o m u k a k a n , a d a n y a b a n j i r s o b a g a i a k i b a t p o n g g u n d u l a n h u t a n - h u t a n , k e l a n g k a a n h o - w a n - h o w a n k a r o n a p e m u s n a h a n d a n p e m s a k a n h a b i b a t h l d u p - n y a b a i k d i s e n g a j a ra a u p u n t i d a k d i s e n g a j a , m e n i n g k a t n y a t i n g k a t p o p u l a s i h a m o s o b a g a i o J & b a t k e l a n g k a a n h e w a n - h e w a n y a n g m o m a k a n n y a , d a n y a n g t o r a k h i r d a p a t d i a m b i l s o b a g a i c a n t o h y a n g r i y a t a i a l a h m e n g g a n a s n y a h a r i m a u d i p u l a u S u m a t e r a k a r o n a b e r l c u r a n g n y a h e w a n b u r u n n n y a a o r ­ t a a r e a l k e h i d u p a n n y a y a n g a m a n .

  H u l a i d i s a d a r i b a h w a a l a m s e m e s t a m o m b u t u h k a n k e s e i m b a n g a n y a n g s a l i n g b e r k a i t a n o a t u d o n g a n y a n g l a - i n n y a a n t a r a s a t u b a g i a n d o n g a n b a g i a n y a n g l a i n . P e r l u d i s a d a r i p u l a b a h w a e k s p l o i t a s i y a n g m e n ib a b i b u t a a k a n s u m b o r d a y a a l a m k a r o n a t i n g k a t t o k n o l o g i t e l a h m e m u n g - k i n k a n u n t u k i t u , m e n j a d i b u m o r a n g y a n g b o r a k i b a t k e - h a n c u r a n s u m b o r - o u m b e r p e n g h i d u p a n n m n u s i a . H a l i t u s o - b a g a i p e l a j a r a n y a n g m a h a l b a g i m a n u c i a , u n t u k i 7 c u t m o - m o l i h a r a k o l o a t a r i a n a l a m d a n m e n a h a n d i r i d a l a m p o n g - o k s p l o i t a e i a n a l a m y a n g b o r l o b i h - l o b i h a n .

  B u k a n b e r a r t i b a h w a p o m b u a t a n d a n p e m a k a i a n t o k n o l o g i h a r u a d i h i n d a r i k a r o n a t a l c u t a k a n a k i b a t n y a ,

  3 k a r e n a t e k n o l o g i i t u s e n d i r i m e r u p a k a n a u a t u k e h a r u s a n a p a b i l a m a n u s i a m e n g i j i n k a n d a p a t m o n g e j a r a t a u m e n i n g - k a t k a n t a r a f k e b u t u h a n h i d u p n y a y a n g s e m a k i n m e n i r g k a t

  3 e s u a i p e r k e m b a n g a n m a n u s i a i t u s o n d i r i .

  2 . A l a s q n P e m l l i h a n J u d u l S e l u r u h k e h i d u p a n m a k h l u k d i a t a s b u m i i n i t i d a k d a p a t t e r l e p a c d a r i k e b u t u h a n a k a n t a n a h * T a n a h c e b a g a i t e m p a t b e r p i j a k d a n b e r d i r i n y a s e g a l a s e s u a t u , s e b a g a i a u m b e r y a n g m u t l a k d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k p e m e n u h a n k e b u t u h a n s a n d a n g d a n p a n g a n m a n u s i a , y a n g d a p a t d i k a t a k a n k e b u ­ t u h a n m a n u s i a d a r i a a a t l a h i r n y a h i n g g a ( t i b a s a a t ) m a - t i n y a .

  P e n t i n g n y a a r t i k e g a n a a n t a n a h d a l a m k e b l d u p a n m a t i u e i a , d e n g a n e e n d i r i n y a m e n i m b u l k a n k e w a j i b a n k o n - s e k u e n s i u n t u k n e n j a g a , m e m e l i h a r a * m e n g a t u r p e n g g u n a - a n a e r t a p e l e s t a r i a n n y a a t a s t a n a h d a n s e l u r u h f a u n a d a n f l o r a y a n g a d a d i a t a s n y a . K e l e o t a r i a n t a n a h a a n g a t © r a t h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n k e l e 3 t a r i a n b a g i a n a l a m l a i n - n y a . O l e h s e b a b i t u p e n g a t u r a n p o n g g u ^ a n n h a k - h a k a t a s t a n a h s a n g a t p e n t i n g a r t i n y a , s o b a b s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h t a n a h r a e m p u n y a i h u b u n g a n y a n g 3 a n g a t e r a t d e n g a n f u n g - a i 3 o s i a l * H a l i n i j e l a s d i t e g a s k a n d a l a m p a s a l 3 3 & n - d a n g - u n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 ^ 5 , y a n g m o n y a t a k a n d a l a m a y a t ( 3 ) b a h w a nb u m i d a n a i r d a n I c e k a y a a n a l a m y a n g t e r k a n d u n g

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  d i d a l a m n y a d i k u a s a i o l e h n o g a r a d a n d i p e r g t f n a k a n u n t u k s e b e s a r - b o a a r k o m a k m u r a n r o k y a t " . S e l a n j u t n y a d i t o g a a k a n l a g i d a l a m U n d a n g - u n d a n g N o , 5 t a h u n 1 9 & 0 t o n t a n g P e r a t u r - a n D a s a r P o k o k - p o k o k A g r a r i a p a s a l 1 a y a t ( 2 ) y a n g m o n y a - t a k a n b a h w a " s e l u r u h b u m i f a i r d a n r u a n g a n g f c a s a , t e r m a s u k

  I c o k a y a a n a l a m y a n g t e r k a n d u n g d i d a l a n m y a d a l a m w i - l a y a h f i o p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a , a o b a g a i I c a r u n i a T u h a n Y a n g M a h a E a a a d a l a h b u m i , a i r d a n r u a n g a n g k a s a b a n g s a

  I n d o n e s i a d a n m o r u p a k a n I c e k a y a a n n a s i o n a l " * F u n g s i s o s i a l m o n g a n d u n g p u l a p o n g o r t i a n t a n g g u n g

  J a w a b b o r a a m a a n t a r o p e m o g a n g h a k - h a k a t a s t a n a h , p o m e - r i n t a h d a n j u g a m a s y a r a k a t d i s e k i t a r n y a .

  S a l a h s a t u h a k a t a s t a n a h y a n g d i m i l i k i o l o h p e r - s e k u t u a n - p e r a o J c u t u a n h u k u m a d a t i a l a h h a k u l a y a t , y a n g d a r i h a k t e r s o b u t d a p a t m e n i m b u l k a n h a k a t a u m e m b e r ! i j i n u n t u k i a o n g e l o l a t a n a h , m o m u n g u t h a a i l h u t a n , m om bulca t a n a h u n t u J c p e r t a n i a n d a n p o r k e b u n a n d i t a n a h - t a n a h h u ­ t a n , b e r b u r u , y a n g k e s o l u r u h a n n y a m e r u p a k a n p o n g u s a h a a n t a n a h - t a n a h d a n h u t a n - h u t a n . H a l i n i a p a b i l a t i d a k d i - i r i n g i d o n g a n p e n g a t u r a n a o r t a p o n g a w a s a n d a r i P o m e r i n - t a h m a u p u n m o a y a r a k a t h u k u m a d a t , d a p a t m o n g a k i b a t k a n r u s a k n y a l i n g k u n g a n a l a m y a n g p a d a s a a t i n i t e l a h t o r a s a a k i b a t n y a , d a n d i p e r l u k a n p o n a n g a n a n y a n g s o r i u s u n t u k

  5 m o n a n g g u l a n g i b a h a y a y a n g m u n g k in d a p a t d i t i m b u l k a n s e - c a r a m e n y e l u r u h d i w i l a y a h R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a .

  S o b a g a i s a l a h s a t u liaJc a t a o t a n a h a d a t , h a k u l a - y a t m o m p u n y a i k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n t o r a o n d i r i d a n t l d a k t o r l e p a s d a r i k e m u n g k i n a n J c o t e n t u a n i t u d a p a t b e r t o n - t a n g a n d o i i g a n u s a h a p o l e a t a r i a n a l a m . H a k - h a k u l a y Q t y a n g m a s i h I c u a t d a n b a n y a k t e r d a p a t , d i d a e r a h - d a e r a h l u a r J a w a y a n g j u s t r u m o r u p a k a n d a o r a h . y a n g m a s i h b a n - n y a k h u t a n n y a d a n m o m i l i k i p o t o n s i y a n g b e o a r u n t u k d i - k e l o l a , D i s a m p i n g i t u m o r u p a k a n d a e r a h y a n g m e m e r lu k a n p o n a n g a n a n s o c a r a s u n g g u h - c u n g g u h b e r d a s a r k a n p o n g a l a m - a n d i p u l a u J a w a .

  D a la m p o n u l i s a n i n i p o m b a h a s a n a d a l a h m o n g o n a i m a s a l a h - m a s a l a h : a . b a g a i m a n a p e n g a t u r a n h n lc u l a y a t m e n u r u t bulcum a d a t ; b . s a r a p a i s o b e r a p a j a u h p e n g a r u h p e n g g u n a a n h a k u l a y a t d flla m h u b u n g a n n y a d o n g a n p o l e s t a r i a n a l a m ; c . b a g a i m a n a k o b i j a k s a n a a n P o m o r i n t a b u n t u k m o l a k o a n a - k a n p o l o a t a r i a n a l a m d a l a m l i n g k u n g a n u l a y a t t o r s e - b u t ; d * d i s a m p i n g i t u p e r l u d i k o t a h u i p u l a h a l - h a l y a n g m o n y a n g lc u t k o l e s t a r i a n a la m d a l a m h u b u n g a n n y a d o ­ n g a n k o l e s t a r i a n h u t a n d a n m a r g a a a r w a n y a ; e . d a r i h a l - h a l t o r s o b u t d i a t a s , m aka d a p a t p u l a d i -

  6 j a w a b m e n g e n a i b a g a i m a n a J c o d u d u lc a n h a k u l a y a t d a l a m h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n p e l e a t a r i a n l i n g k u n g a n .

  3 . M e t o d o l o g l B a h a n - b a h a n p e n u l i s a n d i a m b i l d a r i b u k u - b u k u b a - c a a n y a n g d a p a t s a y a k u m p u l k a n , d a n t i d a l c t e r b a t a s d a r i h a s i l p e n u l i s a n s a r j a n a hulcum s a j a , t e t a p i j u g a m o l i p u t i h a 3 i l p e n u l i s a n s a r j a n a d a r i c a b a n g i l m u p o n g e t a h u a n l a - i n n y a y a n g b e r l c a i t a n d e n g a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p .

  P e n u l i s a n d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a d i s k r i p t i p , y a i t u d e ­ n g a n m e n g u r a i k a n p e n d a p a t p a r a s a r j a n a d a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n y a n g a d a h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n p e m b a h a s a n d a l a m p e n u l i s a n i n i . K e m u d i a n d i a d a l c a n p u l a a n a l i s a d a r i t e o - r i - t e o r i y a n g a d a d e n g a n k e n y a t a a n - k e n y a t a a n y a n g b o r - h a s i l d i k u m p u l k a n b e r d a s a r k a n p e n u l i s a n d a r i p a r a a h l i , y a n g m e n y a n g k u t m a a a l a h h a k u l a y a t d a n l i n g k u n g a n .

  T i n j a u a n p e n u l i s a n d i t u j u k a n k e b i d a n g hulcum a t a u s e g i - s e g i y u r i d i s , y a n g d l t i t l l c b e r a t f c a n p a d a hulcum a d a t d a n h u lcu m t e r t u l i s a t a u p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n y a n g m e n g a t u r t e n t a n g h a l - h a l y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n p e n u l i s a n i n i .

  S i s t e m a t l k a d a n P e r t o n K g u n R j a v a b o n n y a tF'^tuIc m e m u d a h lc a n p e m b a h a s a n d a l a m p e n u l i s a n i n i ,

  7 s i s t o m a t i k a p o n u l i s a n d l s u a u n s o b a g a i b o r i k u t : B a b I m e n g e n a i p e n g e r t i a n h a k u l a y a t , f u n g s i n y a d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t a d a t , s o r t a h a k - h a k l a i n r y a y a n g d i t i m b u l - k a n d a r i h a k u l a y a t b a g i w a r g a n y a a t a u o r a n g l a i n . J u - g a d i b a h a s d a l a m B a b I i n i r o a s a l a h h a k u l a y a t d a l a m p e n g a t u r a n U U P A , d a n p e n d a p a t p a r a a h l i m e n g o n a i h a l i n i . B a b I I d i b a h a s m o n g e n a i ra a k n a d a n t u j u a n p o l o s t a - r i a n l i n g k u n g a n , j u g a f u n g 3 i s o s i a l d a r i s o t i a p h a k a g r a r i a . B a b I I I m e m b a h a s p o i r o a s a l a h a n p o k o k , y a i t u m e - n g o n a i p o n e r a p a n u s a h a p o l o s t a r i a n a l a m t o r h a d a p v r i l a - y a h y a n g d i k u a s a i o l o h h a k u l a y a t . ^ n g a i s o s i a l h a s i l p o r a b a h a s a n d a l a m B a b I I , m e n d a s a r i p o r a b a h a a a n B a b I I I i n i ' * S e l a n j u t n y a d a l a m B a b I V d i b a h a s m o n g e n a i h a m b a t - a n - h a m b a t a n y a n g m u n g k i n d i t i m b u l k a n k a r o n a b o r t o n t a n g - a n d o n g a n k e p e n t i n g a n m a s y a r a k a t a d a t y a n g m o ^ g u a s a i h a k u l a y a t y a n g b o r s a n g k u t a n . C a r a - c a r a p e n y o l e s a i a n y a n g b o r h a s i l d i t a r i k d a r i p o n g a n a l i s a a n b a b - b a b t o r d a - h u l u , j u g a d i t o m p a t k a n d a l a m b a b i n i . A k h i r n y a d a l a m

  B a b V d i t o m p a t k a n B a b P e n u t u p , y a n g b e r i s i k e s i n p u l a n d a n c a r a n y a n g b o r h a s i l d i t a r i k d a r i k o s o l u r u h a n p o n u ­ l i s a n .

  D a r i p o n u l i s a n i n i d i h a r a p k a n a k a n m e n ^ i a s i l k a n s u a t u j a l a n k o l u a r y a n g d a p a t m o n u n j a n g p o m b a n g u n a n huJaun n a 3 i o n a l , d a l a m h a l i n i j u g a b o r k a i t a n d o n g a n

  8 o I c s i s t G r i 3 i h ulcu m a d a t i t u s o n d i r i a p a b i l a m e m a n g t e r - n y a t a d a p a t d i p o r t a h a n k a n . T o r u t a m a d a l a m l e o s e l u r u h a n p o n i b a n g u n a n huJcum a g m r i a y a n g l e b i b 3 G 3 u a i d e t i g a n a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n , d i h a r a p k a n p o n g a t u r a n huJrum a d a t d i b i d a n g t a n a h t i d a k m o r u p a lc a n h a m b a t a n d a r i p e m b a n g u n - a n y a n g s e d a n g b G r j a l a n , BAB I

• p e h g e r t i a n h a k u l a y a t d a n pe n g a t u r a n

  NYA DALAM UHDANG UiiDANG POKOK A G R A R IA 1 . P e i i g e r t i a n H ale U l a y a t d a n P u n g 3 i n y a D a l a m M a s y a r a k a t A d a t

  $

  S o b e l u m a d a n y a U n d a n g - u n d a n g K o * T a h u n 1 9 & 0 t o n t a n g P e r a t u r a n D a a a r P o k o k - p o k o k A g r a r i a ( u n t u k s o l a n - j u t n y a d i s i n g k a t TJU PA ), d a l a m h u lcu m a g r a r i a d i I n d o n e s i a d i k e n a l d u a l i s m e a t u r a n h u lcu m y a i t u h u k u m a g r a r i a d d a t d a n huJcum a g r a r i a b a r a t . D u a l i c m e h u k u m a g r a r i a t e r a e b u t d i a t a s m e r u p a le a n p e n i n g g a l a n P e m o r i n t a h H i n d i a B e l a n d a , y a n g e e n g a j a d i b u a t d a l a m u s a h a r a e l a k s a n a l c a n I c e p e n t i n g - a n - I c o p e n t i n g a n p e m e r i n t a h K o l o n i a l d i d a o r a h j a j a h a n n y a *

  H a k u l a y a t m o n i p a k a n o a l a h a a t u l o i r i b a g a hulcu m t a ­ n a h a d a t y a n g h i n g g a k i n i d i a J n i i o l e h TJUPA, y a i t u d a l a m p a s a l 2 a y a t ( / j.) d a n p a s a l 3 * hulcum y a n g t e r k e m u k a d i

  V a n V o l l e ' i h o v e n , s a r j a n a b i d a n g hulcum a d a t , a n t a r a l a i n r a e n g a t a k a n b a h w a " h a k u l a y a t a d a l a h s u a t u h a k a t a s t a n a h d a r i p o r s o T c u t u a n - p e r - s G l m t u a n hulcum d i I n d o n o a i a , y a n g t i d a l c d a p a t d i l e p a s f c a n

  9

  1 0 s e l m n a - l a m a n y a d a n m o r a p u n y a i d a s a r I c e a g a m a a n ( r e l i - g i e ) • 1

  C . C . J . K a a s a o n d a n & . P . G . H o n e m e n g a t a l c a n a n t a r a I a i n b a liw a :

  H a k u l a y a t a d a l a h h a k p e r s e k u t u a n h u lcu m (u m p a m o ** d e s a ) r a e n u r u t h u lcu m a d a t , u n t u k m o n g u a a a i t a n a h d a l a m l i n g k u n g a n d a e r a h n y a , u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n p a r a a n g g o t a n y a , a t a u u n t u k k e p e n t i n g a n o r a ^ g - o r a n g l a ­ i n ( o r a n g A s i n g ) d e n g a n m e m b a y a r k e r u g i a n I c e p a d a d e s a d a l a m h a l m a n a d o s a i t u s o d i k i t b a v y a k t u r u t c a m p u r d e n g a n p e m b u k a a n t a n a h i t u d a n t u r u t b e r t a n g - g u n g J a w a b t o r h a d a p p e r k a r a - p e r k a r a y a v g t o r j a d i d i s i t u d a n b e l u r a d a p a t d i s e l e s a i k a n . ^

  J i k a J c « d u a p e n d a p a t t e r s e b u t d i a t a s d i b a n d i n g - l e a n , m a k a p e n d a p a t k e d u a l e b i h t o r p e r i n c i m o l i p u t i k e - g u n a a n h a k u l a y a t i t u a e n d i r i b a g i k e p e n t i n g a n m a s y a r a - I c a t a d a t y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n .

  T o r H a a r B z n . m o m b e r i k a n p e n g e r t i a n y a n g m e n i - t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a f u n g s i h a k n y a s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : H a k u l a y a t a d a l a h h a k p e r s e l c u t u a n h u lcu m a t a s t a n a h y a n g b e r l a l c u b a g i k e d a l a m m a u p u n k e l u a r . K e d a l a m ; a r t i n y a h a k p e r s e l c u t u a n h u lcu m u n t u k m e n g - a t u r p e m a k a i a n t a n a h b a g i a n g g o t a - a n g g o t a n y a s e d e - m i k i a n h i n g g a t i a p - t i a p a n g g o t a d e s a i t u m o n d a p a t b a g i a n t a n a h s e n d i r i - s e n d i r i , d e n g a n p e m b a t a s a n - p e m b a t a s a n b a g i k e p e n t i n g i n d e s a .

  ^ S u a a n t o , Hulcum P e r t a n a h a n ( A g r a r i a ) , c e t . I , P r a d n y a P a r a m i t a , J a i c a r t a f 1 9 tiO, h . 2 3 * 2 I b i d .

  1 1 K o l u a r ; a r t i n y a o r a n g - o r a n g A s l n g ( b u k a n a n g g o t a d o s a ) h a n y a d a p a t a e n g o r j a J c a n t a n a h s e i z i n d o s a d o n g a n m e m b a y a r k o r u g i a n s o b a g a i p e n g a k u a n h a k p e r s e k u t u a n . 3

  P o n d a p a t T o r H a a r B z n , t o r s o b u t d i a t a s p a d a p o - k o k n y a s a m a d o n g a n p o n d a p a t C , C * J , M a a s s o n d a n A . P . G .

  H o n s m o n g o n a i I c o w e n a n g a n p e r s e k u t u a n h u k u m a t a s t a n a h t e r h a d a p w a r g a n y a m a u p u n o r a n g d i l u a r m a s y a r a k a t a d a t s o t o m p a t .

  P e n g o r t i a n p e r s o k u t u a n h u k u m s o b a g a i l e m b a g a y a n g d a p a t m o m p u n y a i h a k u l a y a t , b u k a n h a n y a d o s a a a j a .

  V a n V o l l o n h o v o n d a l a m b u k u n y a " D o I n d o n o a i o r o n z i j n g r o n d " y a n g d i k u t i p d a l a m I c a r a n g a n M a h a d i , m e n y o b u t k a n p o r s o k u t u a n h u k u m l a i n n y a y a n g d a p a t m o m p u n y a i h a k u l a ­ y a t , a n t a r a l a i n " e o n a t o m " ( s u k u ) ; " e o n d o r p o n b o n d fl

  ( k u m p u l a n k a m p u n g a t a u d o s a ) ; d a n " o e n d o r p ” ( k a m p u n g

  V

  k

  a t a u d o s a ) • P a d a u m u m n y a h a k u l a y a t d i P u l a u J a w a t e l a h k u - r a n g I o i a t d l b a n d i n g k a n d o n g a n d a o r a h l a i n s o p o r t i M i - n a n g l c a b a u , T a p a n u l i S o l a t a n , H i a u , d a n S u l a w e s i S e l a t - a n *

  ^ I b i d . S f a h a d i , S e d i k i t S o i a r a h P o r k e m b a n g a r H a k - h a k

  S u k u M o l a y a A t a s T a n a h D i~ S u m a t e r a T i m u r ( T a h u n Uib~6- 1 9 7 ! ? ) , o o t r I , ~ A l u n m i , ~ B a n d u r g , 1 9 7 * * , h «

  1 2 D a r i h a k u l a y a t d a p a t t i r n b u l b e b e r a p a h a l y a n g b o r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n h a k t o r s o b u t y a l t u : a . a n g g o t a p o r s o k u t u a n h u k u m d a p a t d i b e r i h a k a t a u s o c a r a b e b a s m o n d a p a t k a n h a k u n t u k b o r l a d a n g , m o m b u k a t a n a h , m e n a in g u t h a s i l h u t a n , m e n g g e m b a l a - le a n t o r n a k n y a , b e r b u r u d a n m o n d i r i k a n p o n d o k d i a t a s t a n a h y a n g d i k u a s a i h a k u l a y a t p e r s e k u t u a n h u lcu m y a n g b o r s a n g l c u t a n ; '* b . p o r o l c u t u a n h u k u m t e t a p b e r h a k m e n o n t u k a n t a n a h y a n g d i p o r g u n a k n n u n t u k m a k a n , m e s j i d d a n s e b a g a i - n y a , s e r t a m e n e n t u k a n t a n a h y a n g t l d a k b o l o h d i p o r - g u n a l m n o l o h s i a p a p u n , d a n t o r a p a t - t e m p a t y a n g t i - d a k b o l e h d i a i n b i l h a s i l n y a ; ^ c . o r a n g a s i n g a t a u o r a n g d i l u a r p e r s e k u t u a n h u k u m d a p a t m e m p e r o l e h i j i n m o n g e r j a k a n h a k - h a k a e p e r t i y a n g d i b o r U c a n k e p a d a a n g g o t a p e r o o k u t u a n , d e n g a n m o m b e r i k a n s o s u a t u k o p a d a p e r s e k u t u a n h u k u m y a n g b o r s a n g k u t a n , P e l a n g g a r a n t o r h a d a p h a l i n i m e r u -

  7 p a k a n p o r b u a t a n p i d a n a ; d . p o r s e l c u t u a n hulcu m t i d a k d a p a t m e n y e r a h l c a n a t a u r o e l o p a s k a n a t a u m o n y e r a h k a n h a l m y a u n t u l c s o l a m a -

  ^ I b l d . ^ S u s a n t o , l o c » c i t . ^ M a h a d i , l o c . c l t .

  13

  n y a J c e p a d a o r a n g l a i n a t a u p u n a n g g o t a p e r s o k u t u - Q a n h u k u m i t u a o n d i r i ;

  H a l i n i j u g a n e r u p a k a n c i r i h a le u l a y a t ; e * d i S o r d a n g t e r d a p a t s u a t u a d a t u n t u k m e m m j u k k a n h a a r a t a o s o o r a n g y a n g h o n d a k m e n g u a s a i s e b i d a n g t a n a h h u t a n , y a i t u d o n g a n m o m b u a t k a i d a h - I m i d a h y a n g b e r a r t i a e t i a p I c a i t a n m o r u p a k a n p o n g u a a a a n a e b i d a n g t a n a h y a n g d a p a t d i t a n a m i a e g a r t a n g b i ­ b i t p a d i ; f . d i k a ra p a n g - k a m p u n g M o l a y u d o l e n t m u a r a s u n g a i , u n t u k m o n a n d a k a n s e b a t a n g p o h o n s u d a h a d a y a n g m e m p u n y a i d i b e r i t a n d a b u l a t a n - b u l a t a n d a n b o r - s u d u t e m p a t , d i t a m b a h d o n g a n m e n a b u r k a n k o p i n g - k o p i n g k u l i t k a y u p a d a l c a l c i p o h o n ; g . d i L a b u h a n R a t u a p a b i l a a d a s e s o o r a n g i n g i n r a e n g u a s a i a e i b a t a n g p o h o n , d i b e r i t a n d a p a d a b a - t a r > g y a n g s i l a n g b e n t u k n y a * S e t e l a h i t u o r a n g t o r s o b u t m e l a p o r l m n p a d a I r o p a l a k a m p u n g a t a u r a j a d o n g a n m e n j o l a s l c a n m o n g o n a i j e n i s p o h o n d a n l o t a k n y a . K o p a l a k a m p u n g d i s i n i b e r t i n d a k a o b a g a i w a k i l p o r a o l a i t u a n h u la u n y a n g r a e m p u n y a i h a k u l a y a t ; a t a u 3 © b a g a i l a n j u t a n d a r i r a j a k a - l a u r a j a m e n g a n g g a p a o b a g a i p e n g u a s a t a n a h y a n g

  69 6Bald., h.

  14

  9 b e r s a n g l r u t a n . ' h . p e r s e k u t u a n h u lcu m b e r t a n g g u n g j a w a b t o r h a d a p s e - g a l a s o e u a t u y a n g t e r j a d i d i d a l a m d a e r a h n y a . 1 0

  S e b a g Q l g a m b a r a n m e n g o n a i h a k u l a y a t y a n g p e m a h a d a d i I n d o n e s i a t e r u t a m a d i S u m a t e r a , o l e h M a h a d i d i - u r a i k a n b e b e r a p a h a k u l a y a t 3 Q b a g a i b e r i k u t : a . d a l a m K o s u l t a n a n d i B e n g k a l i s p a r o k a u l a n y a y a n g b e r a g a m a I s l a m b o r h a k m e n i k m a t i f a s i l i t a s h a k u l a y a t , t a n p a p e m b a y a r a n b o l e h m e m b u k a h u t a n s e c a r a k e c i l - k e c i l a n , s e t o l a h i t u b o l e h m e r e k a n i l a n a t i a t a u I c u a s a i e o s u k a h a t i n y a ; b . d a l a m K o s u l t a n a n L a n g k a t m e n e b a n g a t a u m e r u s a k p o h o n t u a l o n g m e r u p a k a n i > e r b u a t a n t e r l a r a n g s e b a b l o b a h s u k a b e r a a r a n g d i p o h o n t e r s e b u t . L a r a n g a n t e r s o b u t m e r u p a k a n c i r i d a r i h a k u l a y a t y a n g d i a t u r o l e h p o r - s e l a x t u a n h u k u m n y a , d a n r a l c y a t b e b a s r a e n g a m b i l m a d u n y a s o b a g a i h a s i l h u t a n ; c . d i L a n g k a t p e m a h a d a s u a t u k e b i a s a a n k a l a u s e s o o r a n g i n g i n s e b a t a n g p o h o n b o o a r d a l a m h u t a n y a n g a lc a n d i - p e r g u n a k a n u n t u k p e r a h u , s e b e l u m a d a w a l c t u s e n g g f i ^ g u n t u k m e n o b a n g d i t a n d a i p o h o n t e r s e b u t d o n g a n c a r a

  9 I b i d . , h . 9 1 . ^ S u s a n t o , l o c * c i t .

  1 5 m o n g u l i t i b a t a n g k a y u s o l e b a r d u a j a r i . T a n d a i t u m e m p a k a n l a r a n g a n b a g i o r a n g l a i n u n t u k m o - n e b a n g n y a .

  H a l - h n l t e r s o b u t d i a t a s m e n u r u t v a n V o l l o n h o v o n m e r u p a k a n c i r i - c i r i a t a u p u n p o n j e l m a a n h n k u l a y a t , 2 . H ole U l a y a t d a l a m UUPA

  D a l a m UUPA p a s a l 2 a y a t (ij.) d a n p a s a l 3 j o l a a b a h w a h a k u l a y a t d i a l c u i * M e n u r u t B o o d i H a r s o n o h a k u l a ­ y a t m e r u p a k a n w e w o n a n g - w e w e n a n g d a n k o w a j i b a n - k e w a j i b a n s u a t u m a s y a r a k a t a d a t d a l a m b i d a n g a g r a r i a * M e m o r i p e n - j o l a s a n a n g k a I I / 3 UUPA m e m b a t a s i w e w e n a n g i n i a t a s k e - p e n t i n g a n y a n g l o b i h l u a s , y a i t u I c e p e n t i n g a n u m u m . ^

  D i t e g a s k a n p u l a d a l a m p a s a l 2 a y a t ( 1 ) U U P A , b a h w a k e k a y a a n a l a m , p a d a b u m i , a i r d a n r u a n g a n g k a s a m e r u p a k a n r a i l i k n o g a r a . P a s a l 3 3 a y a t ( 3 ) U n d a n g - u n d a n g D a o a r 1 9 4 5 m o n o g a s k a n p u l a b a h w a h a l y a n g m e n y a n g k u t h i d u p o r a n g b a n y a k m o n g o n a i I c o k a y a a n b u m i , a i r d a n r u ­ a n g a n g k a s a d i k u a s a i o l e h n e g a r a * K e d u d u lc a n n o g a r a d i s i n i j o l a s m e r u p a k a n p o m e g a n g k e k u a s a a n t o r t i n g g i a t a s

  “ B o e d i H a r s o n o , Hulcum A g r a r i a I n d o n e s i a , J i l * I , c o t * I V , D j a m b a t a n , J a k a r t a , 1 9 7 5 # k * 19*J*

  1 6 s e l u r u h h a k - h a k a t a s t a n a h y a n g a d a * P e n g e r t i a n d i k u a - s a i b u k a n b e r a r t i d i m i l i k i , m e l a i n k a n m o n g a n d u n g k o w o - n a n g a n u n t u J c : a . m e n g a t u r d a n m e n y e l o n g g a r a k a n p e r u n t u k a n , p o n g - g u n a a n , p e n y e d i a a n d a n p e m e l i h a r a a n b u m i , a i r d a n r u a ^ g a n g k a s a t e r s e b u t ; b . m e n e n t u k a n d a n m e n g a t u r h u b u n g a » » - h u b u n g a n hulcum a n t a r a o r a n g - o r a n g d o n g a n b u m i d a n l a i n - l a i n n y a i t u ( d o n g a n p e r k a t a a n l a i n , m e n e n t u k a n d a n m e n g a t u r h a k - h a k y a n g d a p a t d i p u n y a i a t a a b u r a i d a n l a i n - l a i n n y a i t u ) ; c . m e n e n t u k a n d a n m e n g a t u r h u b u n g a n - h n b u n g a n hulcum a n t a r a o r a n g - o r a n g d a n p o r b u a t a n - p e r b u a t a n b u - 2

  Icum y a n g r a e n g e n a i b u m i * a i r d a n r u a n g a n g k a s a * S o c a r a l e b i h k o n k r i t m o n g e n a i k e p o n t i n g a n a t a u h a l y a n g b o r h u b u n g a n d o n g a n k e l a n g s u n g a n h i d u p o r a n g b a n y a k , s o b a g a i m i s a l i a l a h p o n g g a l i a n b a h a r > - b a h a n t a m - b a n g y a n g d i a t u r d a l a m U n d a n g - u n d a n g H o . 3 7 t a h u n i 9 6 0 ■ y o T J n d a n g - u n d a n g N o . 1 1 t a h u n 1 9 6 7 , d a n U n d a n g - u n d a n g

  P o k o k K e h u t a n a n N o . £ t a h u n 1 9 6 7 * H a l y a n g m e n y a n g k u t m a o a l a h l i n g l a i n g a n h i d u p a t a u I c e l e s t a r i a n a l a m , d a l a m p e n j e l a c a n p a s a l 1 7 U n ­ d a n g - u n d a n g P o k o k K o h u t a n a n H o . 5 t a h u n 1 9 6 7 d i j ' O . a s - k a n a n t a r a l a i n , b a h w a s e l a i n h u lcu m p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n d i b e b o r a p a t e m p a t b e r l a k u h u lcu m a d a t , a n t a r a l a i n m e - n g o n a i p e m b u lc a a n h u t a n , p o n g e m b a l a a n t o r n a k , p e m b u r u a n

  1 2 I b l d . . h . 1 8 0 - 1 8 1 M e n u r u t B o o d i H a r s o n o y a n g m o n y i m p u l k a n p e n g o r - t i a n " h u t a n n o g a r a " d a l a m p a 3 a l 2 P e n j o l n s a n Umum U n d a n g - u n d a n g P o k o k K o h u t a n a n n o . 5 t a h u n 1 9 ^ 7 , s o b a g a i p o n g o r - t i a n y a n g m o n c a jc u p p u l a h u t a n - h u t a n y a n g d i f c u a s a i o l e h m a s y a r a k a t h u lcu m a d a t s o t o m p a t . ^ D o n g a n d o m i k i a n t a n a h y o n g d i k u a s a i h a k u l a y a t y a n g f l o b a g i a n b o r u p a h u t a n - h u ­ t a n , s a n g a t d i b a t a a i p o m a n f a a t a n n y a b e r d a s a r k a n I c o p o n - t i n g a n umum y a n g m o n y a n g l c u t l i n g l c u n g a n h i d u p d a n k o l c s - t a r i a n a l a m . D i s a r a p i n g i t u p u l a I r o p o n t i n g a n umum d a l a m h a l p o m a n f a a t a n h u t a n d i b i d a n g p r o d u k s i h a s i l - h a s i l h u t a n j u g a d a p a t m o r a b a t a s i p o n g g u n a a n h a k u l a y a t .

  H a k u l a y a t y a n g d i a l a i i , i a l a h h a k u l a y a t y a n g d a l a r a I c e n y a t a a n n y a m a s i h a d a d a n t i d a k a k a n d i a d a k a n a p a b i l a t o r n y a t a t e l a h t i d a k a d a l a g i . H a k u l a y a t i n i d i k a i t k a n e r a t d o n g a n a d a n y a m a s y a r a k a t a d a t y a n g

  1 7 s a t w a l i a r d a n p o m u n g u t a n h a 3 i l h u t a n . D a la m p e l a l c s a n a - a n n y a h u lcu m a d a t s o t o m p a t , s o p a n j a n g m e n u r u t k o n y a t a a n - n y a m a 3 i h a d a , t o t a p d i a l a i i t e t a p i b a r u s d i j a g a J a n g a n s a r a p a l t o r j a d l k e r u s a k a n h u t a n , s e h i n g g a m o n g a k i b a t k a n m a n f a a t h u t a n y a n g l e b l h p a n t i n g d i b i d a n g p r o d u k s i d a n f u n g a l l i n d u n g d a r i h u t a n a lc a n b o r k u r a n g .

• ^ I b l d . . h . 2 0 0

  1 8 m o n g a n s Q l . H a l i n i b o r a r t i b a h w a j i k a m a a y a r a k a t a d a t t o r s o b u t h i l a n g , m a k a h a k u l a y a t d o n g a n s o n d i r i n y a h i - l a n g p u l a . BfcB XX

  p e l e s t a r i a n l in g k u k g a n s k b g a i ^

  SUATtJ KETENTUAN W D M 1 . M a k n a d a n T u j u a n P e l e g t a r l a n L i n g k u n g a n P o r k e m b a n g a n I c o h i d u p a n m a n u a i a d i a t a s b u m i i n i b o r j a l a n d o n g a n p o s a t n y a m o n g h a s i l k a n t e k n o l o g i y a n g l o b i h m a j u , d a l a m u s a h a n y a m e n g e l o l a s u m b o r a l a m y a n g a d a * S o m u a u s a h a i n i s e m a t a - m a t a d i t u j u k a n u n t u k ra em - b a n g u n s e m u a s o g i I c o h i d u p a n m a n u s i a , b a i k d i b i d a n g p o n g o m b a n g a n s a n d a n g , p a n g a n , t e m p a t t i n g g a l , p o r s o n - j a t a a n , t r a n s p o r t a s i , k e b u d a y a a n d a n e e b a g a i n y a , y a n g p a d a p o k o k n y a u n t u k m e n c i p t a k a n I c o h i d u p a n s o s i a l e k o - n o r a i y a n g l o b i h b a i k * D i s a m p i n g i t u p e n i n g l c n t a n k e b u ­ t u h a n b o r t a m b a h t i n g g i p u l a , s e b a g a i a k i b a t t i n g l c a t p o p u l a s i m a n u s i a y a n g t i n g g i . T e fc u t o m a I c o b u t u h a n d a l a m n o g a r a - n o g a r a y a n g l o b i h t i n g g i t i n g l c a t I c e b u d a y a a n n y a , u n t u k d a p a t h i d u p l o b i h m a la n u r , l o b i h b a n y a k m o m b u t u h - Ican s u m b e r d a y a a l a m y a n g b i a s a n y a d i h a s i l k a n o l c h n r - g a r a - n e g a r a y a n g b e l u m a t a u s o d a n g b o r k o m b a n g . S o b a g a i a k i b a t l o b i h l a n j u t , o k s p l o i t a 3 i s u m b o r d a y a a l a m y a n g a d a d i l a k u k a n d o n g a n b o 3 a r - b o 3 a r a n k a r o n a t e k n o l o g i t e l a h m e r a u n g k i n k a n u n t u k h a l t e r s e b u t .

  19

  2 0 E k s p o l i t a s i s u m b e r d a y a a l a m s e c a r a b e s a r - b o s a r a n d i l a k u k a n t a n p a m e m p o r h i t u n g l c a n Ico m a m p u a n Q la m u n t u k m o - n y o d i a k a n n y a , b a le y a n g b o r u p a h a b i s n y a s u m b e r a l a m m a u p u n y a n g b e r o i f a t r u s a l c r t y a I c e l a n g g o n g a n a l a m u n t u k m o n y o d i a k a n k o k a y a a n a l o r a . H a l i n i r a o n i m b u l k a n I c o l a n g k a n n s u m b o r k o -

  I c a y a o n a l a m y a n g b o r s i T a t l a n g g o n g , s e b e n o r n y a d a p a t d i j a ­ g a k o l a n g g o n g a n n y a , d o n g a n m e m p o r h i t u n g k a n d a l a m o k s p l o i - t a s i n y a , m e n j a g a d a n m o n c i p t a l c a n n u m b e r k o k a y a a n a l a m u n ­ t u k m a s a d a t a n g .

  H a n c u r n y a s u m b o r k o k a y a a n a l a m , a t a u d o n g a n i s t i - l a h y a n g l o b i h l u a s l a g i s o b a g a i h a n c u r n y a k o l o c t a r i a n a l a m , m o m b u t u h k a n U 3 a h a p o l o s t a r i a n l i n g k u n g a n b i d u p m a - n u s i a d a n a l a m n y a . M a s a l a h I c e h a n c u r a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p i n i , t e l a h a d a s o j a k e n a m r i b u t a h u n y a n g l a l u d i M e s o ­ p o t a m i a y a n g s o k a r a n g d i k o n a l d o n g a n n o g a r a I r a k , s o p o r t i d i u r a i k a n d i b a w a h i n i :

  M e s o p o t a m i a , d i l o m b a h s u n g a i T i g r i s d a n E u p h r a t e s d a n y a n g k i n i d i k o n a l d e n g a n n o g a r a I r a k , m e n g f r a - d a p i m a s a l a h l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g r a u n g k i n u n t u k p o r t a m a k a l i n y a d i a l a m i p o r a d n b a n m a n u s i n . S i s t i m i r i g a a i y a n g t o l a h m e n d u k u n g p o r t a n i a n l a m b a t l a u n t e l a h k e n y a d a p k o s u b u r a n t a n a h a k i b a t s a l i r r i ° a s i s o h i n g g a a k h i m y a m o n g h a n c u r k a n p o r t a r i a n . D a n d o ­ n g a n r u s a k n y a p o r t a n i a n h i l a n g p u l a s o k o g u r u p e n - t i n g p o n u n j a n g k o b u d a y a a n M o s o p o t a m i a y a n g a l d i i r - n y a i k u t t o n g g o l a m . l ^

  S a l i m , L i n g l c u n g a n H l d u p d a n P e m b q n g u n a n , c o t , I I , M u t i a r a , J a k a r t a , 1 9 8 0 , h . 1 2 .

  2 1 K e n y a t a a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s m e r u p a k a n c o n t o h d a r i k e r u - s a k a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a n g s e b e n a r n y a d i s e b a b k a n o l e h b e r b a g a i m a ca m s e b a b l a i r m y a , s e p e r t i p e r c e m a r a n d a r i i n d u s t r i , p u n a h n y a s a l a h s a t u j e n i s h e w a n , g u n d u l n y a h u ­ t a n d a n s e b a g a i n y a -