Problems found in translating english term used in medical field : job training report
PROBLEMS FOUND IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH TERMS USED IN MEDICAL
FIELD
Job Training Report
Submitted to fulfil one of the course requirements
YOLANDA ERLINA PAREDE
63709012
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER
2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are efforts has been taken in writing this job training report. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind support and help of English
Department, C.V Global Linguist, a company where the writer conducted her job
training, and many individuals. The writer takes this opportunity to extend her sincere
thanks to all of them.
The writer, therefore, would like to express her profound gratitude, first and
foremost, to Jesus Christ for always making another ways when there seems to be no
way and always be The One when the writer had no one to share.
The writer wishes to thank Hanelly Parede-Tamahiwu, her mother and
Yoanita Stephanie Parede, her sister for giving the writer support both financially and
morally to finish this job training. The writer will always feel blessed having them in
this life.
It has been an honor for the writer to undergo her job training at C.V Global
Linguist. Thus, the writer is indebted to Mrs. Diba Artsiyanti, E.P, S.S., M.Si and Mr.
Savitra Wibawa, S.Si for kindly accepting the writer to undergo her job training at
C.V Global Linguist and guide the writer during the job training.
Advice and suggestion given by Mr. Tatan Tawami, M. Hum, the writer’
advisor has been a great help in finishing this job training report. Thus, a deepest
vi
regards is addressed to Mr. Tatan Tawami, M.Hum. It is a great pleasure for the
writer to have an advisor like him.
The writer would also like offer her deepest gratitude to Ardy Sandry
Singgalen for lending his notebook during the writer’s job training activity and report
writing, constantly encouraging the writer to keep doing the best for this job training
report, always trying to be there whenever he is needed. Last but not least, the writer
owes her special thanks to brothers and sisters. Meslina Aritonang, Sitiuran
Simanungkalit, Rosidayani Sipayung, Rinaldo Singgalen, Kriston Yehezkiel
Situmorang are only a few of brothers and sisters supporting the writer in finishing
this job training report. The writer is particularly grateful having them as families.
Although there may be many who remain unacknowledged in this humble
note of gratitude there are none who remain unappreciated.
vii
CONTENTS
Abstrack
iv
Abstrak
v
Ackowledgement
vi
Contents
viii
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Topic
1
1.2 Scope
2
1.3 Objectives
2
1.4 Significant to Knowledge
2
1.5 The Framework of the Theory
3
1.6 Research Method
3
1.7 Place and Time
4
: THE GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF C.V. GLOBAL
LINGUIST
2.1 Description of C.V Global Linguist
5
2.2 The Work of C.V Global Linguist
5
2.3 Job Position and Coordination
viii
CHAPTER III
2.3.1
Job Position
6
2.3.2
Coordination
6
2.3.3
Responsibilities
6
: THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
3.1 Translating English Terms Used in Medical Field
7
3.2 Problems and Solution
CHAPTER IV
3.2.1 Problems
8
3.2.2 Analysis and Solution
9
: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions
14
4.2 Suggestions
14
REFERENCES
15
APPENDICES
16
CURRICULUM VITAE
ix
REFERENCES
Larson, Mildred L., 1984, A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, University
Press of America, Inc.
Newmark, Peter, 2007, A New Theory of Translation, University of
Surrey.
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background to the Topic
For about a month, the writer was assigned as a freelance translator. Novel,
medical texts, and questionnaire are texts given to translate. Making a good
translation of medical texts are the most difficult task for the writer for in most
field, particularly medical, the writer found that not only the translator’s
knowledge of the source and target language but also translator’s skill to preserve
a proper equivalence of terms used in the field is needed in order to convey a
good translation.
We all know that the translator’s goal is to get the message across as
accurately as possible, to avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation in target
language. However, during the job training, the writer found difficulties in
translating English terms used in medical field such as understanding the word or
phrase which belongs to terms of medical and finding the proper word equivalent
of medical terms in target language. The transmission of a message, indeed, is a
complex process and make accurate interpretation is not an easy task.
According to that case, this report is entitled “Problems Found in Translating
English Terms Used in Medical Field”. This report aims to give an explanation
1
2
about the process of finding a proper equivalence of English terms used in
medical field and conveying a good translation.
1.2. Scope
The writer, in this report, attempts to deliver a discussion about conveying
a good translation. This report specifically discusses the problems found in
translation which is finding a proper equivalence of English terms used in medical
terms and serve the analysis and solution in order to solve the problems.
1.3. Objectives
Other than to fulfill the job training course, this report is also aimed at:
1. discussing the problems found in translating English terms used in medical
field and serve the analysis and solution,
2. serving an explanation about translating through transference, naturalization
and cultural equivalence procedures.
1.4.Significant to Knowledge
The report is expected to give significant benefit, both theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the readers, especially English Department students,
will be able to increase their knowledge and vocabularies when dealing with text
containing medical terms and understand the procedure used in making a
3
translation. Practically, the readers will be able to understand the meaning and
find a proper equivalent of particular terms.
1.5. Framework of Theory
Newmark’s theory of translation procedures is the grand theory for this job
training report. He writes (1988 : 81) that translation procedures are used for
sentences and the smaller units of language . According to Newmark, it can be
concluded that the use of translation procedure is needed in order to find the
proper equivalence of English terms used in medical field. There are eighteen
translation procedures proposed by Newmark. However, only transference,
naturalization, and cultural equivalence are chosen to be used in translating
English terms used in medical field since the three procedures are commonly used
in translating special terms.
1.6.Research Method
Descriptive is the method used to analyse the data in this job training report.
This method describes and interprets the object of research the way it is
(Best,1982:119). Thus, it is conducted by describing the data collected during the job
training and analyzing it based on the theory.
4
1.7. Place and Time
The job training is conducted on July 17th 2012 until September 19th 2012.
CV. Global Linguist, the company in which the writer conduct her job training is
located at Cipaganti Rahayu Regency F-27A Jl. Cipamokolan, Bandung. Since
the writer worked as a freelance translator, she did her work at home.
5
CHAPTER II:
THE GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CV. GLOBAL LINGUIST
2.1. Description of CV. Global Linguist
Global Linguist is a company concerning in translation and language training
pioneered by Mrs. Diba Artsiyanti, E.P, S.S., M.Si and her sister, Dianita Artsiyanti
and now managered by Mr. Savitra Wibawa, S.Si. Global Linguist is one of the
translation agencies in Bandung addressed at CipagantiRahayu Regency F-27A Jl.
Cipamokolan Bandung Timur.
2.2. The Work of CV. Global Linguist
1. Translation
Since not everyone has competence in making a good translation, CV.
Global Linguist serves in translation field. The client may be institution or
individual. The text to translate is variant; it may be novel, questionnaire,
lecture material, and many more.
2. Language Training
CV. Global Linguist also serves language training especially for
institutions requiring a good skill of speaking and writing English of their
employee.
5
6
2.3. Job Position and Coordination
2.3.1. Job Position
The writer did her work mostly at home since she worked as a freelance
translator in the job training conducted by July 17 th 2012 until September 19th 2012.
The text to be translated may be a novel, a questionnaire, a medical material; the
latter is the concern of the writer.
2.3.2. Coordination
During job training process, the writer coordinated with some staff of Human Capital and
General Affair Unit as in the following:
1.
Mrs. DibaArtsiyanti, E.P, S.S., M.Si as the head of the company.
Responsibility : running the company.
2.
Mr. SavitraWibawa, S.Si as the manager and editor.
Responsibility: handling training and recruitment, financial term,
attendance, placement and performance.
2.3.3 Responsibilities
After Mrs. Diba and Mr. Avit got command from the client, the writer and her
two partners, Diny Wahyuningtyas and Lady Sekar Mayang, as freelance
translatorsare contacted to have their task to do the translation.
The translation was sent back to Mr. Savitra Wibawa as the editor to be fixed before
it is given to the client
CHAPTER III:
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
3.1. Translating English Terms Used in Medical Field
A translator plays an important role in bringing the message of the source
language text to the target language. Since translator is a reader-oriented job, it is
important to make sure that the readers get the message contained within the text.
However, while doing her job as a freelance translator for a month, the writer had
difficulties, especially in understanding and then translating English terms used in
medical field.
In analyzing medical terms, the writer used transference, naturalization, and
cultural equivalent to convey a good translation. In this point, the problem found
during the translation process, the explanation of the three chosen procedure, and the
analysis together with the solution are described.
3.3. Problems and Solution
As translation, especially in medical field, is not an easy task, the writer found
problems during the translation process. The problems found in translating medical
terms and the solutions are explained as follows:
7
8
3.3.1. Problems
As has been quoted before, we know that translating is not an easy task.
However, translating the text in the specific field of study is more difficult. Since
medical text is one of text the writer translated, the writer found that in specific genre,
especially medical field, there are some terms both words and phrases in which their
meaning are not as the same or similar as their literal meaning. There are also terms
which have more than one meaning.
The first problem the writer had during the job training was understanding the
word or phrase which belongs to terms of medical. The second problem was finding
the proper word equivalent of medical terms in target language.
Thus, in order to solve the problems above, the writer uses three of eighteen
procedures in translation proposed by Newmark which are transference,
naturalization, and cultural equivalent. On the other hand, she browsed on internet
and visited online KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) recommended by the head
of CV. Global Linguist to get a clear information about medical terms. She also asked
people used to work in the medical field to get additional information to translate the
terms.
9
3.3.2. Analysis and Solution
On Monday, July 30th 2012, the writer was given a task to translate a sevenpage medical text explaining human growth process. The writer found many English
terms of which the writer face difficulties to find the proper equivalence in Indonesia
as the target language. The writer has no idea of procedure used to translate English
terms used in medical field.
After doing a close-reading and search for information of English terms used
in medical field, it is found that naturalization and cultural equivalent which are two
of fifteen procedures of translation proposed by Newmark is the proper procedure
used in translating English terms in medical field.
3.3.2.1. Transference
The process of transferring the source language word into receptor language
word. The word translated then become a loan word. For further details, it will be
described in the table below.
Table 1. List of Medical Terms Translated by Using Transference Procedure
No.
Source Language
Receptor Language
1.
lamina dura
lamina dura
2.
periosteal
periosteal
3.
orbital
orbital
10
4.
modeling
modeling
5.
remodeling
remodeling
6.
endoosseous
endoosseous
7.
callus
callus
8.
endosteal
endosteal
The terms listed on the Table 1 were translated by using transference procedure.
As the terms are rarely used in another field of studies and will not have another broad
meaning than its use in medical field, the terms had no change in target language word
formation. That is why transference is the proper procedure to translate the terms.
3.3.2.2. Naturalization
The process done by adapting the source language word first to normal
pronunciation and changing it to the normal word formation of the target language in
order to make it familiar to the tongue of the target language speakers. For further
details, it will be described in the table below.
Table 2. List of Medical Terms Translated by Naturalization Procedure
No.
Source Language
Receptor Language
1.
morphogenesis
morfogenesis
2.
chondrocranium
kondrokranium
3.
desmocranium
desmokranium
11
4.
hereditary
herediter
5.
maloclussion
mal-oklusi
6.
endochondral
endokondral
7.
ossification
osifikasi
8.
synchondroses
sinkondrosis
9.
mesenchyme
mesenkim
10.
mandibular condyles
kondilus mandibularis
skeletogenetic mesenchymal
susunan mesenkim
structures
skeletogenetik
12.
orthodontic therapeutic
terapi ortodontik
13.
sutures
sutura
14.
kapsular
kapsuler
15.
intramembranous ossification
osifikasi intramembran
16.
physiology
fisiologi
17.
metabolic function
fungsi metabolic
18.
geometric distribution
distribusi geometrik
11.
19.
collagen orientation of the
lamellae
orientasi kolagen pada lamella
20.
pathologic processes
proses patologi
21.
trabecular bone
tulangtrabekula
22.
cortical bone
tulangkortikal
23.
alveolar procesee
prosesusalveolaris
24.
basilar bone
tulang basil
25.
implant
penempatan
26.
parathyroid
paratiroid
27.
cortex
korteks
12
28.
paracrine and autocrine
mekanisme parakrin dan
mechanisms
autokrin
Naturalization is the procedure chosen to translate the medical terms
listed on Table 2 since there were no proper equivalent in target language which
could completely represent the meaning of these terms. In addition, the word
formation of the terms in source language and receptor language are slightly same.
3.3.2.3.Cultural Equivalent
Translate a source language cultural word approximately into target
language cultural word. For further details, it will be described in the table below.
Table 3. List of Medical Terms Translated by Using Cultural Equivalent Procedure
No.
Source Language
Receptor Language
1.
facial
wajah
2.
tissue
jaringan
3.
bone mass
jaringan tulang
The terms listed on Table 3 had their cultural equivalence in the target
language. In addition, these terms could not be translated by using naturalization as it
dealt with phonological rule.
13
3.3.2.4. Optional
One term may be translated through naturalization and cultural
equivalent. It depends on the context.
Table 4. List of Medical Terms Translated Both by Using Transference Procedure
No.
Medical Term
Source
Receptor
Language
Language
functional
analisis
cranial
kranial
analysis
fungsional
a specific
komponen
cranial
spesifik pada
component
tengkorak
naturalization
skeletal unit
unit skeletal
cultural
facial
equivalent
skeletal
Procedure
naturalization
1.
kranial
cultural
equivalent
2.
skeletal
rangka wajah
There are some terms which can be both naturalized and transferred. The writer found
that the terms naturalized are mostly a more special terms such as terms proposed by
a well-known figure in the field of study.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
After the report was finished, it can be concluded that the translator’s
profound knowledge of either the source and target language or the field of study to
which the text belong is badly needed.
The results of the analysis also proof the importance of using translation
procedure, such as transference, naturalization, and cultural equivalent in order to
reach a good and communicative translation. These procedures are commonly used to
translate special terms like terms used in medical field.
4.2 Suggestion
After finishing her report and getting the result of the report, the writer had
some suggestions which hopefully will be useful for the students who will choose
translation as their topic of report. First, it will be better if the students collect various
data from another field of study, other than medical field. Second, the students should
learn more about method and procedure in translation.
14
FIELD
Job Training Report
Submitted to fulfil one of the course requirements
YOLANDA ERLINA PAREDE
63709012
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER
2012
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are efforts has been taken in writing this job training report. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind support and help of English
Department, C.V Global Linguist, a company where the writer conducted her job
training, and many individuals. The writer takes this opportunity to extend her sincere
thanks to all of them.
The writer, therefore, would like to express her profound gratitude, first and
foremost, to Jesus Christ for always making another ways when there seems to be no
way and always be The One when the writer had no one to share.
The writer wishes to thank Hanelly Parede-Tamahiwu, her mother and
Yoanita Stephanie Parede, her sister for giving the writer support both financially and
morally to finish this job training. The writer will always feel blessed having them in
this life.
It has been an honor for the writer to undergo her job training at C.V Global
Linguist. Thus, the writer is indebted to Mrs. Diba Artsiyanti, E.P, S.S., M.Si and Mr.
Savitra Wibawa, S.Si for kindly accepting the writer to undergo her job training at
C.V Global Linguist and guide the writer during the job training.
Advice and suggestion given by Mr. Tatan Tawami, M. Hum, the writer’
advisor has been a great help in finishing this job training report. Thus, a deepest
vi
regards is addressed to Mr. Tatan Tawami, M.Hum. It is a great pleasure for the
writer to have an advisor like him.
The writer would also like offer her deepest gratitude to Ardy Sandry
Singgalen for lending his notebook during the writer’s job training activity and report
writing, constantly encouraging the writer to keep doing the best for this job training
report, always trying to be there whenever he is needed. Last but not least, the writer
owes her special thanks to brothers and sisters. Meslina Aritonang, Sitiuran
Simanungkalit, Rosidayani Sipayung, Rinaldo Singgalen, Kriston Yehezkiel
Situmorang are only a few of brothers and sisters supporting the writer in finishing
this job training report. The writer is particularly grateful having them as families.
Although there may be many who remain unacknowledged in this humble
note of gratitude there are none who remain unappreciated.
vii
CONTENTS
Abstrack
iv
Abstrak
v
Ackowledgement
vi
Contents
viii
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Topic
1
1.2 Scope
2
1.3 Objectives
2
1.4 Significant to Knowledge
2
1.5 The Framework of the Theory
3
1.6 Research Method
3
1.7 Place and Time
4
: THE GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF C.V. GLOBAL
LINGUIST
2.1 Description of C.V Global Linguist
5
2.2 The Work of C.V Global Linguist
5
2.3 Job Position and Coordination
viii
CHAPTER III
2.3.1
Job Position
6
2.3.2
Coordination
6
2.3.3
Responsibilities
6
: THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
3.1 Translating English Terms Used in Medical Field
7
3.2 Problems and Solution
CHAPTER IV
3.2.1 Problems
8
3.2.2 Analysis and Solution
9
: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions
14
4.2 Suggestions
14
REFERENCES
15
APPENDICES
16
CURRICULUM VITAE
ix
REFERENCES
Larson, Mildred L., 1984, A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, University
Press of America, Inc.
Newmark, Peter, 2007, A New Theory of Translation, University of
Surrey.
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background to the Topic
For about a month, the writer was assigned as a freelance translator. Novel,
medical texts, and questionnaire are texts given to translate. Making a good
translation of medical texts are the most difficult task for the writer for in most
field, particularly medical, the writer found that not only the translator’s
knowledge of the source and target language but also translator’s skill to preserve
a proper equivalence of terms used in the field is needed in order to convey a
good translation.
We all know that the translator’s goal is to get the message across as
accurately as possible, to avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation in target
language. However, during the job training, the writer found difficulties in
translating English terms used in medical field such as understanding the word or
phrase which belongs to terms of medical and finding the proper word equivalent
of medical terms in target language. The transmission of a message, indeed, is a
complex process and make accurate interpretation is not an easy task.
According to that case, this report is entitled “Problems Found in Translating
English Terms Used in Medical Field”. This report aims to give an explanation
1
2
about the process of finding a proper equivalence of English terms used in
medical field and conveying a good translation.
1.2. Scope
The writer, in this report, attempts to deliver a discussion about conveying
a good translation. This report specifically discusses the problems found in
translation which is finding a proper equivalence of English terms used in medical
terms and serve the analysis and solution in order to solve the problems.
1.3. Objectives
Other than to fulfill the job training course, this report is also aimed at:
1. discussing the problems found in translating English terms used in medical
field and serve the analysis and solution,
2. serving an explanation about translating through transference, naturalization
and cultural equivalence procedures.
1.4.Significant to Knowledge
The report is expected to give significant benefit, both theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the readers, especially English Department students,
will be able to increase their knowledge and vocabularies when dealing with text
containing medical terms and understand the procedure used in making a
3
translation. Practically, the readers will be able to understand the meaning and
find a proper equivalent of particular terms.
1.5. Framework of Theory
Newmark’s theory of translation procedures is the grand theory for this job
training report. He writes (1988 : 81) that translation procedures are used for
sentences and the smaller units of language . According to Newmark, it can be
concluded that the use of translation procedure is needed in order to find the
proper equivalence of English terms used in medical field. There are eighteen
translation procedures proposed by Newmark. However, only transference,
naturalization, and cultural equivalence are chosen to be used in translating
English terms used in medical field since the three procedures are commonly used
in translating special terms.
1.6.Research Method
Descriptive is the method used to analyse the data in this job training report.
This method describes and interprets the object of research the way it is
(Best,1982:119). Thus, it is conducted by describing the data collected during the job
training and analyzing it based on the theory.
4
1.7. Place and Time
The job training is conducted on July 17th 2012 until September 19th 2012.
CV. Global Linguist, the company in which the writer conduct her job training is
located at Cipaganti Rahayu Regency F-27A Jl. Cipamokolan, Bandung. Since
the writer worked as a freelance translator, she did her work at home.
5
CHAPTER II:
THE GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CV. GLOBAL LINGUIST
2.1. Description of CV. Global Linguist
Global Linguist is a company concerning in translation and language training
pioneered by Mrs. Diba Artsiyanti, E.P, S.S., M.Si and her sister, Dianita Artsiyanti
and now managered by Mr. Savitra Wibawa, S.Si. Global Linguist is one of the
translation agencies in Bandung addressed at CipagantiRahayu Regency F-27A Jl.
Cipamokolan Bandung Timur.
2.2. The Work of CV. Global Linguist
1. Translation
Since not everyone has competence in making a good translation, CV.
Global Linguist serves in translation field. The client may be institution or
individual. The text to translate is variant; it may be novel, questionnaire,
lecture material, and many more.
2. Language Training
CV. Global Linguist also serves language training especially for
institutions requiring a good skill of speaking and writing English of their
employee.
5
6
2.3. Job Position and Coordination
2.3.1. Job Position
The writer did her work mostly at home since she worked as a freelance
translator in the job training conducted by July 17 th 2012 until September 19th 2012.
The text to be translated may be a novel, a questionnaire, a medical material; the
latter is the concern of the writer.
2.3.2. Coordination
During job training process, the writer coordinated with some staff of Human Capital and
General Affair Unit as in the following:
1.
Mrs. DibaArtsiyanti, E.P, S.S., M.Si as the head of the company.
Responsibility : running the company.
2.
Mr. SavitraWibawa, S.Si as the manager and editor.
Responsibility: handling training and recruitment, financial term,
attendance, placement and performance.
2.3.3 Responsibilities
After Mrs. Diba and Mr. Avit got command from the client, the writer and her
two partners, Diny Wahyuningtyas and Lady Sekar Mayang, as freelance
translatorsare contacted to have their task to do the translation.
The translation was sent back to Mr. Savitra Wibawa as the editor to be fixed before
it is given to the client
CHAPTER III:
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
3.1. Translating English Terms Used in Medical Field
A translator plays an important role in bringing the message of the source
language text to the target language. Since translator is a reader-oriented job, it is
important to make sure that the readers get the message contained within the text.
However, while doing her job as a freelance translator for a month, the writer had
difficulties, especially in understanding and then translating English terms used in
medical field.
In analyzing medical terms, the writer used transference, naturalization, and
cultural equivalent to convey a good translation. In this point, the problem found
during the translation process, the explanation of the three chosen procedure, and the
analysis together with the solution are described.
3.3. Problems and Solution
As translation, especially in medical field, is not an easy task, the writer found
problems during the translation process. The problems found in translating medical
terms and the solutions are explained as follows:
7
8
3.3.1. Problems
As has been quoted before, we know that translating is not an easy task.
However, translating the text in the specific field of study is more difficult. Since
medical text is one of text the writer translated, the writer found that in specific genre,
especially medical field, there are some terms both words and phrases in which their
meaning are not as the same or similar as their literal meaning. There are also terms
which have more than one meaning.
The first problem the writer had during the job training was understanding the
word or phrase which belongs to terms of medical. The second problem was finding
the proper word equivalent of medical terms in target language.
Thus, in order to solve the problems above, the writer uses three of eighteen
procedures in translation proposed by Newmark which are transference,
naturalization, and cultural equivalent. On the other hand, she browsed on internet
and visited online KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) recommended by the head
of CV. Global Linguist to get a clear information about medical terms. She also asked
people used to work in the medical field to get additional information to translate the
terms.
9
3.3.2. Analysis and Solution
On Monday, July 30th 2012, the writer was given a task to translate a sevenpage medical text explaining human growth process. The writer found many English
terms of which the writer face difficulties to find the proper equivalence in Indonesia
as the target language. The writer has no idea of procedure used to translate English
terms used in medical field.
After doing a close-reading and search for information of English terms used
in medical field, it is found that naturalization and cultural equivalent which are two
of fifteen procedures of translation proposed by Newmark is the proper procedure
used in translating English terms in medical field.
3.3.2.1. Transference
The process of transferring the source language word into receptor language
word. The word translated then become a loan word. For further details, it will be
described in the table below.
Table 1. List of Medical Terms Translated by Using Transference Procedure
No.
Source Language
Receptor Language
1.
lamina dura
lamina dura
2.
periosteal
periosteal
3.
orbital
orbital
10
4.
modeling
modeling
5.
remodeling
remodeling
6.
endoosseous
endoosseous
7.
callus
callus
8.
endosteal
endosteal
The terms listed on the Table 1 were translated by using transference procedure.
As the terms are rarely used in another field of studies and will not have another broad
meaning than its use in medical field, the terms had no change in target language word
formation. That is why transference is the proper procedure to translate the terms.
3.3.2.2. Naturalization
The process done by adapting the source language word first to normal
pronunciation and changing it to the normal word formation of the target language in
order to make it familiar to the tongue of the target language speakers. For further
details, it will be described in the table below.
Table 2. List of Medical Terms Translated by Naturalization Procedure
No.
Source Language
Receptor Language
1.
morphogenesis
morfogenesis
2.
chondrocranium
kondrokranium
3.
desmocranium
desmokranium
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4.
hereditary
herediter
5.
maloclussion
mal-oklusi
6.
endochondral
endokondral
7.
ossification
osifikasi
8.
synchondroses
sinkondrosis
9.
mesenchyme
mesenkim
10.
mandibular condyles
kondilus mandibularis
skeletogenetic mesenchymal
susunan mesenkim
structures
skeletogenetik
12.
orthodontic therapeutic
terapi ortodontik
13.
sutures
sutura
14.
kapsular
kapsuler
15.
intramembranous ossification
osifikasi intramembran
16.
physiology
fisiologi
17.
metabolic function
fungsi metabolic
18.
geometric distribution
distribusi geometrik
11.
19.
collagen orientation of the
lamellae
orientasi kolagen pada lamella
20.
pathologic processes
proses patologi
21.
trabecular bone
tulangtrabekula
22.
cortical bone
tulangkortikal
23.
alveolar procesee
prosesusalveolaris
24.
basilar bone
tulang basil
25.
implant
penempatan
26.
parathyroid
paratiroid
27.
cortex
korteks
12
28.
paracrine and autocrine
mekanisme parakrin dan
mechanisms
autokrin
Naturalization is the procedure chosen to translate the medical terms
listed on Table 2 since there were no proper equivalent in target language which
could completely represent the meaning of these terms. In addition, the word
formation of the terms in source language and receptor language are slightly same.
3.3.2.3.Cultural Equivalent
Translate a source language cultural word approximately into target
language cultural word. For further details, it will be described in the table below.
Table 3. List of Medical Terms Translated by Using Cultural Equivalent Procedure
No.
Source Language
Receptor Language
1.
facial
wajah
2.
tissue
jaringan
3.
bone mass
jaringan tulang
The terms listed on Table 3 had their cultural equivalence in the target
language. In addition, these terms could not be translated by using naturalization as it
dealt with phonological rule.
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3.3.2.4. Optional
One term may be translated through naturalization and cultural
equivalent. It depends on the context.
Table 4. List of Medical Terms Translated Both by Using Transference Procedure
No.
Medical Term
Source
Receptor
Language
Language
functional
analisis
cranial
kranial
analysis
fungsional
a specific
komponen
cranial
spesifik pada
component
tengkorak
naturalization
skeletal unit
unit skeletal
cultural
facial
equivalent
skeletal
Procedure
naturalization
1.
kranial
cultural
equivalent
2.
skeletal
rangka wajah
There are some terms which can be both naturalized and transferred. The writer found
that the terms naturalized are mostly a more special terms such as terms proposed by
a well-known figure in the field of study.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
After the report was finished, it can be concluded that the translator’s
profound knowledge of either the source and target language or the field of study to
which the text belong is badly needed.
The results of the analysis also proof the importance of using translation
procedure, such as transference, naturalization, and cultural equivalent in order to
reach a good and communicative translation. These procedures are commonly used to
translate special terms like terms used in medical field.
4.2 Suggestion
After finishing her report and getting the result of the report, the writer had
some suggestions which hopefully will be useful for the students who will choose
translation as their topic of report. First, it will be better if the students collect various
data from another field of study, other than medical field. Second, the students should
learn more about method and procedure in translation.
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