AN ANALYSIS ON CODE SWITCHING USED BY THE HOSTS IN “BREAK OUT” SHOW AT NET TV
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The first chapter of this thesis contains some topics such as: background of
study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of study, scope and
limitation, and definition of key terms. Each sections is presented as follows:
1.1
Background of Study
Language plays an important role in society as a means of communication.
Without language it is certain that all sorts of activities interact in society will not be
effective. Considering the importance of language in performing all daily activities,
certainly every member of the community is always involved in communication, both
to act as a communicator as well as a communicant. Communication events can be a
place or medium for expressing ideas, content of thought, purpose, reality, and so on.
Therefore, language becomes one of the most important medium of communication
both orally and writing.
The important thing used to interact and communicate is language Everyday
people use language to communicate with friends, family members, and other people.
It means that language is the main property people need to communicate each other in
order to give message and information. Nordquist (2013) stated that language is the
human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds,
gestures, or written symbols. Moreover, Samovar and Porter (2001:137) say that
language is extremely important to human interaction because of its labeling,
interaction, and transmission function. In connection with this, the labeling function
1
2
iself also serves to identify the name of the person, object, or action, or can be referred
to communication. Interaction functions is concerned with sharing and communication
of ideas and emotions.
Suddenly, many people use two language or linguistic varieties within the
utterance or during the conversation unconsciously. Bilingualism inevitably becomes
the prominent factor for triggering people to easily do code switching. Myers-Scotton
in Agneta & Ana (2010) defines code-switching as the alternation between two or more
languages or varieties of a language in the same utterance or dialogue. In addition,
Jendra (2010) argues code switching is a situation where speakers deliberately change
a code being used, namely by switching from one to another Interestingly, this
communicative behavior does not only occur in general domain or situation, but also
in specific one, such as for the entertainment, both in written and audio visual. For
example in magazine, newspaper, advertisement, broadcasting, such as in the
performance of the hosts in Break Out TV show.
Realizing the importance of English in the international world, the Indonesian
people are also learning it. In many situations, the Indonesian people sometimes use a
mix of two languages; they are English and Indonesian language in communicating.
The use of two languages has become a trend among people in the world. People tend
to use two languages to convey the message in order to make it more easily understood.
Related to language phenomenon occurs in the global era, language as a social need
has been much developed. Information technology and social media are influential in
the use of language. Mass media is a means of information and communication which
3
is very important and needed in the modern world. Mass media consists of the various
means by which information reaches large numbers of people, such as television, radio,
movies, newspapers, and the Internet. This study focuses on the electronic media
especially a television program. In a television program the use of language certainly
has an important role to make the audience interested in watching the television
program. The artists on the television program sometimes mix languages for particular
purposes. Like in the Break Out television program in Net TV, that there are many
switching into English in their performance using Bahasa Indonesia. This phenomenon
is called code switching. It is interesting to analyze the phenomenon because the code
switching often occurs in the society.
The use of various language shows the education level of the society, the more
language they are able to speak, the more educated they are. This phenomena force
people to learn more than one language. The result of this phenomenon is that people
and media usually talk in switched language and this affects the society, so nowadays
people mix up the language in their daily life. Some people said that the phenomena of
the various languages could increase the status in society especially for young people.
That is why the writer chooses television program as the object of the analysis. The
writer is interested in analyzing the use of code switching. This study is devoted to
investigate code switching in television program.
This study have been conducted by reviewing some thesis concerning code
switching written by previous students. Ardhelia Fanny (2012) did the research on code
switching of the novel ”Cinta” by Ollie. The findings of fanny’s study were 100 codes
4
switching used in novel “Cinta” by Ollie; there four kinds of code switching used in
novel “Cinta” by Olly. They were; intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential
switching, tag switching, and establish continuity the previous speaker and also the
possible reason of the author in using code switching in novel “Cinta” by Olly; there
were 8 reasons found. Another research finding is from Hidayati (2006). She found
some kinds of code switching and the reasons of using it. First, the kind of code
switching were: based on the topic changing (situational and metaphorical code
switching); based on the scope setting (intra-sentential and inter-sentential code
switching); based on language used. Second, the reasons why the psycholinguistics
lecturer switched codes in her teaching were: to make clear in explaining the difficult
terms or terminologies so that the situation more enjoyable in class. The other forms of
code switching, such as insertion and alternation, appear to encourage positional
simplification of second language acquisition, strategies that work against classroom
discourse.
However, those two previous studies of code switching are different from this
present study, Ardhelia Fanny’s study was done to code switching used by the novel
”Cinta” by Ollie and Hidayati’s study was done to know code switching used by the
psycholinguistics lecture. Meanwhile, this present study is code switching used in
informal conversation; in verbal condition on an entertainment program at Net TV.
Based on the above description, the writer focuses to analyze the code switching
used, the types of code switching by applying Romaine theory (1995), which are tag
switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching and to answer the
functions of code switching by applying Apple and Muysken theory (1987), which are
5
referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function,
metalinguistic function, and poetic function that used by the host of Break out TV show
at net. Moreover, the study is conducted because most people like this program,
especially teenagers and adults.
1.2
Statement of problems
Based on the background of the study above, the research problems are
formulated as follows:
1.
What are the code switchings used by the host of the TV show?
2.
What are the types of code switching used by the host of the TV show?
3.
What are the functions of code switching occurs in some selected conversations
by the hosts of the TV show?
1.3
Purpose of study
Based on the problems mentioned above, the purpose of the research are, as
follows:
1.
To identify the code switchings used by the host of the break out TV show.
2.
To identify the types of code switching used by the host of the break out TV
show.
3.
To figure out and analyze the functions of code switching occurs in some
selected conversations by the host of the break out TV show.
6
1.4
Significance of the Study
There are some significances of the study expected by the researcher of this
thesis. They are as follows:
a. It gives an example of the kinds of code switching used in informal conversation
on TV program.
b. The result of this study can enrich the knowledge of English Department students
about how sociolinguistic phenomena exist.
c. The research is expected to be helpful in giving references for the lectures of
sociolinguistics as the supporting material in explaining code switching for
sociolinguistic studies, especially in code switching study.
d. The readers can get more understanding about the switch language happened in
Indonesia which is not only from national language to local language, English, etc.
But also occur between English and Indonesia in particular topic especially in TV
program.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study discussed about the code switching used by the hosts of
the Break Out TV show in one episode with the topic “friendzone”, especially the types
and functions of code switching. Meanwhile, the limitation of this present study is on
the code switching used (Bahasa and English, English and Bahasa) by the hosts of the
Break Out TV show; Boy William and Sheryl Sheinafia.
7
1.6
Definition of Key Term
The following definitions are intended to make the readers have the same
understanding or perception for the same term used in this research. It is also intended
to avoid ambiguity or misinterpretation. They are as follow:
a.
Language is the human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such
as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols (Nordquist 2013).
b.
Code-switching as the alternation between two or more languages or varieties of
a language in the same utterance or dialogue (Myers-Scotton in Agneta & Ana
2010).
c. Host is a person who receives or entertains other people as guests that usual attend
in an event to which others invited.
d. Net TV is one of the private television stations in Indonesia which broadcast
information such as news, sport, songs, quiz, infotainment, reality show, and
fashion.
e. The types of code switching which are tag switching, intra-sentential switching,
and inter-sentential switching, by applying Romaine theory (1995).
f. The functions of code switching. It discussed a number of functions of code
switching, namely, referential function, directive function, expressive function,
phatic function, metalinguistic function, and poetic function, by applying Apple
and Muysken (1987).
8
AN ANALYSIS ON CODE SWITCHING USED BY THE HOSTS IN
“BREAK OUT” SHOW AT NET TV
THESIS
By:
RACHMAD SOENARYO
201110100311085
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
iv
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Alhamdulillah, a deepest gratitude should go to Allah S.W.T, this research would
have never been completed without great love, grace, blessing, and mercy from Him. The
researcher should thank for the invaluable physical and spiritual guide from Allah SWT
which has been lent for her during the process of this research. Shalawat and Salam are
addressed to the final, chosen, religious messenger, the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. This
thesis has been finished, under the assistance, guidance and love of some people. Therefore,
the researcher would like to express her greatest gratitude and appreciation, especially to:
1. My first advisor, Dra. Thathit Manon Andini, M.Hum and my second advisor Dr. Sri
Hartiningsih, M.M. for their suggestions, guidances, advices, encouragements and
their times during the advising periods, even life lessons. May Allah always bestow
them an endless blessings and protect them and their family.Aamin.
2. My beloved parents “Mrs. Saodah and Mr. Bapak Maryoko H.S”, and also my brother
“Waliyu Rachman Darmawan” who always pray, encourage, give love and
compassion, giving material I need, work hard, always try to do the best, support me
all the time and given a smile and happiness in my life for their sacrifice and
motivation, without them I would never have the power to finish this thesis.
3. My super best friends Yudistira Assrifudin, Syahid Jundullah, Hari Kurniawan, Gigih
Tiyanto, Naila Arofatin, Rickarta Rejayasa, Gianinna and all of friends in B class, F
class and even all friends that I know who always give their unconditional love,
motivation, support, spirit, care, kindness, togetherness and a lot of great things that
encourage me to complete this thesis especially when I was in situation laziness and
tiredness in doing this thesis. Thank for being a part of my life.
4. I am also thanks to my uncles, my aunties, for their support until I can finish my
college, thank you for everything you have given.
vi
5. My siblings, Annisa Dien Ilmi and Chanivah F Citrannissa Made Putra Winata, Rifai
Pamone, Arynda, and Ary Fitri Aji who have been and will always be my greatest
cousin all over the world, who share many things, who never feel tired of me in giving
her love and support.
vii
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL……………………………………………………………………….i
LEGALIZATION………………………………………………………………....ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATIO..………………………………………………..….iii
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY……………………………...………......iv
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………..vi
TABLEOF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………...………………......1
1.1 Background of Study……………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of Problems………………………………………………………......5
1.3 Purpose of Study………………………………………………………………...5
1.4 Significance of Study……………………………………………………………6
1.5 Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………………6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………8
2.1 Sociolinguistics……………………….………………………………………....8
2.2 Speech Community…………………………………………………….………..9
2.3 Bilingualism…………………………………………………………………....10
2.4 Code…………………………………………………………………………....11
2.5 Code Switching…..…………………………………………………………….12
2.5.1 Types of Code Switching………………………………………………...........12
2.5.1.1 Syntactical Perspective……………………………………………………....13
a. Tag-switching……………………………………………………………..13
b. Inter-sentential switching…………………………………………………14
c. Intra-sentential switching…………………………………………………14
2.5.1.2 Discourse Perspective……………………………………………………….15
a. Situational Code Switching…………………………………………….………....15
b. Metaphorical Code Switching………………………………………….…………15
2.5.2 Function of Code Switching………………………………………………..….17
1. Referential Function…………………………………………………....................17
2. Directive Function………………………………………………………………..17
a. Addressee Specification…………………………………………………………18
3. Expressive Function…………………………………………………...…………18
4. Phatic Function……………………………………………………………….…..19
5. Metalingustic Function……………………………………………………….…..19
6. Poetic Function………………………………………………………………...…20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD……………………………………….....21
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………….….…..21
3.2 Research Object…………………….…………………………………….….….22
3.3 Research Instrument……………………………………………….....................22
3.4 Data Collection……………………………………………………….................23
3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………...….24
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…………...…..…25
4.1 Research Findings……………………………………………………………....25
4.1.1 The Code Switching used in Break Out……………………...............25
4.1.2 The Types of Code Switching used in Break Out…………………………....29
4.1.2.1 Code Switching from Syntactic Analysis……………………….….29
4.1.2.1.1 Tag Switching………………………………………………….....30
4.1.2.1.2 Intra-sentential Switching………………………………...............34
4.1.2.1.3 Inter-sentential Switching…………………………………….…..37
4.1.2.2 Code Switching from Discourse Analysis……………..................................44
4.1.2.2.1 Situational Switching……………………………………………...44
4.1.2.2.2 Metaphorical Switching……………………………………….…..45
4.1.3 Functions of Code Switching used in Break Out……………………….….....46
4.1.3.1 Referential Function…………………………………………….…..46
4.1.3.1 Directive Function………………………………………………......47
4.1.3.3 Expressive Function………………………………………...............49
4.1.3.4 Phatic Function……………………………………………………...50
4.1.3.5 Metalinguistic Function……………………………………………..51
4.1.3.6 Poetic Function……………………………………………………...52
4.2 Discussion………………………………………………………………….……54
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGSTION ……………….....................58
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………….……….......58
5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………….……59
APPENDIX I……………………………………………………….………………63
APPENDIX II……………………………………………………………….….......72
REFERENCES
Agneta, Ahlberg & Bogunic Ana. (2010). A study of teachers’ code-switching in six
Swedish EFL classrooms. Available from: http://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/
handle/final.pdf.
Appel, R. and Muysken, P. (1987). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam:
Amsterdam Academic Archive.
Ary, Donald. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (Eighth Edition). USA:
WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning.
Bhatia, T. K. & Ritchie W. C. (2004). The Handbook of Bilingualism. United Kingdom:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Bloomfield, Leonard. (1933). Language. USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Creswell, John W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fanny, Ardhelia, code switching used by the novel ”Cinta” by Ollie. Unpublished Thesis.
Malang: UMM.
Fishman, J. A. (1971). Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House
Publishers.
Fraenkel, Jack K and Wallen, Norman F. (2009). How to Design And Evaluate Research
In Education (Eight Edition). Mc Graw Hill.
Grosjean, Francois, (1982). Life with Two Languages. Harvard University Press.
60
Gumpe rz, J.J. (1982). Discourse Strategies: Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hamers, J. F and Blanc, H.A.M. (1987). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hidayati, Lilik. (2006). A Study on Code-Switching Employed by the Psycholinguistic
Lecturer in Teaching at English Department of University of Muhammadiyah
Malang. Unpublished Thesis.
Hoffman, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. USA: Longman Group Ltd.
Holmes, Janet. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London and New York:
Longman.
Jendra, Indrawan, Iwan, Made. (2010). Sociolinguistic. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Mesthrie, Rajend et al. (2009). Introducing Sociolinguistics (Second Edition).
Scotland (United Kingdom): Edinburg University Press.
Nordquist, Richard. (2013). Studies in English Language, Literarture, and Culture in a
global environment. Frankurt: Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der
Wissenscafthen
Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press.
Poplack, Shana (1978). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN
ESPANOL: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18: 581-618.
Poplack, Shana; David Sankoff (1984). Borrowing: The Synchrony of Integration.
Linguistics 22 (269): 99–136
61
Pride, J.B. and Janet Holmes. (1972). Sociolinguistics. England: Penguin Books.
Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Samovar, Larry A. and Porter, Richard E. Communication Between Cultures.
Belmont,CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.c2001.
Saville-Troike, M. (1982). The Ethnography of Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Scotton, C.M. (1986). Diglossia and Code Switching. In Fishman (1986, ed.), 403-15.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Victoria, F and Rodman, R (2011). An Introduction to Language. California: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning; 9th edition.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. (1986). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basic
Blackwell
62
63
INTRODUCTION
The first chapter of this thesis contains some topics such as: background of
study, statement of problem, purpose of study, significance of study, scope and
limitation, and definition of key terms. Each sections is presented as follows:
1.1
Background of Study
Language plays an important role in society as a means of communication.
Without language it is certain that all sorts of activities interact in society will not be
effective. Considering the importance of language in performing all daily activities,
certainly every member of the community is always involved in communication, both
to act as a communicator as well as a communicant. Communication events can be a
place or medium for expressing ideas, content of thought, purpose, reality, and so on.
Therefore, language becomes one of the most important medium of communication
both orally and writing.
The important thing used to interact and communicate is language Everyday
people use language to communicate with friends, family members, and other people.
It means that language is the main property people need to communicate each other in
order to give message and information. Nordquist (2013) stated that language is the
human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds,
gestures, or written symbols. Moreover, Samovar and Porter (2001:137) say that
language is extremely important to human interaction because of its labeling,
interaction, and transmission function. In connection with this, the labeling function
1
2
iself also serves to identify the name of the person, object, or action, or can be referred
to communication. Interaction functions is concerned with sharing and communication
of ideas and emotions.
Suddenly, many people use two language or linguistic varieties within the
utterance or during the conversation unconsciously. Bilingualism inevitably becomes
the prominent factor for triggering people to easily do code switching. Myers-Scotton
in Agneta & Ana (2010) defines code-switching as the alternation between two or more
languages or varieties of a language in the same utterance or dialogue. In addition,
Jendra (2010) argues code switching is a situation where speakers deliberately change
a code being used, namely by switching from one to another Interestingly, this
communicative behavior does not only occur in general domain or situation, but also
in specific one, such as for the entertainment, both in written and audio visual. For
example in magazine, newspaper, advertisement, broadcasting, such as in the
performance of the hosts in Break Out TV show.
Realizing the importance of English in the international world, the Indonesian
people are also learning it. In many situations, the Indonesian people sometimes use a
mix of two languages; they are English and Indonesian language in communicating.
The use of two languages has become a trend among people in the world. People tend
to use two languages to convey the message in order to make it more easily understood.
Related to language phenomenon occurs in the global era, language as a social need
has been much developed. Information technology and social media are influential in
the use of language. Mass media is a means of information and communication which
3
is very important and needed in the modern world. Mass media consists of the various
means by which information reaches large numbers of people, such as television, radio,
movies, newspapers, and the Internet. This study focuses on the electronic media
especially a television program. In a television program the use of language certainly
has an important role to make the audience interested in watching the television
program. The artists on the television program sometimes mix languages for particular
purposes. Like in the Break Out television program in Net TV, that there are many
switching into English in their performance using Bahasa Indonesia. This phenomenon
is called code switching. It is interesting to analyze the phenomenon because the code
switching often occurs in the society.
The use of various language shows the education level of the society, the more
language they are able to speak, the more educated they are. This phenomena force
people to learn more than one language. The result of this phenomenon is that people
and media usually talk in switched language and this affects the society, so nowadays
people mix up the language in their daily life. Some people said that the phenomena of
the various languages could increase the status in society especially for young people.
That is why the writer chooses television program as the object of the analysis. The
writer is interested in analyzing the use of code switching. This study is devoted to
investigate code switching in television program.
This study have been conducted by reviewing some thesis concerning code
switching written by previous students. Ardhelia Fanny (2012) did the research on code
switching of the novel ”Cinta” by Ollie. The findings of fanny’s study were 100 codes
4
switching used in novel “Cinta” by Ollie; there four kinds of code switching used in
novel “Cinta” by Olly. They were; intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential
switching, tag switching, and establish continuity the previous speaker and also the
possible reason of the author in using code switching in novel “Cinta” by Olly; there
were 8 reasons found. Another research finding is from Hidayati (2006). She found
some kinds of code switching and the reasons of using it. First, the kind of code
switching were: based on the topic changing (situational and metaphorical code
switching); based on the scope setting (intra-sentential and inter-sentential code
switching); based on language used. Second, the reasons why the psycholinguistics
lecturer switched codes in her teaching were: to make clear in explaining the difficult
terms or terminologies so that the situation more enjoyable in class. The other forms of
code switching, such as insertion and alternation, appear to encourage positional
simplification of second language acquisition, strategies that work against classroom
discourse.
However, those two previous studies of code switching are different from this
present study, Ardhelia Fanny’s study was done to code switching used by the novel
”Cinta” by Ollie and Hidayati’s study was done to know code switching used by the
psycholinguistics lecture. Meanwhile, this present study is code switching used in
informal conversation; in verbal condition on an entertainment program at Net TV.
Based on the above description, the writer focuses to analyze the code switching
used, the types of code switching by applying Romaine theory (1995), which are tag
switching, intra-sentential switching, and inter-sentential switching and to answer the
functions of code switching by applying Apple and Muysken theory (1987), which are
5
referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function,
metalinguistic function, and poetic function that used by the host of Break out TV show
at net. Moreover, the study is conducted because most people like this program,
especially teenagers and adults.
1.2
Statement of problems
Based on the background of the study above, the research problems are
formulated as follows:
1.
What are the code switchings used by the host of the TV show?
2.
What are the types of code switching used by the host of the TV show?
3.
What are the functions of code switching occurs in some selected conversations
by the hosts of the TV show?
1.3
Purpose of study
Based on the problems mentioned above, the purpose of the research are, as
follows:
1.
To identify the code switchings used by the host of the break out TV show.
2.
To identify the types of code switching used by the host of the break out TV
show.
3.
To figure out and analyze the functions of code switching occurs in some
selected conversations by the host of the break out TV show.
6
1.4
Significance of the Study
There are some significances of the study expected by the researcher of this
thesis. They are as follows:
a. It gives an example of the kinds of code switching used in informal conversation
on TV program.
b. The result of this study can enrich the knowledge of English Department students
about how sociolinguistic phenomena exist.
c. The research is expected to be helpful in giving references for the lectures of
sociolinguistics as the supporting material in explaining code switching for
sociolinguistic studies, especially in code switching study.
d. The readers can get more understanding about the switch language happened in
Indonesia which is not only from national language to local language, English, etc.
But also occur between English and Indonesia in particular topic especially in TV
program.
1.5
Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study discussed about the code switching used by the hosts of
the Break Out TV show in one episode with the topic “friendzone”, especially the types
and functions of code switching. Meanwhile, the limitation of this present study is on
the code switching used (Bahasa and English, English and Bahasa) by the hosts of the
Break Out TV show; Boy William and Sheryl Sheinafia.
7
1.6
Definition of Key Term
The following definitions are intended to make the readers have the same
understanding or perception for the same term used in this research. It is also intended
to avoid ambiguity or misinterpretation. They are as follow:
a.
Language is the human system of communication that uses arbitrary signals, such
as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols (Nordquist 2013).
b.
Code-switching as the alternation between two or more languages or varieties of
a language in the same utterance or dialogue (Myers-Scotton in Agneta & Ana
2010).
c. Host is a person who receives or entertains other people as guests that usual attend
in an event to which others invited.
d. Net TV is one of the private television stations in Indonesia which broadcast
information such as news, sport, songs, quiz, infotainment, reality show, and
fashion.
e. The types of code switching which are tag switching, intra-sentential switching,
and inter-sentential switching, by applying Romaine theory (1995).
f. The functions of code switching. It discussed a number of functions of code
switching, namely, referential function, directive function, expressive function,
phatic function, metalinguistic function, and poetic function, by applying Apple
and Muysken (1987).
8
AN ANALYSIS ON CODE SWITCHING USED BY THE HOSTS IN
“BREAK OUT” SHOW AT NET TV
THESIS
By:
RACHMAD SOENARYO
201110100311085
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
iv
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Alhamdulillah, a deepest gratitude should go to Allah S.W.T, this research would
have never been completed without great love, grace, blessing, and mercy from Him. The
researcher should thank for the invaluable physical and spiritual guide from Allah SWT
which has been lent for her during the process of this research. Shalawat and Salam are
addressed to the final, chosen, religious messenger, the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. This
thesis has been finished, under the assistance, guidance and love of some people. Therefore,
the researcher would like to express her greatest gratitude and appreciation, especially to:
1. My first advisor, Dra. Thathit Manon Andini, M.Hum and my second advisor Dr. Sri
Hartiningsih, M.M. for their suggestions, guidances, advices, encouragements and
their times during the advising periods, even life lessons. May Allah always bestow
them an endless blessings and protect them and their family.Aamin.
2. My beloved parents “Mrs. Saodah and Mr. Bapak Maryoko H.S”, and also my brother
“Waliyu Rachman Darmawan” who always pray, encourage, give love and
compassion, giving material I need, work hard, always try to do the best, support me
all the time and given a smile and happiness in my life for their sacrifice and
motivation, without them I would never have the power to finish this thesis.
3. My super best friends Yudistira Assrifudin, Syahid Jundullah, Hari Kurniawan, Gigih
Tiyanto, Naila Arofatin, Rickarta Rejayasa, Gianinna and all of friends in B class, F
class and even all friends that I know who always give their unconditional love,
motivation, support, spirit, care, kindness, togetherness and a lot of great things that
encourage me to complete this thesis especially when I was in situation laziness and
tiredness in doing this thesis. Thank for being a part of my life.
4. I am also thanks to my uncles, my aunties, for their support until I can finish my
college, thank you for everything you have given.
vi
5. My siblings, Annisa Dien Ilmi and Chanivah F Citrannissa Made Putra Winata, Rifai
Pamone, Arynda, and Ary Fitri Aji who have been and will always be my greatest
cousin all over the world, who share many things, who never feel tired of me in giving
her love and support.
vii
ii
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL……………………………………………………………………….i
LEGALIZATION………………………………………………………………....ii
MOTTO AND DEDICATIO..………………………………………………..….iii
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY……………………………...………......iv
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………..vi
TABLEOF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………...………………......1
1.1 Background of Study……………………………………………………………1
1.2 Statement of Problems………………………………………………………......5
1.3 Purpose of Study………………………………………………………………...5
1.4 Significance of Study……………………………………………………………6
1.5 Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………………6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………8
2.1 Sociolinguistics……………………….………………………………………....8
2.2 Speech Community…………………………………………………….………..9
2.3 Bilingualism…………………………………………………………………....10
2.4 Code…………………………………………………………………………....11
2.5 Code Switching…..…………………………………………………………….12
2.5.1 Types of Code Switching………………………………………………...........12
2.5.1.1 Syntactical Perspective……………………………………………………....13
a. Tag-switching……………………………………………………………..13
b. Inter-sentential switching…………………………………………………14
c. Intra-sentential switching…………………………………………………14
2.5.1.2 Discourse Perspective……………………………………………………….15
a. Situational Code Switching…………………………………………….………....15
b. Metaphorical Code Switching………………………………………….…………15
2.5.2 Function of Code Switching………………………………………………..….17
1. Referential Function…………………………………………………....................17
2. Directive Function………………………………………………………………..17
a. Addressee Specification…………………………………………………………18
3. Expressive Function…………………………………………………...…………18
4. Phatic Function……………………………………………………………….…..19
5. Metalingustic Function……………………………………………………….…..19
6. Poetic Function………………………………………………………………...…20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD……………………………………….....21
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………….….…..21
3.2 Research Object…………………….…………………………………….….….22
3.3 Research Instrument……………………………………………….....................22
3.4 Data Collection……………………………………………………….................23
3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………...….24
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION…………...…..…25
4.1 Research Findings……………………………………………………………....25
4.1.1 The Code Switching used in Break Out……………………...............25
4.1.2 The Types of Code Switching used in Break Out…………………………....29
4.1.2.1 Code Switching from Syntactic Analysis……………………….….29
4.1.2.1.1 Tag Switching………………………………………………….....30
4.1.2.1.2 Intra-sentential Switching………………………………...............34
4.1.2.1.3 Inter-sentential Switching…………………………………….…..37
4.1.2.2 Code Switching from Discourse Analysis……………..................................44
4.1.2.2.1 Situational Switching……………………………………………...44
4.1.2.2.2 Metaphorical Switching……………………………………….…..45
4.1.3 Functions of Code Switching used in Break Out……………………….….....46
4.1.3.1 Referential Function…………………………………………….…..46
4.1.3.1 Directive Function………………………………………………......47
4.1.3.3 Expressive Function………………………………………...............49
4.1.3.4 Phatic Function……………………………………………………...50
4.1.3.5 Metalinguistic Function……………………………………………..51
4.1.3.6 Poetic Function……………………………………………………...52
4.2 Discussion………………………………………………………………….……54
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGSTION ……………….....................58
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………….……….......58
5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………………….……59
APPENDIX I……………………………………………………….………………63
APPENDIX II……………………………………………………………….….......72
REFERENCES
Agneta, Ahlberg & Bogunic Ana. (2010). A study of teachers’ code-switching in six
Swedish EFL classrooms. Available from: http://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/
handle/final.pdf.
Appel, R. and Muysken, P. (1987). Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam:
Amsterdam Academic Archive.
Ary, Donald. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (Eighth Edition). USA:
WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning.
Bhatia, T. K. & Ritchie W. C. (2004). The Handbook of Bilingualism. United Kingdom:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Bloomfield, Leonard. (1933). Language. USA: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Creswell, John W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Fanny, Ardhelia, code switching used by the novel ”Cinta” by Ollie. Unpublished Thesis.
Malang: UMM.
Fishman, J. A. (1971). Sociolinguistics: A Brief Introduction. Rowley: Newbury House
Publishers.
Fraenkel, Jack K and Wallen, Norman F. (2009). How to Design And Evaluate Research
In Education (Eight Edition). Mc Graw Hill.
Grosjean, Francois, (1982). Life with Two Languages. Harvard University Press.
60
Gumpe rz, J.J. (1982). Discourse Strategies: Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hamers, J. F and Blanc, H.A.M. (1987). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hidayati, Lilik. (2006). A Study on Code-Switching Employed by the Psycholinguistic
Lecturer in Teaching at English Department of University of Muhammadiyah
Malang. Unpublished Thesis.
Hoffman, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. USA: Longman Group Ltd.
Holmes, Janet. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London and New York:
Longman.
Jendra, Indrawan, Iwan, Made. (2010). Sociolinguistic. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Mesthrie, Rajend et al. (2009). Introducing Sociolinguistics (Second Edition).
Scotland (United Kingdom): Edinburg University Press.
Nordquist, Richard. (2013). Studies in English Language, Literarture, and Culture in a
global environment. Frankurt: Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der
Wissenscafthen
Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press.
Poplack, Shana (1978). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN
ESPANOL: toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18: 581-618.
Poplack, Shana; David Sankoff (1984). Borrowing: The Synchrony of Integration.
Linguistics 22 (269): 99–136
61
Pride, J.B. and Janet Holmes. (1972). Sociolinguistics. England: Penguin Books.
Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Samovar, Larry A. and Porter, Richard E. Communication Between Cultures.
Belmont,CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.c2001.
Saville-Troike, M. (1982). The Ethnography of Communication. Oxford: Blackwell.
Scotton, C.M. (1986). Diglossia and Code Switching. In Fishman (1986, ed.), 403-15.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spolsky, B. (1998). Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Victoria, F and Rodman, R (2011). An Introduction to Language. California: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning; 9th edition.
Wardhaugh, Ronald. (1986). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basic
Blackwell
62
63