13 Personality. The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology
research, management training and secondary and higher psychology instruction.
3. Sigmund Freud ’s Theory of Motivation
Sigmund Freud developed important theories in modern psychology and psychoanalysis. His division of the mind into the conscious and unconscious
components has driven research on the brain into very specific directions, and his contributions extend into the field of neuroscience, as well. By exploring the
underlying motivations of our behaviors, Freud pioneered new levels of
abstraction in human thought Freud, 1933.
Motivating impulses influence behavior without conscious awareness. Unconscious motivation plays a prominent role in Sigmund Freuds theories of
human behavior. According to Freud and his followers, most human behavior is the result of desires, impulses, and memories that have been repressed into an
unconscious state, yet still influence actions. Freud believed that human mind consists of a tiny, conscious part that is available for direct observation and a
much larger subconscious portion that plays an even more important role in
determining behavior Freud, 1933.
Freud finds the term Freudian slip that refers to the manifestation of unconscious impulses. For example, a person who responds Bad to meet you
instead of the usual Glad to meet you may be revealing true feelings. The substitution of bad for glad is more than a slip of the tongue; it is an
expression of the persons unconscious feelings of fear or dislike. Similarly, a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 talented athlete who plays an uncharacteristically poor game could be acting on an
unconscious desire to punish overbearing or inattentive parents. Unknown to the athlete, the substandard performance actually is communicating an important
message Richard Moll, 1994, p. 65.
Freud assumes that repressed memories and desires are the origins of most mental disorders. Psychoanalysis is developed as a method that help patients in
bringing their unconscious thoughts to consciousness. This increased awareness of the causes for behavior and feelings. It also help the patient in modifying the
undesired parts of behavior Smith, 1987.
Freud assumes three separate psychic parts. However, those parts are interactive. There are id, ego, and superego. The id is the source of energy,
including biological energy such as the sex. The id also keep the superego passes from conscious experiences. Ideologies and beliefs guides our behavior to reside
within the superego. The superego limits the flow of stagnant drives upon the conscious mind. The ego controls the conscious mind. The process of making
decision, deal with the conscious mind Anna, 1991.
Freuds theories of personality development focus on how our natural psychic drives adjust due to societal regulations. Freud emphasized how events in
early childhood affects our behavior later in life. Adult development was not Freuds focus. Freud rejects hierarchical models of personality development
because they force societal norms towards the individual unfairly Anna, 1991. In the nineteenth century, Rousseaus philosophy and ides influences Sigmund Freud
to learn about psychotherapy and become the father of psychoanalysis. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 Psychoanalysis a clinical method of treating psychopathology through dialog
between a patient and a psychoanalyst Heffner, 2015.
4. Katresnanism Theory on Motivation
