E. Data Analysis
Creswell 2009:183 states that data analysis is the process of making out of sense of text and image data. He 2009:284 explains further that there are several
crucial steps to be taken when we are about to conduct data analysis, the six steps were presented below:
1. Organize and prepare the raw data for the analysis by making some notes
2. To obtain a thorough understanding of the data and its general meaning,
re-evaluating the data by re-reading all the data comprehensively is needed. The data were distinguished into two major topics: Humbert
Humbert’s symptomatic sexual aberration, his imbalance personality and sexual aberration which is shown by his aberrant sexual-pleasure seeking
behavior and its manifestation in Vladimir Nabokov’s
Lolita
3. Coding the data is a crucial process in which the detailed analysis begins.
Coding involves the process of organizing the material into segmental texts before the meaning brought into information Rossman and Rallis via
Creswell, 2009:186. The coding process begins with taking text data and pictures during data collection, segmenting the data by categorizing the
material, giving label to the categorized data with a term. 4.
Using the coding process to generate particular themes or categories. The themes must be appear as the major findings. The researcher
’s task was to interconnect the themes into a story line.
5. Deciding how the description and the themes will be represented. In a
qualitative research, using a narrative passage is the most common approach to present the findings of the analysis.
6. The final step of the data analysis in a qualitative research is making
interpretation or scrutinizing the meaning of the data. The findings should involve the researcher’s personal interpretation based on hisher
understanding and is supported by information obtained from the theories or literature.
F. Data Trustworthiness
To obtain trustworthiness in this study, the researcher had to make sure that this study has these two requirements of qualitative research trustworthiness:
qualitative validity
and
qualitative reliability
. Gibbs in Creswell, 2009:190 suggests that
qualitative validity
is obtained when the researcher employs certain procedures to check for the accuracy of the findings, while
qualitative reliability
is indicated by the consistency of the researcher’s approach across different researchers and different projects. To determine the consistency and the reliability
of the qualitative research approach, Yin in Creswell, 2009:190 argues that qualitative researchers need to document as many of the steps of the procedures as
possible. Hence, the researcher employed several procedures suggested by Creswell,
especially which is applicable for literary study, to determine the trustworthiness of this research. These
validity strategies
was used to measure or assess the accuracy of the findings as well as convince the readers of that accuracy
Creswell, 2009:191. The first procedure was minimizing the bias the researcher brought into the study. This self-reflection procedure will create an open and
honest narrative which also ensures the credibility to the reader Creswell, 2009:192. Creswell also states that reflectivity is the core characteristic of
qualitative research because good qualitative research is interpreted based on the understanding and background knowledge of the researcher. Furthermore, to
improve the accuracy of the findings, the researcher used
peer debriefing
. Creswell 2009:192 states that
peer debriefing
involves the process of reviewing and asking questions about the qualitative study by other persons so the
objectivity will be obtained. Furthermore, he argues that this procedure, which involves interpretation beyond the researcher and is conducted by other persons,
adds validity into account. More importantly, the researcher also consulted his findings with his first and second supervisor in this research, Sugi Iswalono, M.A.
and Rachmat Nurcahyo, S.S, M.A. to ask for some suggestions and opinions related to the research.
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