Korelasi Antara Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum Dan Konsentrasi Serum Progesteron Pada Wanita Infertil

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KORELASI ANTARA ALIRAN DARAH CORPUS LUTEUM DAN KONSENTRASI

SERUM PROGESTERON PADA WANITA INFERTIL

Muhammad Rusda, Binarwan Halim, Risman F.Kaban, Indra G Munthe, M. Fauzie Sahil, Boy RP Siregar,

Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, Indonesia, 2011

ABSTRAK

Tujuan : Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menilai korelasi antara aliran darah corpus luteum dengan konsentrasi serum progesteron pada fase Luteal wanita infertil.

Rancangan Penelitian : Studi potong lintang

Bahan dan Cara : Penelitian ini mengambil 41 pasien yang memeriksakan diri di Halim Fertility Center mulai 1 November 2010 sampai 30 April 2001. Semua yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi usia reproduksi 15-45 tahun, memiliki siklus haid yang teratur 28 hari dalam 6 bulan terakhir,tidak menggunakan pengobatan hormonal dalam 3 bulan terakhir, tidak memiliki riwayat kista atau tumor ovarium, tidak memiliki riwayat operasi ginekologi sebelumnya, dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Semua peserta penelitian diminta untuk datang pada 7 hari setelah ovulasi untuk pemeriksaan progesterone Mid Luteal dan USG Transvaginal untuk menilai volume corpus luteum dan aliran darah corpus luteum dengan menggunakan USG Doppler yaitu PSV, EDV, PI, RI. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisa dengan komputer . Analisa statistic menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson untuk menilai korelasi antara kadar progesteron dengan aliran darah corpus luteum.

Hasil : Korelasi sedang ditemukan antara konsentrasi serum progesteron dengan PSV dengan nilai p=0,00 (p<0,05) r= 0,567. Korelasi kuat ditemukan antara konsentrasi serum progesterone dengan EDV dengan p= 0,00 (p<0,05) r=0,604. Korelasi lemah negative ditemukan antara konsentrasi serum progesteron dengan PI dengan nilai p= 0,032 (p<0,05) r= -0,332. Kemudian korelasi negative sedang ditemukan antara konsentrasi serum progesteron dengan RI dengan nilai t=0,002 (p<0,05) r= - 0,463. Tidak ditemukan korelasi yang signifkan antara konsentrasi serum progesteron dengan volume corpus luteum dengan nilai t=0,992 (p>0,05) r=0,002.

Kesimpulan : Ditemukan korelasi bermakna antara aliran darah corpus luteum dengan konsentrasi serum progesteron. EDV muncul sebagai parameter yang terkuat diantara parameter aliran darah corpus luteum lainnya. Dan memiliki korelasi yang positif dengan konsentrasi serum progesteron.


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CORRELATION BETWEEN CORPUS LUTEUM BLOOD FLOW AND

PROGESTERONE SERUM CONCENTRATION IN INFERTILE WOMEN

Muhammad Rusda, Binarwan Halim, Risman F.Kaban, Indra G Munthe, M. Fauzie Sahil, Boy RP Siregar

Department Obstetric and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine,University of Sumatera Utara Medan,Indonesia,2011

ABSTRACT

Objective : The purpose of this study is to assess correlation between corpus luteum blood flow and progesterone serum concentration on lutheal phase in infertile women.

Study Design : cross sectional study

Material and Method: This study recruited 41 patients whom visited Halim Fertility Center from November 1st 2010 until April 30th 2011. All fulfilled the inclusion criteria reproductive age 15 - 45 years old,normal menstrual cycle 28 days in last 6 motnhs ,no hormonal use for last 3 months,no ovarial cyst or tumor , no previous gynaecologic operation and willing to participate in the study. All of the participant would be asked to come at 7 day after ovulation for blood test of midluteal progesterone and transvaginal ultrasound for measuring corpus luteum volume and corpus luteum blood flow , by using Doppler study on PSV,EDV,RI,PI .Data was collected and computed .Statistic analysis was using Pearson correlation test for determining the correlation between progesterone level and corpus luteum blood flow .

Results : Moderate value of correlation was found between serum level of Progesterone (ng/ml) and Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) of the corpus luteum (cm/s) with p = 0.000 (p <0.05) r = 0,567. Strong value of correlation was found between serum level of Progesterone (ng/ml) and End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) of the corpus luteum (cm/s) with p = 0.000 (p <0.05) r = 0,604. Weak negative correlation was found between serum level of progesterone ( ng / ml) and Pulsatility Index of the Corpus Luteum with p = 0.032 (p <0.05) r = -0.332. Moderate value of negative correlation was found between serum level of progesterone (ng/ml) and Resistance Index of the corpus luteum with p = 0.002 (p <0.05), r = - 0.463. There was found no significant relationship between serum level of progesterone (ng/ml) and the volume of Corpus Luteum (mm3) with p = 0.992 (p> 0.05), r = 0.002.

Conclusion : There is significant correlation between corpus luteum blood flow and Progesterone serum concentration .End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) of Corpus Luteum blood flow appears to be the strong parameter for corpus luteum blood which have positive correlation with Progesterone serum


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LATAR BELAKANG

Infertilitas dalam arti klinis didefinisikan sebagai Ketidakmampuan seseorang atau pasangan untuk menghasilkan konsepsi setelah satu tahun melakukan hubungan seksual tanpa menggunakan perlindungan, atau ketidakmampuan seorang wanita untuk mempertahankan kehamilan hingga usia kehamilannya cukup bulan. Prakiraan yang ditemukan pada beberapa literatur menunjukkan bahwa insidensi kejadian infertilitas di Amerika Serikat berkisar antara 10-15% .Dari beberapa literatur, penyebab infertilitas dantara lain : Faktor Pria 30-40%, Gangguan Ovulasi ( Diminished Ovarian Reserve, Ovarium Polikistik, Hiperprolaktinemia, Disfungsi Tiroid ) 15%, Faktor mukus Serviks 5-10%, Perlengketan Tuba 20%, Defek Fase Luteal 10%, Unknown 10%, Lain-lain ( Penyakit Autoimun, Tumor/Endokrin, Endometriosis ) Banyak uji klinis yang dilakukan untuk mendiagnosa Defek Fase Luteal dan berbagai kombinasi telah digunakan untuk menginvestigasi keadaan ini. Angiogenesis pada Corpus Luteum terjadi pada siklus menstruasi dan sangat penting dalam mempertahankan kehamilan dini. Adanya perubahan Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum pada Fase Luteal dan hubungannya yang erat dengan aliran darah Luteal dan fungsi Luteal menjadi topik menarik untuk diperbincangkan

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Penelitian ini difokuskan pada Korelasi antara Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dengan Konsentrasi Serum Progesteron pada wanita Infertil. Berdasarkan literatur, Aliran Darah pada Corpus Luteum dan Konsentrasi Serum Progesteron terkait dengan fungsi reproduksi wanita. Sesuai tujuan ini, Penelitian dilaksanakan untuk meneliti adakah Korelasi antara Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dengan Konsentrasi Serum Progesteron pada wanita infertil. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena di Indonesia masih jarang ada penelitian untuk mengetahui Fungsi Luteal dan Konsentrasi serum Progesteron pada infertilitas. Dan belum pernah ada penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah korelasi antara Aliran darah Luteal dengan Konsentrasi serum Progesteron yang kurang adekuat dapat menyebabkan infertilitas. Di Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi Fakultas Kedokteran USU, Medan belum pernah dilakukan penelitian untuk meneliti korelasi tersebut. Berdasarkan pertimbangan itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meneliti Korelasi antara Aliran darah Corpus Luteum dengan Konsentrasi serum Progesteron pada Fase Luteal wanita infertil dengan menggunakan pemeriksaan Ultrasonografi Doppler-berwarna Transvaginal untuk menilai Aliran darah Corpus Luteum dan Pemeriksaan . Yang menarik, aliran

darah Luteal berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan konsentrasi serum Progesteron selama fase Mid-Luteal, dan aliran darah Luteal lebih

rendah secara signifikan pada wanita dengan Defek Fase Luteal daripada wanita dengan fungsi Luteal normal, yang menunjukkan bahwa rendahnya aliran darah pada Corpus Luteum terkait dengan adanya Defek Fase Luteal.


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darah untuk menilai Konsentrasi serum Progesteron yang dinilai pada puncak Fase Luteal .

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitian survei analitik dengan menggunakan rancangan potong lintang (cross sectional study). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Unit / Sub-Divisi Teknologi Reproduksi Bayi Tabung, Divisi Fertilisasi,Endokrinologi dan Reproduksi, Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi ,Fakultas Kedokteran USU “Halim Fertility Centre”, Medan. Penelitian ini berlangsung dimulai dari 1 November 2010 sampai dengan 30 April 2011. Populasi penelitian adalah semua wanita infertil yang merupakan wanita usia reproduksi ( 15 – 45 tahun ) yang diseleksi menurut kriteria penerimaan (inklusi dan eksklusi) yang memeriksakan diri di Unit / Sub-Divisi Teknologi Reproduksi Bayi Tabung, Divisi Fertilisasi,Endokrinologi dan Reproduksi, Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi, Fakultas Kedokteran USU “Halim Fertility Centre”, Medan. Sampel penelitian adalah sebahagian wanita yang infertil yang merupakan wanita usia

reproduksi ( 15 - 45 tahun ) yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan ( inklusi dan eksklusi ) yang memeriksakan diri di Unit / Sub-Divisi Teknologi Reproduksi Bayi Tabung, Divisi Fertilisasi, Endokrinologi dan Reproduksi, Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi ,Fakultas Kedokteran USU “Halim Fertility Center”, Medan yang bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Cara pemilihan sampel pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan Consecutive Sampling, dimana semua subjek yang datang dan memenuhi kriteria penerimaan (inklusi dan eksklusi) dan bersedia ikut serta berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, dimasukkan dalam penelitian sampai jumlah subjek yang diperlukan terpenuhi.

HASIL PENELITIAN

Dari periode penelitian 1 November

2010 sampai dengan 30 April 2011 yang

dilakukan di Unit/ Sub-Divisi Teknologi

Reproduksi Bayi Tabung, Divisi FER,

Departemen Obgyn FK-USU “Halim

Fertility Centre” diperoleh 42 wanita infertil

yang ingin punya anak, yang memenuhi

kriteria inklusi penelitian. .


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Tabel 1. Memperlihatkan hubungan antara Kadar serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum.

Mean SD p r

Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) (cm/s)

12.75 7.30 0.000* 0.567*

Serum Progesteron (ng/ml)

13.06 4.77

* uji korelasi pearson

Rata-rata kadar serum Progesteron dari peserta penelitian ini sebesar 13.06 ± 4.77 ng/ml dengan rata-rata Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) Corpus Luteum dari peserta penelitian sebesar 12.75 ± 7.30 cm/s. Dengan uji korelasi Pearson, secara statistik ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna

antara kadar serum Progesteron dengan Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) Corpus Luteum dengan nilai p=0.000 (p<0.05) dan ditemukan hubungan korelasi positif dengan kekuatan sedang antara Kadar Serum Progesteron dengan Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) pada Corpus Luteum dengan nilai r = 0.567.

Tabel 2 Memperlihatkan hubungan antara kadar serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum.

Mean SD p r

End Diastolic Velocity (EDV)(cm/s)

4.54 3.95 0.000* 0.604*

Serum Progesteron (ng/ml)

13.06 4.77

* uji korelasi pearson

Rata-rata Kadar Serum Progesteron dari peserta penelitian ini sebesar 13.06 ± 4.77 ng/ml dengan rata-rata End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) pada Corpus Luteum dari peserta penelitian sebesar 4.54 ± 3.95 cm/s. Dengan uji korelasi Pearson, secara statistik ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara Kadar Serum Progesterone

dengan End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) Corpus Luteum dengan nilai p=0.000 ( p < 0.05 ) dan ditemukan hubungan korelasi positif dengan kekuatan Korelasi kuat antara Kadar Serum Progesteron dengan End Diastolic Velocity(EDV) Corpus Luteum dengan nilai r = 0.604.


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Tabel 3. Memperlihatkan hubungan Korelasi antara Kadar Serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan Pulsatility Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum.

Mean SD p r

Pulsatility Index (PI) 1.12 0.51 0.032* - 0.332*

Serum Progesteron (ng/ml)

13.06 4.77

* uji korelasi pearson

Rata-rata Kadar Serum Progesteron dari peserta penelitian ini sebesar 13.06 ± 4.77 ng/ml dengan rata-rata Pulsatility Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dari peserta penelitian sebesar 1.13 ± 0.51. Dengan uji korelasi Pearson, secara statistik ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna

antara Kadar Serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan Pulsatility Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dengan nilai p = 0.032 ( p < 0.05 ) dan ditemukan hubungan korelasi negatif dengan Kekuatan Korelasi lemah antara Kadar Serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan Pulsatility Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dengan nilai r = -0.332.

Tabel 4 Memperlihatkan hubungan antara Kadar Serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan Resistance Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum.

Mean SD P R

Resistance Index (RI) 0.71 0.36 0.005* - 0.423*

Serum Progesteron (ng/ml)

13.07 4.77

* uji korelasi Pearson

Rata-rata Kadar Serum Progesteron dari peserta penelitian ini sebesar 13.07 ± 4.77 ng/ml dengan rata-rata Resistance Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dari peserta penelitian sebesar 0.71 ± 0.36. Dengan uji korelasi Pearson, secara

statistik ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara Kadar Serum Progesteron dan Resistance Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteumdengan nilai p = 0.005 ( p < 0.05 ); dan ditemukan hubungan Korelasi negatif dengan Kekuatan Korelasi sedang antara Kadar Serum Progesteron dan Resistance Index Aliran Darah Corpus Luteum dengan nilai r = - 0.423.


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Tabel 5 Memperlihatkan hubungan antara Kadar Serum Progesteron (ng/ml) dengan Volume Corpus Luteum (mm3).

Mean SD P r

Volume corpus luteum (cm3)

7.13 4.48 0.992* 0.002*

Serum Progesterone (ng/ml)

13.14 4.65

* uji korelasi Pearson

Rata-rata Kadar Serum Progesteron dari peserta penelitian ini sebesar 13.14 ± 4.65 ng/ml dengan rata-rata Volume Corpus Luteum (mm3) dari peserta penelitian sebesar 7.13 ± 4.48 mm3. Dengan uji korelasi Pearson, secara statistik ditemukan hubungan yang tidak bermakna

antara Kadar Serum Progesteron dengan Volume Corpus Luteum (mm3)dengan nilai p = 0.992 ( p > 0.05 ) dan ditemukan hubungan korelasi positif dengan kekuatan Korelasi sangat lemah antara Kadar Serum Progesteron dengan Volume Corpus Luteum (mm3)dengan nilai r = 0.002.

Hasil pada Tabel 6 dianalisis dengan analisis komparatif variabel numerik tidak berpasangan dengan menggunakan uji t-independen.

VARIABEL PREDIKTOR

MEAN SD p-value*

Umur

<10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

1,805 2,383

0,670

BMI

<10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

21,22 21,01

1,150 1,114

0,573

Serum Progesteron <10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

7,81 15,99

3,09 1,69

0,000

31,60


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PSV

<10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

7.59 15,62

2.68 7,50

0,000*

EDV

<10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

2,09 5,89

1,97 4,15

0,002*

PI

<10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

1,28 1,04

0,37 0,56

0.031*

RI

<10 ng/ml >10 ng/ml

0.74 0.62

0.21 0.28

0.067

Volume Corpus Luteum <10 ng/ml

>10 ng/ml 6.54 7.45

4.66 4.43

0.098

Diperoleh hasil bahwa kadar rata-rata dari • Kadar Serum Progesteron menunjukkan

p-value (p = 0.000; P < 0,05; CI 95%), • Peak Systolic Velocity/PSV (p = 0,000;

p < 0,05; CI 95%),

EndDiastolic Velocity /EDV (p = 0,002; p < 0,05; CI 95%),

Pulsatility Index /PI (p = 0,031; p < 0,05; CI 95%)

sehingga, sebagai variabel-variabel prediktor tersebut pada Defek Fase Luteal

menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna di antara subyek penelitian yang mempunyai Kadar Serum Progesteron <10 ng/ml dan > 10 ng/ml. Sedangkan variabel prediktor :

• Umur, • BMI,

Resistance Index / RI; dan • Volume Corpus Luteum

tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna di antara subyek penelitian yang mempunyai


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kadar serum progesteron <10 ng/ml dan > 10 ng/ml.

Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa • Kadar Serum Progesteron, • Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV), • End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), dan • Pulsatility Index (PI)

menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda di antara wanita yang mengalami Defek Fase Luteal dan yang tidak mengalami Defek Fase Luteal.

KESIMPULAN

Terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara aliran darah korpus luteum dan konsentrasi serum progesteron. End Diastolik Velocity dari aliran darah corpus luteum merupakan parameter yang kuat dari aliran darah korpus luteum yang berkorelasi positif dengan serum progesteron.

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38. Maulik D.” “ Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2nd

39. Jokubkiene L, etal. “ Assesment of Changes in Volume and Vascularity of the Ovaries During the Normal Menstrual Cycle Using Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound “. Journal of Human Reproduction Vol.21 No.10. Lund University aand Departement of Revised and Enlarged Edition . Springer.USA.2005:


(13)

Obstetrics and Gynecology , Malmo University, Sweden. 2006: 2661-8. 40. Kupesic S, et al. “ Luteal Phase Defect:

Comparison Between Doppler Velocimetry. Histological and Hormonal Markers”. Ultrasound Obstetry Gynaecology. Obgyn Departement University of Zagreb, Croatia. 1997:105-12.

41. Schindler AE, “ Pregnancy Failure After Spontaneous Conception or Ovulation Induction: Endocrine causes and Treatment “. Middle East Fertility Society Journal Vol.9 No.1. Institute of Medical Research and Education Essen,Germany. 2004 :3-9.

42. Soules MR, et al. “ The Corpus Luteum : Determinants of Progesterone Secretion in the Normal menstrual Cycle “. Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol.71 No.5, Obgyn Departement University of Washington and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington. 1988: 659-66.

43. Cunha-Filho JS, et al. “ Physiopathological Aspects of Corpus Luteum Defect in Infertile Patients with Mild/Minimal Endometriosis “ . Journal of Assisted reproduction and Genetics, Vol 20 No.3. Obgyn Departement Univrsidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 2003:117-21. 44. Babalioglu R, et al. “ Progesterone Profiles in Luteal-Phase Defects

Associated with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions “. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics Vol.13 No.4. Obgyn Departement, Vakif Gureba Hospital, Turkey. 1996: 306-9.

45. Balsch J. “ Midluteal immunoreactive

α-Inhibin Serum Concentrations as

Markers of Luteal Phase Deficiency “. Journal of Human Reproduction Vol.11 no.12. Obgyn Departement University of Barcelona, Spain. 1996 :2591-4. 46. De Ziegler D, et al. “ Confronting the

Hidden Face of Progesterone During The Follicular Phase” . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Vol.20 No.1. Obgyn Departement. Hospital de Nyon, Switzerland. 2003: 29-32.

47. Santoro N, “ Luteal Progesterone Relates to Histological Endometrial Maturation in Fertile Women “. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.85 No.11. Obgyn Departement University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. 2000: 4207-11.

48. Murdoch JW. “ Luteal Phase Insufficiency in The Ewe As A Consequence of Premature Induction of Ovulation by Intrafollicular Injection of Gonadotropins”. Journal of Animal Science Vol.57 No.6, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 1983: 1507-11.


(14)

49. Gruber I, et al. “ Serum Estradiol/ Progesterone ration On day of Embryo Transfer may Predict Reproductive Outcome Following Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and In Vitro Fertilization”. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction. Obgyn Deparetement General Hospital of St.Poelten, Austria. 2007: 4:1.

50. Beckers NGM, “ The Early Luteal Phase Administration of Estrogen and Progesterone Does Not Induce Premature Luteolysis in Normo-Ovulatory women”. European Journal of Endocrinology. Obgyn Departement University Medical Center Hiedelberglaan, Nertherlands. 2006 : 355-63.

51. Guoth J. “ Clomiphene Citrate Response is Predictable in Corpus Luteum Insufficiency”. European Journal Obstetric and Gynaecology reprod.biol Vol.24. Obgyn Departement, Semmelweis University Medical School, Hungary. 1987: 53-6.

52. Xiao E, Xia-Zhang L, Ferin M. “

Inadequate Luteal Function Is The Initial Clinical Cyclic Defect in a 12-Day Stress model that Includes a Psychogenic Component in the Rhesus

Monkey”. The Journal of Clinical

Endocrinology & Metabolism. Obgyn Departement Columbia University, USA. 2002: 2232-7.

53. “ Luteal Phase Defect : The Sensitivity and Specificity of Diagnostic Methods in Common Clinical Use ”.

54. Mohan BS, “Mid-luteal Phase Plasma Progesterone Levels in Spontaneous and Clomiphene Citrate Induced Conception Cycles”. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India Vol.55 No.4. Obgyn Departement Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratisthan, Kolkata.2005:350-2.

55. Tavaniotou A, et al. “Comparison Between Different Routes of Progesterone Administration as Luteal Phase Support in Infertility

Treatments”. Journal of Human

Reproduction Update Vol.6 No.2. Departement of Pathology University of Brussels, Belgium. 2000: 139-48.

56. Hibbert ML,et al. “ Midcycle Administration of Progesterone Synthesis Inhibitor Prevents Ovulation in Primates “ . Proc.National Academy Science USA Vol.93. Obgyn Departement Oregon Health Sciences University,Portland. 1996: 1897-1901. 57. Dahlan MS. “Hipotesis Korelatif” .

Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Seri Evidence Based Medicine 1 Edisi 4. Salemba Medika. Jakarta. 2009: 155-66.

58. Dahlan MS. “Penelitian Diagnostik” .Penelitian Diagnostik dasar-dasar Teoritis dan Aplikasi dengan Program


(15)

SPSS dan Stata Seri Evidence Based Medicine 5. Salemba Medika. Jakarta. 2009: 3-43.

59. Chung TW, Chen TZ, Yu JJ, Lin SY, Chen SC: “Effects of alfa-tocopherol nicotinate on hemorheology and retinal capillary blood flow in female NIDDM

with retinopathy”. Clin Hemorheal

1995, 15 :775-782.

60. Chung TW, Yu JJ, Liu DZ: “Reducing lipid peroxidation stress of erythrocyte membrane by alfa tocopherol nicotinate plays an important role in improving blood rheological properties in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy”. Diabetic med 1998, 15 :380-385.

61. Baziad, A “Endokrinologi Ginekologi edisi ketiga : Bab 19. Penanganan Infertilitas Pada Wanita” Penerbit Media Aeusculapius Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia 2008, hal 229-232.


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11. Niswender GD, Juengel JL, Silva PJ, Rollyson MK, McIntosh EW “Mechanisms Controlling the Function and Life Span of the Corpus Luteum” .Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Physiological Reviews, vol 80 ,No 1, January 2000, pp 1-29

12. Wiltbank MC, Dysko RC, Gallagher KP, Keyes PL: “Relationship between blood flow and steroidogenesis in the rabbit corpus luteum”. J Reprod fertile 1988, 84 : 513-520.

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14. Miyamoto A, Shirasuna K, Wijayagunadarwane MP, Watanabe S, Hayashi M, Yamamoto D, Matsui M, Acosta TJ: “Blood flow: a key regulatory component of corpus luteum

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19. Alcazar JL, Laparte C, Lopez-Garcia G: “Corpus luteum blood flow in abnormal early pregnancy”. J Ultrasound Med 1996, 15 : 645-649. 20. Bourne TH, Hagstrom H, Hahlin M,


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21. Glock JL, Brumsted JR: “Color flow pulsed Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing luteal phase defect “. Fertil Steril 1996, 64 : 500-504.

22. Kalogirou D, Antoniou G, Botsis D, Kontoravdis A, Vitoratos N, Giannikos : “Transvaginal Doppler ultrasound with color flow imaging in the diagnosis of luteal phase defect(LPD)”. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 1997,24 : 95-97.

23. Bau MLT, Bajo JM: “Doppler study of arterial and venous intraovarian blood flow in stimulated cycles”. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001, 18 : 505-510. 24. Takasaki A,et al: : ” Luteal Blood Flow

and Luteal Function” . Journal of Ovarian Research. Obgyn Departement Yamaguchi University.Japan. 2009: 2:1 25. Deichert U, Albrand-Thielmann C, van

de Sandt M. “ Doppler-sonographic pelvic blood flow measurements and their prognostic value in terms of luteal phase and implantation”.Oxford Journal. University of Marburg, Germany. 2010: 1591-2

26. Xie HN,et al. “ Associations Between Doppler Ultrasound-Derived Luteal Blood Flow Indices and Functional

Hormonal Profile in Spontaneous and Stimulated Cycles”. J Med Ultrasonics. Obgyn Departement Shimane Medical University, Japan. 2001: 139-46

27. Jain M,et al. “ Diagnosis of Luteal Phase Defect by Colour Flow Pulse Doppler”. The Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology of India Vol.57, No.4. Obgyn Departemenet Banaras Hindu University, India. 2007: 346-9.

28. Sugino N. “ Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Corpus Luteum” . Animal Science Journal. Obgyn Departement Yamaguchi University, Japan. 2006: 556-65.

29. Klipper E, etal. “ Characterization of Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide Generating Systems in Corpus Luteum- Derived Endhothelial Cells “. Journal Reproduction and Fertility. Departement of Animal Sciences, The Herbrew University, Israel and Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany. 2004: 463-73

30. Rosiansky-Sultan m,et al. “ Inverse Relationship between Nitric Oxide Synthases and Endothelin-1 Synthesis in Bovine Corpus Luteum: Interactions at the Level of Luteal Endhotelial Cell”. Journal Endocrinology. Departement of Animal Sciences, The Herbrew University, Israel and Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.2006: 5228-35.


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31. Grazul-Bilska AT, et al.” Expression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Ovine Ovary throughout the Estrous Cycle”. Journal Reproduction and Fertility. Departement of Animal and Range Science, North Dakota State University,USA. 2006: 579-87.

32. Tognetti.T, etal. “ Relationship Between Endothelin 1 and Nitric Oxide System in the Corpus Luteum

Regression”. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and essential fatty Acids

Vol.69. Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia ovarica, Cenntro de Estudios Farmacologicos y Botanicos (CEFYBO), Argentina. 2003: 359-64.

33. Speroff L ,Fritz MA, “Clinical Gynaecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 7th

34. Berek JS, “Novak’s Gynecology, 13 edition, Part IV Infertility” Oregon Health & Science University, and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins ,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2005, page 1030-32.

th

35. Suzuki T, Sasano H, Takaya R, et al. “ Cyclic Changes of Vasculature and edition, Chapter 27 Infertility”

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Departement of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA,2002, page 995-996

Vascular Phenotypes in Normal Human Ovaries”. Journal of Human Reproduction Vol.13 No.4. Departement of Pathology Tohoku University, Japan. 1998: 953-9.

36. Ferrara N, et al. “ Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is Essential for Corpus Luteum Angiogenesis”. Journal of Nature Medicine Volume 4 No.3. Departements of Cardiovascular Research, South San Fransisco University,USA. 1998: 336-40.

37. Erlebacher A, et al. “ Ovarian Insufficiency and early Pregnancy Loss Induced by Activation of the Innate Immune System “. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. Vol 114 No.1. Departement of immunology and Infectious Disease. Harvard School of Public Health Boston, USA. 2004: 39-48

38. Maulik D.” “ Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2nd

39. Jokubkiene L, etal. “ Assesment of Changes in Volume and Vascularity of the Ovaries During the Normal Menstrual Cycle Using Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound “. Journal of Human Reproduction Vol.21 No.10. Lund University aand Departement of Revised and Enlarged Edition . Springer.USA.2005:


(4)

Obstetrics and Gynecology , Malmo University, Sweden. 2006: 2661-8. 40. Kupesic S, et al. “ Luteal Phase Defect:

Comparison Between Doppler Velocimetry. Histological and Hormonal Markers”. Ultrasound Obstetry Gynaecology. Obgyn Departement University of Zagreb, Croatia. 1997:105-12.

41. Schindler AE, “ Pregnancy Failure After Spontaneous Conception or Ovulation Induction: Endocrine causes and Treatment “. Middle East Fertility Society Journal Vol.9 No.1. Institute of Medical Research and Education Essen,Germany. 2004 :3-9.

42. Soules MR, et al. “ The Corpus Luteum : Determinants of Progesterone Secretion in the Normal menstrual Cycle “. Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol.71 No.5, Obgyn Departement University of Washington and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington. 1988: 659-66.

43. Cunha-Filho JS, et al. “ Physiopathological Aspects of Corpus Luteum Defect in Infertile Patients with Mild/Minimal Endometriosis “ . Journal of Assisted reproduction and Genetics, Vol 20 No.3. Obgyn Departement Univrsidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 2003:117-21. 44. Babalioglu R, et al. “ Progesterone Profiles in Luteal-Phase Defects

Associated with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions “. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics Vol.13 No.4. Obgyn Departement, Vakif Gureba Hospital, Turkey. 1996: 306-9.

45. Balsch J. “ Midluteal immunoreactive α-Inhibin Serum Concentrations as Markers of Luteal Phase Deficiency “. Journal of Human Reproduction Vol.11 no.12. Obgyn Departement University of Barcelona, Spain. 1996 :2591-4. 46. De Ziegler D, et al. “ Confronting the

Hidden Face of Progesterone During The Follicular Phase” . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Vol.20 No.1. Obgyn Departement. Hospital de Nyon, Switzerland. 2003: 29-32.

47. Santoro N, “ Luteal Progesterone Relates to Histological Endometrial Maturation in Fertile Women “. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.85 No.11. Obgyn Departement University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. 2000: 4207-11.

48. Murdoch JW. “ Luteal Phase Insufficiency in The Ewe As A Consequence of Premature Induction of Ovulation by Intrafollicular Injection of Gonadotropins”. Journal of Animal Science Vol.57 No.6, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 1983: 1507-11.


(5)

49. Gruber I, et al. “ Serum Estradiol/ Progesterone ration On day of Embryo Transfer may Predict Reproductive Outcome Following Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and In Vitro Fertilization”. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction. Obgyn Deparetement General Hospital of St.Poelten, Austria. 2007: 4:1.

50. Beckers NGM, “ The Early Luteal Phase Administration of Estrogen and Progesterone Does Not Induce Premature Luteolysis in Normo-Ovulatory women”. European Journal of Endocrinology. Obgyn Departement University Medical Center Hiedelberglaan, Nertherlands. 2006 : 355-63.

51. Guoth J. “ Clomiphene Citrate Response is Predictable in Corpus Luteum Insufficiency”. European Journal Obstetric and Gynaecology reprod.biol Vol.24. Obgyn Departement, Semmelweis University Medical School, Hungary. 1987: 53-6.

52. Xiao E, Xia-Zhang L, Ferin M. “

Inadequate Luteal Function Is The Initial Clinical Cyclic Defect in a 12-Day Stress model that Includes a Psychogenic Component in the Rhesus Monkey”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Obgyn Departement Columbia University, USA. 2002: 2232-7.

53. “ Luteal Phase Defect : The Sensitivity and Specificity of Diagnostic Methods in Common Clinical Use ”.

54. Mohan BS, “Mid-luteal Phase Plasma Progesterone Levels in Spontaneous and Clomiphene Citrate Induced Conception Cycles”. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India Vol.55 No.4. Obgyn Departement Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratisthan, Kolkata.2005:350-2.

55. Tavaniotou A, et al. “Comparison Between Different Routes of Progesterone Administration as Luteal Phase Support in Infertility Treatments”. Journal of Human Reproduction Update Vol.6 No.2. Departement of Pathology University of Brussels, Belgium. 2000: 139-48.

56. Hibbert ML,et al. “ Midcycle Administration of Progesterone Synthesis Inhibitor Prevents Ovulation in Primates “ . Proc.National Academy Science USA Vol.93. Obgyn Departement Oregon Health Sciences University,Portland. 1996: 1897-1901. 57. Dahlan MS. “Hipotesis Korelatif” .

Statistik untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Seri Evidence Based Medicine 1 Edisi 4. Salemba Medika. Jakarta. 2009: 155-66.

58. Dahlan MS. “Penelitian Diagnostik” .Penelitian Diagnostik dasar-dasar Teoritis dan Aplikasi dengan Program


(6)

SPSS dan Stata Seri Evidence Based Medicine 5. Salemba Medika. Jakarta. 2009: 3-43.

59. Chung TW, Chen TZ, Yu JJ, Lin SY, Chen SC: “Effects of alfa-tocopherol nicotinate on hemorheology and retinal capillary blood flow in female NIDDM with retinopathy”. Clin Hemorheal 1995, 15 :775-782.

60. Chung TW, Yu JJ, Liu DZ: “Reducing lipid peroxidation stress of erythrocyte membrane by alfa tocopherol nicotinate plays an important role in improving blood rheological properties in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy”. Diabetic med 1998, 15 :380-385.

61. Baziad, A “Endokrinologi Ginekologi edisi ketiga : Bab 19. Penanganan Infertilitas Pada Wanita” Penerbit Media Aeusculapius Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia 2008, hal 229-232.