Postcolonial Literatures Review of Related Theories

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter consists of four parts. They are: Review of Related Theories, Critical Approach, Theoretical Framework and Criticism. Review of Related Theories involves the explanation on Postcolonial Literature, theory of Place and Displacement and theory of Cultural Identity. Critical Approach will describe Postcolonial Approach. Theoretical Framework explains the contribution of theories in analyzing the study. Criticism presents some criticism on the short stories and the author.

A. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the writer discusses the Postcolonial Literature, theory of Place and Displacement and theory of Cultural Identity.

1. Postcolonial Literatures

Theory on postcolonial literatures in this part is mainly derived from The Empire Writes Back written by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. The term of postcolonial is used to cover all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day. This is because there is a continuity of preoccupations throughout the historical process initiated by European imperial aggression. Therefore, the literatures of African countries, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Caribbean countries, India, Malaysia, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 Malta, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, South Pacific Island countries, and Sri Lanka are all postcolonial literatures 2. Literatures from those countries above share the same distinct spirit. They emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power, and by emphasizing their differences from the assumptions of the imperial centre. It is this which makes them distinctively postcolonial 2. In The Empire Writes Back, it is also stated that there are four major critical models in postcolonial literatures. First, it is called ‘national’ or regional models, which emphasize the distinctive features of the particular national or regional culture. Second, it is called race-based models which identify certain shared characteristics across various national literatures, such as the common racial inheritance in literatures of the African diaspora addressed by the ‘Black writing’ model. Third, it is called comparative models of varying complexity which seek to account for particular linguistic, historical and cultural features across two or more postcolonial literatures. Fourth, more comprehensive comparative models which argue for feature such as hybridity and syncreticity as constitutive elements of all post colonial literatures 15. Postcolonial literatures points the way toward a possible study of the effects of colonialism in and between writing in English and writing in indigenous languages in such contexts as Africa and India 24. It emerged in their present form out of the experience of colonization and asserted themselves by foregrounding the tension with the imperial power, and by emphasizing their PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 10 differences from the assumptions of the imperial centre. It is this which makes them distinctively postcolonial 2.

2. Theory of Place and Displacement