Illocutionary act, defined by Austin as the act performed in saying something, brings about a happening that can only be carried out by words. In other words, it
represented his point of view about what one does in saying something. When we introduced context theories to the field of discourse analysis, we must take into
consideration not only the discourse itself, but also the context in which the discourse takes place.
According to Searle, many utterance are equivalent to actions. As a speaker produces an utterance, she or he is alsoperforming a certain kind of acts such as
giving order, asking question, making request, making a promise, etc. He further clarified the work begun by Austin and redefined Austin’s illocution, or
illocutionary acts. He proposed speech act categories including the following: a.
Assertives – Statements that convey a belief or disbelief in some proposition, such as an assertion.
b. Directives – Attempts to influence the listeners to something, such as a
demand or command. c.
Commissives – Commitments of self to some future course of action, such as vow, promise, or swear.
d. Expressives – Expressions of a psychological state, such as thank,
apologize, or deplore. e.
Declaratives – Statements of fact that presume to alter a state of affairs, such as “I confer upon you”.
2.2.3 Directive Illocutionary Act
According to Searle 1979:13, the illocutionary point of these consists in the fact they are attempts of varying degrees, and hence, more precisely, they are
determinates of the determinable which includes attempting by the speaker to get the hearer to do something
2.2.4 Context of Situation
Halliday 1985 stated that all use of language has a context situation. An utterance which was uttered in a different context of situation could be interpreted
differently. He also state “A context of situation consists of three elements namely field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. Field of discourse
refers to the ongoing activity. We may say field is the linguistic reflection of the purposive role of language user in the situation in which a text has occurred.
Tenor refers to the kinds of social relationship enacted in or by the discourse. The notion of tenor, therefore, highlights the way in which linguistic choices are
affected not just by the topic or subject of communication but also by the kind of social relationship within, which communication is taking place. Mode is the
linguistic reflection of the relationship the language user has to medium of transmission. The principal distinction within mode is between those channels of
communication that entail immediate contact and those that allow for deferred contact between participants. In other words, field refers to what is happening to
the nature of the social action is taking place, tenor involves the participants and
other aspects related to them such as statues, roles, occupation, and etc. Meanwhile, mode is associated with how the conversation happens.
2.2.5 Dialogue
Based on the theory of communication from Wilbur Schramm, Communication is something people do. There is no meaning in a message except
what people put into it. To understand human communication process, one must understand how people relate to each other. Added to the model the context of the
relationship, and how that relationship will affect. Included the social environment in the model, noting that it will influence the frame of reference of
participants. To change a situation or environment or constructively deal with any issue,
there first needs to be dialogue. Dialogue is a communication tool that allows people to understand other viewpoints without pitting themselves against different
perspectives. In dialogue, there is no defending of opinions, and no counterpoints. When individuals or groups have different perspectives and see issues differently,
dialogue can be employed as an effective communication tool to help the parties understand each others point of view. Dialogue brings people together who
would not naturally sit down together and talk about important issues. It is a process to successfully relate to people who are different from you. Their
differences can include gender, religion, work departments, cultures, ethnicity,
race, sexual orientation, or age.
