Review of Literature REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL

The result is her study showed many examples of speech act component and context of situation influence the speaker’s utterance and the action made by the hearer. A relevant study is conducted by Ayu Dewijayanti 2010 entitled “Direct and Indirect Illocutionary Act used in The Duchess Movie”. The writer explained about two kinds of illocutionary acts. It is about the use of direct and indirect illocutionary acts in The Duchess movie. Her study applies qualitative method. In order to achieve the aims of the study, there are some theories such as the theory of Searle is applied to identify the utterance or expression used by the characters in the movie, then categorizing whether it is indirect or direct illocutionary act. The similarities between her study and this study conducted by Ayu Dewijayanti can be seen from the object, it is same used the object was taken from movie. However, there are also some differences including the use of the combination of the theory in analyzing the source and the source itself. The difference is also seen from the focus of the study. While the study conducted by Ayu Dewijayanti focused only on the direct and indirect illocutionary acts and this study focuses on type of illocutionary acts. Jayanti’s thesis uses the theory proposed by Malinowski to analyze the problems about influence the context of situation to the response of the hearer, but this study used the theory according to Halliday to analyze about the context of situation which influence the language used. The weakness of her study is not exploring the types of illocutionary acts since it is important in order to understand the topic and her study only analyzed the hearer’s responses and then matched them based on the theory of context situation. It will be better when she also matched direct and indirect illocutionary acts which are spoken by the characters in her data source based on the theory of context situation, not only the hearer response. Her study gives some contribution to this study, such as in the area of theory and also a view about how to make analysis of this study. A relevant thesis discussing about illocutionary act entitled “Illocutionary Acts in Sense and Sensibility Movie Screenplay” by Arya Waharika 2010 analyzed about the type of illocutionary acts found in movie screenplay as well found, analyzed the function and explication meaning as well his found. Like the others two undergraduate thesis been reviewed, Arya Waharika also used the theory of context situation to support the type of illocutionary acts proposed by Hymes 1972 and his study applies qualitative method. The relevance of his study could be seen from the similarities and the differences between this study and his study. The similarity was had the same topic with her study is about illocutionary acts. The differences of both of the studies was his study focuses on the function and the explication meaning of illocutionary acts in Sense and Sensibility, whereas this study is focuses on the type of illocutionary acts and the context of situation that support the illocutionary utterance. The other differences, his study was taken from screenplay movie, although the object this study was taken from animated comedy film. Generally, his study could be considered as good enough in terms of the overall result of his research and analysis as well. But on the other hand, the weakness was also found in his study, Arya Waharika did the analysis which the other studies actually use, for instance analysis the function and the meaning of the type of illocutionary acts. The result is his study showed among four functions of illocutionary acts that are found in the movie, several function of each type of the illocutionary acts were found, and the explication of the meaning of illocutionary acts is done by using semantic primitives. Arya Waharika makes good analysis and data preventatives. It was very clear. Because it is easily can be understood even to a new learner of speech act for it contain a good classification with clear explanation, which are the type of illocutionary acts. In comparing those three undergraduate thesis with this study, it could be concluded that all of these thesis were related one to another since the topic was about illocutionary acts, but the differences could be seen from the problem of this study which were about the intended meaning of each type of illocutionary acts and what is the context of situation that support type of illocutionary acts, whereas those three thesis explained about the kinds of illocutionary acts and its function. Bach and Harnish’s theory also Hymes’ theory were used in those three undergraduate thesis, whereas John Searle’s theory and Halliday’s theory were used in analyzing this study. However, it was clear that this study had something more than those three studies. Speech act especially illocutionary acts as a part of it is such an interesting topic to be discussed. It is showed by several scholars from all over the world who had done some research about this topic. One of them is the international journal ’s article related to this study entitled “Facebook Status Updates: A Speech Act Analysis” by Sanna Illyas and Damar Kushi 2012. This article was taken from “Academic Research International, 3 rd volume, No. 2”.This article use the theory from Searle in the field of Speech Act. She criticizes about facebook status updates, their study aimed at exploring the communicative functions of status updates on Facebook. Moreover, how identities were established and represented through language was also examined. For this purpose the status updates were analyzed through Searle’s Speech Act framework. Their study is applies quantitative method with a total of 171 status updates were collected for 5 consecutive days and then the data were categorized according to the devised coding. The result is their study showed that various socialization patterns emerge through the sharing of feelings, information and ideas. International journal ’s article entitled “Offering as a Comissive and Directive Speech Act: Consequence for Cross- Cultural Communication” by Ad-Darraji, Foo, Ismail, and Abdullah 2012, this article was taken from “International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 3”, all of the writers are the researchers from the School of Languages, Literacies and Translations, Universiti Sains Malaysia and English Department at Tikrit University. This study is to investigates the art of offer from different perspectives by examining the speech Act theory perform on offer as one of the speech acts which can be subsumed under two categories namely commissive and directives. It also focuses on the speech act of offering from philosophical, social, and cultural views. The study attempted to provide a detailed analysis of the speech act of offering grounded on the Theory of Speech Acts introduced by introduced by Austin’s 1962 and Searle 1969 to understand the way utterances are and should be understood in pragmatic context. The result is his study recommends that speech acts in general and the act of “offer” in particular should be validated in cross-cultural contexts.

2.2 Concepts

Concept consists of some certain theories that related to support that making of research paper. There were two concepts that having relevancy to the topic of this data study, such as the concept of speech act, and the concept of illocutionary acts as a part of speech act.

2.2.1 Speech Act

Speech act field of study was firstly introduced by Austin who well known as an Oxford Philosopher but then J.R. Searle took it further. Not only them, there were also some other linguists who took a part in explaining thus study. Austin 1962 conveys that “Speech act is the act of making an utterance in which the speaker is performing a certain kind of acts, such as; giving advice, asking question, making promises, making offers, etc. Those kinds of acts are known as speech acts.” John L. Austin is the first linguist proposed three types of act that are simultaneously performed by a speaker, those are: a. Locutionary Act The utterance of a sentence with determined sense and reference, e.g.: S says to H that P. It means that S produces an utterances; an utterance of certain words in certain construction, and with certain sense and reference. Therefore it could be concluded that the components of illocutionary act were including phonetic phonology, phatic syntactic and rhetic meaningful. b. Illocutionary Act The utterance which had certain or convention force performing act in saying something, e.g. in saying X, S asserts that P Preposition. Illocutionary act could also define as what speaker S does in uttering U to hearer H in context C. The speaker might perform an act or making a statement or promise, issuing a command or request, asking a question, etc. c. Perlocutionary Act What S brings about or archives by saying something performing an act by saying something. By saying X, S convinces H that P. For example getting someone to believe that something, moving someone to anger, consoling someone in his distress, etc. In other words, when S causes an effect on H by means of uttering U, it could be said that S has performed a perlocutionary act. There was a series of analytical connection appeared in the notion of speech act itself, such as what the speaker means, what the sentences or other linguistic element uttered means, what the speaker intends, what the hearer understands, and what the rules governing the linguistic elements are. According Searle’s theory speech act is a minimal functional unit in human communication. According to Austin and Searle, when a speaker says something, he does something at the same time. Several scholars claim that we perform speech acts