12 matters of technique determine structure 6-7. The second approach is the
biographical approach. This approach emphasizes the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the
literary object. Critics try to learn as much as they can about the life and development of the author and apply this knowledge in their attempt to understand
his writing 8-9. The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. Two factors are present here. Firstly, accuracy in the presentation of historical facts is of value
to the historian, but not necessarily to the author. Secondly, a work of literature might have historical significance, but not necessarily literary significance 9-11.
The fourth is the mythopoeic approach. The critics use of mythopoeic frame of reference try to discover certain universally recurrent patterns of human thought,
which they believe exist in significant works of arts 11-13. The last approach that Rohrberger and Woods present is the psychological approach. This approach
involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. In applying this theory, we must be careful not to take the part for the whole and
reduce a piece of literature to a mere statement of a behavior pattern 13-15.
2.1.4. The Theory of Satire
The Nineteenth century became a period of satire. Most of literary works; such as poetry, drama, essays, novels, and criticisms took on the satirical manner.
“Although the Victorian period was not noted for pure satire, the writers; such as Dickens, Thackeray and others produced novels that showed an excellent vehicle
for social satire” The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature 569. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 According to Holman and Harmon, a satire is “a literary manner that
blends a critical attitude with humor and wit for the purpose of improving human institutions or humanity” 447. While Abrams says that a satire is “the literary art
of diminishing or derogating a subject by making it ridiculous and evoking toward it attitudes of amusement, contempt, scorn, or indignation” 187. Though both of
them are using laughter and comedy as tools, a satire is different from a comic. In comic, comedy evokes laughter mainly as an end, while satire evokes laughter as
a weapon, and against an object that exists outside the work itself. A satire is an author way of criticizing a certain object that he dislikes or disagrees. “A satire is
an author’s style to criticize the root of the matter which the author is taken as a fancy and does not agree with” Abrams 187.The object of a satire can be many
things, included an individual, a type of persons, a class, an institution, a nation, or even the whole human race Abrams 187.
Both Abrams and Holman and Harmon divide satire into two major types; they are formal direct satire and indirect satire. In formal direct satire, the
satiric voice speaks out, usually in the first person, directly to the reader or to a character, or to an object that is being satirized Holman and Harmon 448. On the
other hand, in indirect satire, the satire is expressed through “narratives of the characters or groups who are the butt are ridiculed not by what is said about them,
but what they themselves say and do” Holman and Harmon 448. According to Abrams, the most common indirect form is a fictional narrative. In fictional
narrative, “the objects of the satire are characters who make themselves and their opinions ridiculous or obvious by what they think, say, and do, and sometimes
14 made even more ridiculous by the author’s comments and narrative style”
Abrams 188
2.1.5. The Relationship between Literature and Society
According to Langlard, society means “not merely people and their classes but also their customs, conventions, beliefs and values, their institutions – legal,
religious, and cultural-- and their physical environment 6. It means that society can be defined as two; a group of people and the system that embodied in them.
She divides society into two; they are the world that exists in the novel and the world in which a writer lives. The two can influence each other. The world in
which a writer lives may influence the world in the novel in a way that there are similarities between the two. On the other hand, the world in a novel may
influence the world in which a writer lives in a way that it is the author’s way in expressing his opinion or criticisms towards it. It means that the readers may find
out that while reading along the novel, they may find the messages or values that the author conveys.
The question of values has strong mimetic implications. Analyzing the values …allows us to address questions of why novels mean what they
mean to us and why they can affect us powerfully. Society, as depicted in the novel, thus comments on the roles and possibilities of society in our
lives Langlard 6.
According to Wellek and Warren, the relationship between literature and society may appear in the sociology of the writer, the influence of literature on
society, and the social context of the works themselves. The first is the sociology of the writer. It also deals with the writer’s social background, social status, and
