The Analysis of Tenses Used in Gayle Forman’s Novel Where She Whent

THE ANALYSIS OF TENSES USED IN GAYLE FORMAN’S NOVEL WHERE SHE WENT

A PAPER BY

DIKA PRATIWI HTG REG.NO. 112202046

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM MEDAN

It has been approved by Supervisor,

NIP : 19581017 198001 1 001 Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A.

Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies of Sumatera Utara

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program

NIP : 1952112610112 1 001 Dr. Matius C. A. Sembiring, M.A

Approved by Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

As a paper for the Diploma (D-III) Examination

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III of Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held on

Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara

Dean,

NIP : 19511013197603 1 001 Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.

Board of Examiners: Signature

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A (Head of ESP) 2. Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A (Supervisor)

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Dika Pratiwi Htg, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the references is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :...

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Dika Pratiwi Htg

Title of Paper : THE ANALYSIS OF TENSES USED IN GAYLE FORMAN’S NOVEL WHERE SHE WENT

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the disrection of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Departement Faculty of Culture Studies University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligaton under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :...

ABSTRAK

Judul kertas karya ini adalah The Analysis of Tenses Used in Gayle Forman’s Novel Where She Went. Dalam kertas karya ini, penulis membahas tentang definisi dari Tenses, Jenis-jenis Tenses dan penggunaannya menurut tata bahasa inggris yang benar. Kertas karya ini terdiri dari empat bab, yaitu bab pertama adalah pendahuluan yang berisikan latar belakang penelitian, pembatasan masalah dan perumusan masalah, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian. Bab kedua adalah landasan teori yang berisikan dasar-dasar teori tentang Tenses. Bab ketiga adalah analisis dan hasil yang merupakan analisis tenses yang diperoleh dari novel dan mencari tenses yang paling dominan atau paling sering muncul dalam Gayle Forman’s Novel adalah Simple Past Tense, dengan rincian persentase dari total seluruh data yang berjumlah data 58. Pada bab terakhir yaitu bab keempat, berisi kesimpulan dan saran yaitu penjelasan mengenai hasil analisis yang diperoleh dari bab ketiga dan sekaligus berisikan tentang saran-saran yang diberikan untuk pembaca atau penulis lain yang mengambil topik penelitian yang sama.

ABSTRACT

The title of this paper is The Analysis of Tenses Used in Gayle Forman’s Novel Where She Went. In this paper, the writer discusses definition of tense, kind of

tenses and the use based to the right English grammar. This paper consists of four chapters, the first chapter is an introduction containing the background, the problem, the scope of the study and the method of the study. The second chapter is the theoretical basis which contains the fundamentals of the theory of tenses. The third chapter is the analysis and the result the analysis of tenses derived from the novel and the most dominant or most frequent use of tenses. The most common tense in Gayle Forman’s novel is Simple Past Tense, with the percentage of the total data amount to 58 data. The last chapter is the fourth chapter, conclusions and suggestions, which consists of a description of the analytical results obtained from the third chapter and the advice given to readers or other writers who take the same research topic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bismillaahirrahmaanirrahiim.

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and giving health, strength and ease to accomplish this paper as one of the requirements to get Diploma III certificate from English Study Program Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. I present shalawat to Prophet Muhammad SAW as my good example in my life and I hope his blessing in the beyond.

I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, appreciation and thanks to:

• Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

• Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. as the Head of Diploma III English Study Program, who gives me a lot of knowledge.

• Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. as my supervisor. Thank you for the valuable time in giving me the correction and constructive critics in completing this paper. You are my inspiration.

• Drs. M. Syafi’i Siregar, M.A. as my reader. Thank you for your valuable time.

• My lovely parents, Mayor. Inf. Edwardi Hutagalung and Kasmari. Thank you for all your motivatons, advices, prays, loves and financial. I present this paper for you.

• All lectures in Diploma III English Study Program for giving me advices and knowledge.

• My beloved siblings, Hilda Lestari Hutagalung, S.E., Rachmat Prawira Hutagalung, S.T. and Maudy Agustia Hutagalung.

• All of my friends in SOLIDAS 2011 and alumnus in SOLIDAS.

• My Kryptonite, Okky Aulia Dzikra. Thank you for all the things that you ever gave to me, especially for loving me in almost 3 years. I love us.

• My best friends in SOLIDAS, Febrilatussakdiyah Hrp (Ilong), Aviandani Aulia Nst (Anik), Shintya Wulandari, Suchinda Ayudia, Amelia Septia Rini, Annisa Risma Khairani Lbs, Farah Diba, Halimahtussadiyah, Tika Wardhani, Khairunnisa Lbs, Rocky Goklas, M. Rizky Siregar, Agung Yudha, M. Riski. Thank you for your support, cares and other thing that help me to complete this paper. Thank you for the nice friendship during our study. I’m gonna miss you all.

• My lovely alumnus, Edtri Putri Ramadhani, Riski Putra Harahap, Ahmad Hanafi, Bungaran Petra Ageng Hutasoit. Thank you for all kindness and happiness that you ever gave to me, it means a lot.

Medan,

The writer,

Reg.No: 112202046 Dika Pratiwi Htg

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. The Problems of the Study ... 2

1.3. The Scope of Study ... 2

1.4. The Purpose of the Study ... 2

1.5. The Method of the Study ... 2

2. TENSES ... 4

2.1. The Definition of Tenses ... 4

2.2. The Kind of Tenses ... 4

3. DATA AND ANALYSIS... 17

3.1 Data ... 17

3.2Anaysis ... 17

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 25

4.1Conclussion ... 25

4.2Suggestion ... 25

... REFERENCES ... 26

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of Study

Language is an important communication tool for people. By using language, people can inform many things and express what they want to show of their feeling. Language are different between one region with another: each of them is different in grammar, not only in writing but also in speaking (Nesfield, 2001:1).

Language is the supreme means of formulating and expressing thought. Human communicate by producing sound or the combination of words which represent the object ideas and emotion of human thought (Algeo, 2005:2).

From the above definitions, we may conclude that the main function of language is to communicate to others. A good communication between someone and others can be achieved if they are able to use language perfectly.

English has always been associated with grammar. Grammar is very important to form a pattern of good sentences. By understanding and mastering the sentences, we will be able to speak English fluently. A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. The tenses are present, past and future. The description of the time will change the form of sentence. This change of the time called tenses (Thompson, 1993:5)

The language used in novel is to determine the exact meaning of the sentence. The tenses in the novel play an important role in the sentences in order to make the reader understand the ideas they contain. Types of tenses used in novel are simple present tense, past tense, future tense and past future tense.

In this regard, the writer will analyze the use of tenses in a novel called

Where She Went in this paper. This paper attempts to find out kinds of tenses used in this novel.

1.2The Problems

The problem that writer would like to investigate are as follows: 1) How many kinds of tenses used by the author in the novel 2) What are the dominant tenses used in the novel by the author

1.3The Scope of the Study

The writer restrict subject only about tenses. The tenses will be explained in more details. There are many things in English to be discussed. But in order to make the readers confused, the writer just limits the study on the tenses found in Gayle Forman’s Novel “Where She Went”

1.4The Purpose of the Writing

The purpose of writing this paper are:

1) To analysis kinds of tenses used in Gayle Forman’s Novel 2) To find dominant tenses used in Gayle Forman’s Novel

3) To fulfill the requirement to get a diploma certificate in English study program Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.

1.5The Method of Study

The method appplied for this writing is the library research. To complete this paper, the writer will collect all the required data from the Gayle Forman’s Novel published in the United States of America by Speak, an imprint of Penguin Group (USA) 2012.

In order to get the percentage of tenses that mostly occur in the Gayle Forman’s Novel, the following formula from Nawawi (1991:150) will be used:

X= Number of tenses

Y= Total number of all data

N= Percentage of the tense

X

̶

x 100 % = N

Y

2. TENSES 2.1 Definition of Tenses

Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time that indicates when the situation take place. Tenses are part of grammar. Mastering

tenses are very important because if we do not use appropriate tenses, it can cause misunderstanding especially in written language. George (1980:192) states that

Tenses mean time. However, it should be pointed out that time in relation to action is a concept that exists in the mind of the speaker, reader or listener.

Tenses, in actual usage, refer consistently only to grammatical form (Halliday, 2002:9).

2.2 Kind of Tenses

Traditional English, according to (Anderson, 1997:2) tense can be devided into three main time periods: the present, past and future. The basic pattern is reffered to simple shapes. In each of these basic pattern can also be seen aspects of how the incident took place which is being lasts, over, or still in progress. When associated with mood tense is formed precisely in the real main patterns and the like which aspects in general pattern of tense as follows:

Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense of most verbs require an ending in the third person singular. This is true whether subject is pronoun (he, she, it) or a singular noun, the first and second person pronoun (I, we, you), the third person (they), and plural nouns require no ending in the present tense (Murphy, 2003:4)

• He always eats an egg for breakfast. (always = he eats an egg for breakfast all the time)

• She plays badminton every Sunday ( it is her habit to play badminton every Sunday)

a) Pattern:

Positive : Subject + Infinitive + Object

Negative : Subject + Do/Does + Not Infinitive + Object Introgative : Do/Does + Subject + Infinitive + Object? b) Function

Question words ( when, where, who, what, which, how), are placed before the auxiliary : do / does.

Example :

It is used to express habitual action: 1) I usually get up at 7 in the morning It is used to express the general truth:

2) A week has seven days

It is used for a planned future action or series of actions 3) I have a date next Saturday at the time

Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is a construction. It is made up of the auxiliary be + the-ing (present participle) form of the verb (Azhar, 2002:13).

a) Pattern

Positive : Subject + is/am/are + Verbing + Object Negative : Subject + is/am/are + not ? Verbing + Object Introgative : Is/am/are + Subject + Verbing + Object?

b) Function

Question words ( when, where, who, why, what, which, how), are placed before to be : is/am/are.

This pattern is used to express an activity or state in progress or around the time of speaking

1) She is cooking for dinner now. It is used to express temporer action

2) I am playing basketball at the court

It is used to express a future action that has been planned

3) My father and mt mother are leaving for America next week

Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a construction made up auxiliary have + the past participle form of the main verb (Coghill, 2003:96)

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + have/has + Verb3 + Object

Negative: Subject + have/has + Not + Verb3 + Object Introgative: Have/has + Subject + Verb3 + Object?

b) Function

Have/has are used to indicate an action took place at an indefinite time or over period at time:

1) We have occupied this house for 3 years

It is used to indicate an action start in the past, but still occurs in the present: 2) The students have finished doing their exercise

Used in intransitive verb:

3) I have been a student in this University since 2011

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect tense is a construction made up have + been + verb-ing (present participle). It emphasizes or exaggerates the progressive nature of the action-throught period of time. This tense has nearly the same meaning as normal

present perfect verbs. The difference is that we use the present perfect continuous

when we want to express that the action has continued for a long time (Magendanz, 2003:96)

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject +has/have + been + Verbing + Object

Negative: Subject + have/has +not + been + Verbing + Object Introgative: Have/has + Subject + been + Verbing + Object? b) Function

This pattern is used to express an action that started in the past and now it is still in progress and it is relevant in the present:

1) Diana has been working for this company for 7 years

This pattern is used to express an action relevant to the present but doesn’t occur in Indonesian and can be interpreted in phrase ‘still now’.

2) I have been reading a novel. (I am still reading it) > I have read a book.

Past Tense

Past tense is used to declare the events that have “past”. Past may refer to maybe yesterday, an hour ago, two years ago, two centuries ago and so on (Netufe, 2001:9)

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + Verb2 + Object

Negative: Subject + did + not + infinitive + Object Introgative: Did + Subject + infinitive + Object?

b) Function

The simple past is used to express the idea that an action started and finished at a spesific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind (Handoko, 2004:25)

Example:

1) Last year, I traveled to Korea

We use the simple past to list a series completed actions in the past. These actions happened 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and so on. (Swan, 2005:448)

Example:

1) She arrived from the airport at 6.00, checked into the guest house at 8.00 and met her friend at 9.00

The simple past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Past Perfect Tense

An aspect of the verb that designates an action which has been completed before another past action. Formed with the auxiliary had and the past participle of a verb, the past perfect indicates a time further back in the past than the present perfect or the simple past tense (Frank, 1972:82-83).

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + had + Verb3 + Object

Negative: Subject + had + not + Verb3 + Object Introgative: Had + Subject + Verb3 + Object? b) Function

The past perfect expresses the idea that something occured before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

1) I had never seen such a beautiful lake before I went to Danau Linting 2) I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous use of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

1) He had sold the car when I came to see it yesterday afternoon 2) I had got a permanent job before I bought this house last month

Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense is an important tense in English. We use it to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but had not finished (Murphy, 2003:2)

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + was/were + Verbing Negative: Subject + was/were + not + Verbing Introgative: Was/were + Subject + Verbing? b) Function

The past continuous tense expresses an action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at that moment. When we use the past continuous tense, our listener usually knows and understands the time we are talking about.

Examples:

1) He was swimming with his friends at 5 o’clock p.m. yesterday 2) I was wating for a train at 8 o’clock yesterday morning

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The past perfect continuous is formed with the past perfect tense of the verb to be (= had been) + the present participle (-ing) (Thompson, 1993:13)

Example:

1) I had been praying

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + had + Verb3

Negative: Subject + had + not + Verb3 Introgative: Had + Subject + Verb3?

b) Function

We use the past perfect cotinuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. “For five minutes” or “for two weeks” are both durations which can be used with the past perfect continuous. However, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past (Thompson, 1993:14)

Examples:

1) Diana had been typing the monthly report for 2 hours at 11 o’clock this morning

2) She had been working at that company for 4 years when it went out of business

Using the past perfect continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.

Examples:

1) Isabella was tired because she had been swimming

2) Dumbledore failed the final test because he had not been attending the class

Future Tense

Simple future has two different forms in English: “will” and “be going to”. Although the two forms sometimes can be used interchangeably, they often express two different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both “will” and “be going to” refer to a specific time in the future (Baun, 1990:5)

a) Pattern

Positive: S + will/shall + V1 or S + ia/am/are + going to + V1

Negative: Will/shall + not + V1 or S + is/am/are + not + going to + V1

Introgative: Will/shall + S + V1 or Is/am/are + S + going to + V1? b) Function

The simple future tense is often used with will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.

Examples:

1) Hold on. I will get a chair

2) I will see what I can do to help them.

We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it: 1) I think I will go to the restaurant tomorrow

2) I think I will have a nice trip next week

We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. There is no plan. We are saying what we think will happen.

Examples:

1) It will rain tonight

2) They will not come to the meeting tomorrow

When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking.

Examples:

1) I will be in New York tomorrow 2) Will you be at school tomorrow?

Future Perfect Tense

The future perfect tense is used to describe an event that is expected or planned to happen before another event in the future. It is a grammatical combination of the future tense, or other marking of future time and the perfect itself, a combination of tense and aspect (Frank, 1972:85-87).

Subject + shall/will + have + past participle

( I shall have gone)

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + will/shall + have + Verb3 Negative: Subject + will/shall + not + Verb3 Introgative: Will/shall + Subject + have + Verb3?

b) Function

The future perfect tense expresses an action in the future before

another action in the future. Examples:

1) The airplane will leave the airport at 8am. You will arrive at the airport at 8.20 am. When you arrive, the airplane will have left

2) You can call me at 9 in the morning. I will have arrive at the campus at 8.30 pm.

Future Continuous Tense

Future continuous has two different forms: “will be doing” and “be going to be doing.” (Baun, 1990:8)

Basic form:

Subject + will + be + Verb (continuous form) a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + will/shall + be + Verbing Negative: Subject +will/shall + not + be + Verbing Introgative: Will/shall + Subject + be + Verbing?

b) Function

It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is thought to be completed in future. It expresses a sense of completion of an action which will occur in future.

Examples:

1) I will be waiting for him when his train arrives tonight 2) I will not be waiting for him when his train arrives tonight

Future continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Exmples:

1) Tonight at 7pm, I am going to be eating dinner

2) At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the rain

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future perfect continuous has two different forms: “will have been doing” and “be going to have been doing.” (Baun, 1990:10)

a) Pattern

Positive: Subject + will have been + Verb1/Verbing + Object + time reference

Negative: Subject + will not have been + Verb1/Verbing + Object + time reference

Introgative: Will + Subject + heave been + Verb1/Verbing + Object + time reference?

b) Function

It is used to express a continued or on going action that will start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future.

Examples:

1) I will have been waiting for him for 2 hour 2) She will not have been playing tennis for 1 hour

3. DATA AND ANALYSIS

3.1 Data

The data were gathered from Gayle Forman’s Novel Where She Went. Gayle Forman’s Novel published in the United States of America by Speak, an imprint of Penguin Group (USA) 2012.

3.2 Analysis

The story from Gayle Forman’s consist of 23 chapter. In analyzing the data that writer found of tenses is the data of research are the Simple Present Tense, Past Tense and Future Tense with total 124 data. The result of the analysis show that the Simple Present Tense shows 41 data, Past Tense shows 58 data and Future Tense shows 25 data.

1. I wake up every morning (chapter 1 page 3)

Simple Present Tense

2. I glance at the minimalist digital clock on the hotel nightstand (chapter 1 page 4)

3. I pull on some boxers (chapter 1 page 5) 4. I finish my coffee (chapter 1 page 5)

5. Aldous leaves Adam in front of the hotel (chapter 2 page 28) 6. He glances at his phone (chapter 2 page 28)

7. I lay in my childhood bed (chapter 5 page 60)

8. I put the cigarettes back down without lighting up (chapter 5 page 63) 9. I grab fo my phone (chapter 6 page 68)

11.Mia tells me when we arrive chapter 8 page 91) 12.The host take us to the booth (chapter 8 page 92)

13.Mia doesn’t tell Adam what the next destination is (chapter 12 page 138) 14.My warning ball start to ping (chapter 12 page 139)

15.I shake my head (chapter 16 page 177) 16.I go for the divertion (chapter 16 page 178)

17.The bridge looks like a ghost ship from another time (chapter 18 page 199) 18.I stand there on the bridge for a while (chapter 18 page 201)

19.Mia watches Adam lose his shit all over the promenade (chapter 19 page 216)

20.My eyes start to droop (chapter 20 page 217) 21.I tell her I need to sleep (chapter 20 page 217)

22.The bellman grabs our stuff to take to our room (chapter 23 page 255)

1. We are shooting a video in London (chapter 1 page 7)

Present Continuous Tense

2. Stim and the engineers are shaking my hand and wishing me luck on tour (chapter 1 page 9)

3. Aldous is peering at me with a look of calculated concern (chapter 2 page 28)

4. She is trying to train me out of that bad habit (chapter2 page 31) 5. I am reaching into my pocket for a pen (chapter 4 page 50)

6. She is peering at me from under a waterfall of hair (chapter 8 page 101) 7. I am getting it all out as fast as I can (chapter 11 page 129)

8. I am not talking about the songs (chapter 11 page 129)

9. The man with beard is preparing to step out of his seat (chapter 12 page 141)

10. I am pulling her into another car then another until the train slows into a station (chapter 12 page 141)

11.She is not wearing any underwear under her robes (chapter 12 page 158) 12.I am trying for the authentic camping experience (chapter 15 page 166) 13.Fingers of light are starting to pry open the night sky (chapter 16 page

176)

14.The wind is whipping her hair this way (chapter 16 page 187) 15.He is wearing an iPod (chapter 18 page 201)

16.I am crying out of gratitude (chapter 19 page 216)

17.She is smiling as she kicks of her blanket (chapter 20 page 224) 18.I am running out of space (chapter 20 page 226)

19.My heart is pounding (chapter 21 page 235)

1. I talked to some people you went to high school with (chapter 1 page 18)

Simple Past Tense

2. We knew each other casually from school (chapter 1 page 19) 3. I wanted to reserve this shirt for tomorrow (chapter 2 page 30) 4. A photo of her, dressed in black (chapter 2 page 35)

5. Mia woke up after four days (chapter3 page 39)

6. We sat around her hospital bed in ICU (chapter 3 page 39) 7. I moved home, back to my parent’s place (chapter 5 page 59)

8. My mom worked for the university catering department (chapter 5 page 59)

9. He came from the slums of Venezuela (chapter 6 page 79) 10.I graduated in the spring (chapter 8 page 97)

11.I took the picture last summer (chapter 8 page 102)

12.I really wanted to be a Jewish School (chapter 9 page 108) 13.I moved back to the House of Rock (chapter 9 page 109)

14.We did the polite thing and stuck around to catch up (chapter 10 page 113) 15.Boston reminded me of Easter Egg hunts (chapter 10 page 114)

16.I pulled out my laptop and played them (chapter 11 page 128) 17.I pushed everyone away (chapter 11 page 132)

18.I got recognized down there (chapter 12 page 142)

19.The groupies started showing up right away (chapter 13 page 146)

20.I felt pretty good because even though it was just a matter of pure luck (chapter 13 page 148)

21.We planned to spend a week at the cost (chapter 15 page165)

22.She shook her head, stood up, grabbed the top of the tent (chapter 15 page 169)

23.I smashed her recorded (chapter 16 page 179)

24.You talked to me, but you didn’t (chapter 16 page 183)

25.The key turned out to be the best thing about that shows (chapter17 page 193)

27.We sit in silence, sipping our coffee and eating Croissants (chapter 18 page 205)

28.Her skin looked like tissue paper (chapter 19 page 214) 29.She dropped out of college last year (chapter 20 page 226)

30.I needed someone to hate, and you’re the one I love the most, so it fell to you (chapter 20 page 231)

31.Mia went to concerts because they were my shows (chapter 22 page 249) 32.Kat looked annoyed for the subversion of her parental thority (chapter 22

page 259)

1. I was listening to some bootlegs of your really early stuff (chapter 1 page 13)

Past Continuous Tense

2. I was planning my escape when I saw Brooke Vega striding toward me (chapter 7 page 82)

3. She was trying to decide between one of two scripts to produce for the company she was trying (chapter 7 page 85)

4. She wasn’t gossiping or anything (chapter 7 page 86) 5. Things were starting to heat up (chapter 9 page 110)

6. It was still the kind of romance where I thought we were trying to find a way to make it forever (chapter 9 page 112)

7. I was coming home from visiting Kim in Boston late one night and got lost on the way out and there it was (chapter 10 page 114)

9. It was weirding me out but also building me up (chapter 13 page 152) 10.Liz and Sarah were getting their own place (chapter 13 page 153) 11.I was just thinking about her (chapter 14 page 157)

12.The sun was dipping behind the mountains (chapter 15 page 169)

13.She was watching me, a bemused little smile on her face (chapter 15 page 169)

14.I was going to have to go through a metamorphosis (chapter 15 page 173) 15.She was interviewing me and asked about you (chapter 16 page 178) 16.I know were trying to help, but it just felt, at the time, like you were

pushing me away (chapter 16 page 184)

17.We were playing these enormous venues: arenas and stadiums, to more than fifteen thousand fans (chapter 17 page 197)

18.She was just sitting in one of the soundproof practicebooths (chapter 19 page 212)

19.I was just thinking about high school (chapter 21 page 243)

20.I was thinking about how we’re in the same boat all over again (chapter 21 page 244)

21.I was thinking I was craving some sushi (chapter 21 page 244) 22.I was looking at the old photo albums (chapter 22 page 248)

23.I was thinking of is this big festival coming up on the coast next month (chapter 22 page 251)

1. Brooke had recently gone solo and her debut album (chapter 7 page 83)

2. Mia had gone to bed early so it was just the two of us finishing some pretentious foreign movie (chapter 9 page 107)

3. I have blamed her for all of this, for leaving, for ruining me (chapter 16 page 190)

1. When we start shooting, I’ll do what he tells me (chapter 1 page 7)

Simple Future Tense

2. We’ll play with the vocals in the mixing (chapter 1 page 8) 3. I will fly with you tomorrow (chapter 2 page 28)

4. I will leave you alone, won’t even call (chapter 2 page 29)

5. She will get all upset with me for losing my “public face” in front of a reporter (chapter 2 page 31)

6. She will take it all in, but she will need help (chapter 2 page 42)

7. I will leave you to lick your wounds or just get acquainted (chapter 7 page 83)

8. I will have a burger, fries and a beer (chapter 8 page 94)

9. You will never have healthy kids if you don’t put some meat on your bones (chapter 8 page 94)

10.I will transcribe them and email them to you (chapter 11 page 128) 11.I will buy you flowers (chapter 11 page 131)

12.I will do what I am told (chapter 11 page 131)

13. You will blow your reputation otherwise (chapter 11 page 137)

14.You will need me to hold a flashlight if this takes much longer (chapter 15 page 169)

15.The sun will rise and a new day will inarguably begin (chapter 16 page 176)

16.Kim will be delighted to know her early work may turn up in a national magazine (chapter 16 page 179)

17.I will fill in the blanks (chapter 17 page 195)

18.I will pause and strain to pick out a voice from the crowd (chapter 17 page 199)

19.I will do whatever you want and I will quit the band, if you stay (chapter 18 page 200)

20.I will have this back to you y tonight (chapter 18 page 203) 21.I will bet Mrs. Schein loves that (chapter 20 page 226) 22.I will be your plus-one (chapter 21 page 245)

23.It will be during the day, on a weekend and outside, so not as loud (chapter 22 page 251)

24.I will let everyone decide how to release this news (chapter 23 page 257)

1. Will she be joining you on the tour? (chapter 1 page 22)

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion

Based on the result, the writer drew the conclusion as such as: First, there are 41 sentences with simple present tense. There are 22 sentences with

present tense and 19 sentences with present continuous tense. Second, there are 58 sentences with simple past tense. The most dominant tense used in the novel is

past tense. There are 32 sentences with past tense, 23 sentences with past continuous tense and 3 sentences with past perfect tense. The last but not least, there are 25 sentences with simple future tense, 24 sentences with future tense and 1 sentence with future continuous tense.

4.2 Suggestion

The writer would like to present some suggestion to the reader as follows: the use of tenses is very important to make good sentences, not only in writing but also in speaking. It will be better to use the short and the simple one to get great affect for the readers. The novel is a good way to teach the students how to practice and inform tenses; simple present tense, past tense and future tense in grammar.

REFERENCES

Anderson, J. 1977. On Case Grammar. New York: Humanities Press.

Algeo. 2005. The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengange Learning.

Azar. 2002. English Grammar: Third Edition. New York: Longman. Coghill. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Willey Publishing, Inc.

Frank, M. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Green. 1990. A Students Grammar of the English Language. England:Longman. Halliday, M. A. K.2002. On Grammar. New York: Coninuum.

Hancock. 2005. Meaning Centered Grammar. London: Equinox. Jeffrey. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Willey Publishing, Inc Magendanz. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Willey Publishing, Inc

Murphy. 2003. English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University Press. Nesfield, J.C. English Grammar Series, Book III. London: Macmillan and Co Ltd,

1934.

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2013. Kompilasi Bahan Kuliah: Metode Penelitian, Medan: Unpublished.

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2013. Buku Pedoman Program D-3 Studi Bahasa Inggris, Medan: Unpublished

Swan. 2005. Practical English Usage. New York: Oxford.

Thompson, A.J. 1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar Second Edition, Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara

APPENDICES

A. BIOGRAPHY OF GAYLE FORMAN

Gayle Forman (born June 5, 1970) is an American writer who writes for young adults. Forman began her career writing for Seventeen Magazine in which most of her articles focused on young people and social concerns. Later she became a freelance journalist for publications like Details Magazine, Jane Magazine, Glamour Magazine, The Nation, Elle Magazine and Cosmopolitan Magazine. In 2002, she and her husband, Nick, took a trip around the world. From her journeys, she garnered a wealth of experiences and information which later served as a basis for her first book a travelogue You Can’t Get There From Here: A Year On The Fringes Of A Shrinking World.

In 2007 she published her first young adult novel Sisters in Sanity which she based on an article she had written for Seventeen. Her most recent novel If I Stay is about a 17 years old girl who has been involved in a tragic car accident. The novel follows Mia’s experience as she lies in a coma fully aware of what is going on around her and everything her visitors say and do. Feeling the agony of loss of those closest to her yet aware of the abounding love of those that remain, she must make the choice to hang on or let go. Forman won the 2009 NAIBA Book of the Year Awards and is a 2010 Indie Choice Honor Award winner for If I Stay. She also wrote a sequel to If I Stay called Where She Went. It is about Adam and Mia’s relationship after the accident. It is written in Adam’s point of view.

Other notable literary awards-British Fantasy Award (2010), An ALA/YALSA Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Adult Readers (2010), South

Carolina Book Award Nominee for Young Adult Book Award (2011), TAYSHAS High School Reading List (2010), Goodreads Choice Award Nominee for Young Adult Fiction (2009), Milwaukee County Teen Book Award Nominee (2010).

Gayle resides in Brooklyn, New York with her husband and daughter. At the annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, Forman has participated in panel discussions. She was on the panel “Young Adult Fiction: Teens and Turmoil” with Jandy Nelson, Cyntia Kadohata and moderator Sonya Sones during the 2010 event.

B. SUMMARY OF WHERE SHE WENT

Mia had everything: a loving family, a gorgeous, adoring boyfriend, and a bright future full of music and full of choices. Then, in an instant, almost all of that is taken from her. Caught between life and death, between a happy past and an unknowable future, Mia spends one critical day contemplating the one decision she has left—the most important decision she’ll ever make.

It's been three years since the devastating accident . . . three years since Mia walked out of Adam's life forever. Now living on opposite coasts, Mia is Juilliard's rising star and Adam is LA tabloid fodder, thanks to his new rock star status and celebrity girlfriend. When Adam gets stuck in New York by himself, chance brings the couple together again, for one last night. As they explore the city that has become Mia's home, Adam and Mia revisit the past and open their hearts to the future-and each other.

15.The sun will rise and a new day will inarguably begin (chapter 16 page 176)

16.Kim will be delighted to know her early work may turn up in a national magazine (chapter 16 page 179)

17.I will fill in the blanks (chapter 17 page 195)

18.I will pause and strain to pick out a voice from the crowd (chapter 17 page 199)

19.I will do whatever you want and I will quit the band, if you stay (chapter 18 page 200)

20.I will have this back to you y tonight (chapter 18 page 203) 21.I will bet Mrs. Schein loves that (chapter 20 page 226) 22.I will be your plus-one (chapter 21 page 245)

23.It will be during the day, on a weekend and outside, so not as loud (chapter 22 page 251)

24.I will let everyone decide how to release this news (chapter 23 page 257)

1. Will she be joining you on the tour? (chapter 1 page 22) Future Continuous Tense

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conclusion

Based on the result, the writer drew the conclusion as such as: First, there are 41 sentences with simple present tense. There are 22 sentences with present tense and 19 sentences with present continuous tense. Second, there are 58 sentences with simple past tense. The most dominant tense used in the novel is past tense. There are 32 sentences with past tense, 23 sentences with past continuous tense and 3 sentences with past perfect tense. The last but not least, there are 25 sentences with simple future tense, 24 sentences with future tense and 1 sentence with future continuous tense.

4.2 Suggestion

The writer would like to present some suggestion to the reader as follows: the use of tenses is very important to make good sentences, not only in writing but also in speaking. It will be better to use the short and the simple one to get great affect for the readers. The novel is a good way to teach the students how to practice and inform tenses; simple present tense, past tense and future tense in grammar.

REFERENCES

Anderson, J. 1977. On Case Grammar. New York: Humanities Press.

Algeo. 2005. The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition. Wadsworth, Cengange Learning.

Azar. 2002. English Grammar: Third Edition. New York: Longman. Coghill. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Willey Publishing, Inc.

Frank, M. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Green. 1990. A Students Grammar of the English Language. England:Longman. Halliday, M. A. K.2002. On Grammar. New York: Coninuum.

Hancock. 2005. Meaning Centered Grammar. London: Equinox. Jeffrey. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Willey Publishing, Inc Magendanz. 2003. English Grammar. New York: Willey Publishing, Inc

Murphy. 2003. English Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University Press. Nesfield, J.C. English Grammar Series, Book III. London: Macmillan and Co Ltd,

1934.

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2013. Kompilasi Bahan Kuliah: Metode Penelitian, Medan: Unpublished.

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2013. Buku Pedoman Program D-3 Studi Bahasa Inggris, Medan: Unpublished

Swan. 2005. Practical English Usage. New York: Oxford.

Thompson, A.J. 1993. Understanding and Using English Grammar Second Edition, Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara

APPENDICES A. BIOGRAPHY OF GAYLE FORMAN

Gayle Forman (born June 5, 1970) is an American writer who writes for young adults. Forman began her career writing for Seventeen Magazine in which most of her articles focused on young people and social concerns. Later she became a freelance journalist for publications like Details Magazine, Jane Magazine, Glamour Magazine, The Nation, Elle Magazine and Cosmopolitan Magazine. In 2002, she and her husband, Nick, took a trip around the world. From her journeys, she garnered a wealth of experiences and information which later served as a basis for her first book a travelogue You Can’t Get There From Here: A Year On The Fringes Of A Shrinking World.

In 2007 she published her first young adult novel Sisters in Sanity which she based on an article she had written for Seventeen. Her most recent novel If I Stay is about a 17 years old girl who has been involved in a tragic car accident. The novel follows Mia’s experience as she lies in a coma fully aware of what is going on around her and everything her visitors say and do. Feeling the agony of loss of those closest to her yet aware of the abounding love of those that remain, she must make the choice to hang on or let go. Forman won the 2009 NAIBA Book of the Year Awards and is a 2010 Indie Choice Honor Award winner for If I Stay. She also wrote a sequel to If I Stay called Where She Went. It is about Adam and Mia’s relationship after the accident. It is written in Adam’s point of view.

Carolina Book Award Nominee for Young Adult Book Award (2011), TAYSHAS High School Reading List (2010), Goodreads Choice Award Nominee for Young Adult Fiction (2009), Milwaukee County Teen Book Award Nominee (2010).

Gayle resides in Brooklyn, New York with her husband and daughter. At the annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, Forman has participated in panel discussions. She was on the panel “Young Adult Fiction: Teens and Turmoil” with Jandy Nelson, Cyntia Kadohata and moderator Sonya Sones during the 2010 event.

B. SUMMARY OF WHERE SHE WENT

Mia had everything: a loving family, a gorgeous, adoring boyfriend, and a bright future full of music and full of choices. Then, in an instant, almost all of that is taken from her. Caught between life and death, between a happy past and an unknowable future, Mia spends one critical day contemplating the one decision she has left—the most important decision she’ll ever make.

It's been three years since the devastating accident . . . three years since Mia walked out of Adam's life forever. Now living on opposite coasts, Mia is Juilliard's rising star and Adam is LA tabloid fodder, thanks to his new rock star status and celebrity girlfriend. When Adam gets stuck in New York by himself, chance brings the couple together again, for one last night. As they explore the city that has become Mia's home, Adam and Mia revisit the past and open their hearts to the future-and each other.