005 naaghééʔneesgháné
ʔiłdǫ́ gooslí ̨ -
náʔa. |
| |
3___________________ SØ KoE
Killer.of.Enemies also
3.be.born -
NARR
| |
| |
Killer of Enemies also was born. |
| |
| |
006 ʔákoo dí ̨í ̨ʔ jiłt’é
-go gojílí ̨
- náʔa
[…]. 4____________________________________ Sji
FOURSOME then
four 4.be.a.number -
SUB
4.exist -
NARR
[…] |
So four exist [from the very beginning]. |
The fourth person subject pronominal ji- in clause 002 is of course impersonal. As will be seen from 32 and 33, fourth person is used in participant mergers: in 32 the merged participant is Coyote’s family and in
33 it is four who in Apache mythology were there in the beginning. For an example of a participant split involving fourth person, consider the sentence in Kenoi’s “The Apache and the Comanche”, nágo díí
gah- í bigheʔ haʔjiⁿdííł-náʔa ‘then ji- throws things out of the inside of a rabbit’. Both participants, companies of Apache and Comanche, have been
third-person-coded. The Apache have stopped for the night. gah naadaistsee- í bichííʔ hadaayiⁿdííł-go ‘throwing out the intestines of the rabbits they
killed’, the Apache are sitting behind a windbreak while unbeknownst to them the Comanche are creeping up on them. In the verb under consideration
haʔjiⁿdííł the verb base is ha-ⁿdííł ‘throw out pl. objects’. The verb base is the same in the earlier verb hadaayiⁿdííł but the subject is third person, not ji- as in the later verb. In the context then, fourth person ji- refers to an Apache, presumably just one since the verb
haʔjiⁿdííł does not contain the distributive daa-. The entrails that ji- throws over the windbreak hit the Comanche chief in the face leading to the escape of
the Apache.
3.5 An anomalous example of fourth person tracking
Fourth person tracking has been discussed in a certain amount of detail so that it may be made clearer which narrative blocks represent continuous fourth person tracking and which do not.
In Mithlo’s “The Quarrel Between Thunder and Wind” clauses 008–013 in 34 below, it appears that it was Mithlo’s intention to fourth- person-track Thunder. Mentions of Thunder are bolded in the display and any fourth person pronominals lined up vertically. However, these
clauses do not constitute a well-formed example of fourth person tracking. In clauses 002–005, Thunder and Wind have been fourth-person-coded while functioning together as a unit so the two NP in clause 006 are necessary to individuate them. All the same, in five non-quote clauses 006–
013 there are as many as seven NP. Although with the change in participant orientation in clause 009, the pronominal-coding of Thunder remains fourth person, yet the fourth person coding of Thunder in clauses 009–013 is not continuous and is interrupted by a third person
pronominal and coindexed NP in clause 012. This interruption in fourth person tracking seems not to be a suspension of tracking for a discernible reason section 3.3. As has been demonstrated, if, following the fourth person coding of a participant, the next coding of that participant is third
person with a coindexed NP, then that third person coding terminates the fourth person tracking. Therefore the fourth person tracking of Thunder should be terminated in clause 012. However, the fourth person tracking of Thunder continues in clause 013. In addition, neither post-
quotative 008 nor 012 is canonical. Given the pre-quotatives that occur in 006 and 009, the expected post-quotatives in 008 and 012, respectively, are found in chart 79 in section 5 and chart 36 in section 3.6.
34 006 sNP oNP
yi-Ø-V Thunder speaks to Wind.
007 “I do good even if you do not,”
008 oNP
bi- ji- V he says to Wind.
009 sNP go- Ø-V
Wind speaks to him:
010 “Because you say that,
011 I’m going far away from you,”
012 sNP oNP
yi-Ø-V Wind says to Thunder.
013 sNP go- Ø-V
Wind went far away from him.
Immediately after clause 013, both Thunder and Wind are offstage. In displays below of this type, of clauses in which there is fourth person tracking, the verbs containing the fourth person pronominals coding
the fourth-person-tracked participant will be set off to the right and the fourth person pronominals bolded and aligned vertically with a space on each side the English glosses are bolded also.
Suppose clauses 006–013 of “The Quarrel Between Thunder and Wind” were modelled on clauses 042–048 in passage 24 above of “The Killing of the Eagles” clause 042 of the latter initiates fourth person tracking as does clause 006 here, then the following would be obtained:
35 006 sNP oNP bi- ji- V Thunder speaks to Wind.
007 “I do good even if you do not,”
008 bi- ji- V
he says to him.
009 sNP go- Ø-V
Wind speaks to him:
010 “Because you say that,
011 I’m going far away from you,”
012 go- Ø-V
he says to him.
013 go- Ø-V
He went far away from him.
The number of NP are reduced from seven to three of which the two in clause 006 individuating Thunder and Wind introduce them in separate subject and object function, and the other in clause 009 is a subject NP in a pre-quotative and there is now no third person pronominal in clause
012 failing to terminate the fourth person tracking of clauses 006–009 and not suspending the tracking for any reason such as disambiguation.
3.6 Fourth person participant reference strategy
