A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH
A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING
FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH
THESIS
by:
IRA AYU ANDRILIA S
201110100311305
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING
FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana
Degree in English Education
by:
IRA AYU ANDRILIA S
201110100311305
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirrabbil‘alamin. The writer gives the best praise and gratitude
to Allah yaa Rabbul Izzati who gives her health, composure, forbearance along this
thesis working. Likewise, praise is also given to Rasul Muhammad SAW as the
fountain of inspiration throughout her life journey.
Along with this accomplished mission “thesis”, the writer would like to
thank to those who contributed in this thesis. Firstly, the writer thanks and
appreciates her first advisor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, M.A. who warmly guides and
supports her to be more cautious on language and a good thinker as well as
analyzer. Moreover, the writer would like to convey an appreciation and thank to
her second advisor, Ms. Nina Inayati, M.Ed. who trains her to expand her critical
thinking patiently. Furthermore, the writer thanks her beloved white campus
“University of Muhammadiyah Malang” for providing great lecturers and courses
that lead her to finish her bachelor degree.
Secondly, her biggest appreciation, salute, and respect are given for her best
partner (mother) Khotimah who is her first teacher and counselor for every action,
for her real boyfriend (father) Herry Suranta Sembiring who always trusts her life
choices, and her dearest brother M. Doni Ferdiansyah Sembiring who makes her
like a walking dictionary wherein it improves her English’s capability. Then, for
all her families, the writer sends uncountable thanks to them every time and
moment.
Third, the writer would like to thank her second parents in Malang Ms.
Sholihatin A-Fath, Mr. Achmad Fathoni, and all Al-Hijrah members who give
religious lesson, support, and guidance. Also, the writer thanks to Menje Agent
(Selvy, Rudy, Wipol, Ulin, Iensi, Bayu and Yosep) for traveling projects to fill her
jaded times in the middle of thesis working. Moreover, the writer sends a special
thanks to Endah, Ajeng, and Ufa for their kindness and support. Morover, for all F
class members especially Aldunate (Khoyyimah), Kiki, Priska, Nia, Tyara, Dana
and other class members Yustin (B class) and Yusrinda (E class), the writer thanks
for the joy and laughter they have brought to these past four years. They are
extremely kind and fun to talk to, not to mention their care and without them, her
Malang experience would be very different.
Finally, the writer expects this study would be advantageous for the readers and
the related individuals who are focusing on translation studies. Hopefully, there
will be an upgrading of translation studies itself along with some researches
conducted in the present and future.
Malang, September 3, 2015
The Writer,
Ira Ayu Andrilia S.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ................................................................................................... iii
LEGALIZATION.......................................................................................... iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...................................................................... v
ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ............................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study .................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................... 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.4 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................. 5
1.6 Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 6
1.7 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................ 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Translation Theory ..................................................................................... 8
2.2 The Definition of Translation ..................................................................... 9
2.3 Function of Translation ............................................................................ 11
2.4 Process of translation ............................................................................... 12
2.5 Translation Procedures ............................................................................. 15
2.5.1 Translation Procedures According to Vinay and Darbelnet .............. 16
2.5.1.1 Direct Translation ................................................................. 16
2.5.1.1.1 Borrowing................................................................ 17
2.5.1.1.2 Calque ...................................................................... 18
2.5.1.1.3 Literal Translation ................................................... 19
2.5.1.2 Oblique Translation.............................................................. 20
2.5.1.2.1 Transposition .......................................................... 20
2.5.1.2.2 Modulation ............................................................. 21
2.5.1.2.3 Equivalence ............................................................ 22
2.5.1.2.4 Adaptation .............................................................. 23
2.5.2 Translation Procedures by Machali ................................................ 24
2.5.2.1 Transposition ....................................................................... 24
2.5.2.2 Modulation .......................................................................... 29
2.5.2.3 Adaptation ........................................................................... 30
2.5.2.4 Contextual Equivalence ...................................................... 31
2.5.2.5 Annotated Equivalence ....................................................... 32
2.6 Foklore ..................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................... 34
3.2 Research Materials ................................................................................... 36
3.3 Data Collection ......................................................................................... 38
3.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Research Finding ...................................................................................... 42
4.1.1 Types of Transposition .................................................................... 42
4.1.1.1 A Shift in the Terms of Form ............................................ 43
4.1.1.2 Transposition on Grammatical Structure ........................... 48
4.1.1.3 The Alteration on Rigid Equivalence in Target Language 52
4.1.1.4 Transposition on Lexical Gaps by Using Grammatical
Structure ............................................................................ 58
4.2 Discussion ................................................................................................ 62
4.2.1 Proven Theory of Tranposition based on Machali 2009 ................. 62
4.2.2 The Disparity within Bahasa Indonesia and English on Grammatical
Rule ............................................................................................... 64
4.2.3 The Tendency of Language Used in Folklore ................................. 71
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 73
5.2 Suggestions............................................................................................... 75
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 78
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
The Whole Folklores .......................................................... 82
APPENDIX II Sample of the Collected Data ........................................... 101
APPENDIX III Table of Data Analysis ..................................................... 103
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The process of Translation.............................................................. 12
Figure 2: The Steps of Data Collection .......................................................... 38
Figure 3: The Steps of Data Analysis ............................................................. 40
Figure 4: Class Alteration .............................................................................. 63
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Comparison of Translation Procedures between Vinay &
Darbelnet and Machali ..................................................................... 16
Table 2: Names of Folklore ............................................................................ 37
Table 3: The Classification of Folklore.......................................................... 40
Table 4: The Alteration of Singular and Plural Form .................................... 43
Table 5: The Alteration of Modifier of Noun into Noun Phrase .................... 45
Table 6: The Movement of Noun Phrase Containing A Series of
Adjectives ......................................................................................... 47
Table 7: The Alteration of Position Object .................................................... 49
Table 8: The Alteration of Position Verb ....................................................... 50
Table 9: The Alteration from noun into verb ................................................. 52
Table 10: The Alteration from Noun into an Adjective ................................ 54
Table 11: The Alteration from an Adjective into Noun ................................ 55
Table 12: The Alteration from Verb into Noun ............................................. 56
Table 13: The Alteration from Verb into an Adjective .................................. 57
Table 14: The Use of Lexical Gap –pun ........................................................ 59
Table 15: The Use of Lexical Gap –lah ......................................................... 59
Table 16: A Unit Alteration between Word and Phrase ................................ 61
Motto and Dedication
Motto
“Dan barang siapa yang bertakwa kepada Allah niscaya Allah
menjadikan baginya kemudahan dalam urusannya.”
“And for those who fear Allah, He will make their path easy.”
- At-Thalaaq: 4-
“Be kind of person who appreciates the action, process, and result of
everyone’s work, don’t be single-minded one.”
-Ira-
“Don’t be too serious, put a little sense of humor”
-Ira-
“If you don’t think, then you shouldn’t talk”
-Alice in Wonderland-
DEDICATION
My gorgeous Mother, Father, and
Brother
REFERENCES
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Research in Education (8th ed.). United States of America, USA: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning.
Bassnett, S. (2002) Translation studies. London: Routledge.
Catford. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University
Press.
Espinosa, A. (2014). The Science of Folklore: Aurelio Espinosa on Spain and the
American Southwest. The Journal of American Folklore, 127(506) 448-466.
Folklore, Culture, Language and Translation. Paper read, pp. 1-33.
Glass, G. V., Hopkins, K. D. (1984). Statistical Methods in Education and
Psychology (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Jakobson, R. (1959). ‘On linguistic aspects of translation’, in Venuti, L (ed.)
(2000)1st The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge,
pp. 113-118.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques (2nd revised
ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross
Language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.
Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Machali, R. (2009). Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Ujungberung, Bandung: Kaifa
Macky, A., & Gass, S.M. (2005). Second Language Research: Methodology and
Design. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Munday, J. (2008). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications (2nd
ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Nababan, M.R. (2003). Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar.
Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York:
Prentice Hall International (UK).
Newmark, Peter. (2000). A textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A. & C. R. Taber (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden:
E. J. Brill.
Ordurari, Mahmud. (2007). Translation Procedures, Strategies and Method. Iran:
University Ahwaz.
Prasetyani, N. Y. (2010). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi Kalimat pada Buku
Terjemahan “Fisiologi Kedokteran” oleh Adji Dharma. (Pascasarjana Thesis,
University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Solo). Retrieved from
http://dglib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/15178/Analisis-transposisi-danmodulasi-kalimat-pada-buku-terjemahan-fisiologi-kedokteran-oleh-AdjiDharma
Prasetyo, J. (2011). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi pada Buku Teori Budaya
Terjemahan dari Buku Culture Theory. (Sarjana Thesis, State University of
Semarang, Semarang). Retrieved from
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/lingua/article/view/864
Sauerland, U., Gartner, H. M. (2007). Interfaces + recursion = language? :
Chomsky’s Minimalism and the View from Syntax-Semantics. Berlin: New
York.
Suryawinata, Z., Hariyanto, S. (2003). Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun
Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogayakarta: Kanisius.
Susilawati, L. (2009). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi pada Terjemahan
Petunjuk Pemakaian Produk-Produk Oriflame. (Pascasarjana Thesis,
University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Solo). Retrieved from
http://pasca.uns.ac.id/?p=586
Venuti, Lawrence. (2000). The Translation Studies Readers. London: Routledge.
Vinay, J. P. & J. Darbelnet. (2004). Comparative Stylistics of French and English:
A Methodology for Translation. Hamel, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Widiyantari, Y. (2012). The Strategy to Translate Metaphor. Journal of Translation,
5(1), 57-77.
Wilss, Wolfram. (1977). The Science of Translation Problems and Methods.
Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
Wiratno, T. (2003). Text Deconstruction in English Language Teaching. The 2nd
International Seminar on English Language Studies. Universitas Sanata
Dharma: Yogyakarta.
Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York, London:
The Guilford Press.
Ande-Ande Lumut Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/183-ande-ande-lumut
Ande-Ande Lumut English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/74-ande-ande-lumut
Asal Mula Ikan Duyung Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/123-asal-mula-ikan-duyung
Asal Mula Ikan Duyung English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/43-the-origin-of-mermaid
Asal Mula Upacara Bau Nyale Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/42-Putri-Mandalika-Asal -MulaUpacara-Bau-Nyale-Nusa-Tenggara-Barat
Asal Mula Upacara Bau Nyale English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/41-princess-mandalika-theorigin-of-bau-nyale-festival
Asal Usul Nama Buleleng dan Singaraja Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/109-asal-usul-nama-buleleng-dansingaraja
Asal Usul Nama Buleleng dan Singaraja English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/48-the-origin-of-the-names-ofbuleleng-and-singaraja
Banta Berensyah Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/162-banta-berensyah
Banta Berensyah English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/162-banta-berensyah
Batu Menangis Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/57-batu-menangis
Batu Menangis English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/46-the-crying-stone
Legenda Batu Keramat Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/166-legenda-batu-keramat
Legenda Batu Keramat English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/166-legenda-batu-keramat
Legenda Lau Kawar Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/6-legenda-lau-kawar
Legenda Lau Kawar English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/12-west-sumatra
Legenda Pulau Senua Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/142-legenda-pulau-senua
Legenda Pulau Senua English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/68-the-legend-of-senua-isle
Lutung Kasarung Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/175-lutung-kasarung
Lutung Kasarung English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/80-lutung-kasarung
Putri Serindang Bulan Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/170-putri-serindang-bulan
Putri Serindang Bulan English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/69-putri-serindang-bulan
Rambun Pamenan Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/126-rambun-pamenan
Rambun Pamenan English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/67-rambun-pamenan
Roro Jonggrang Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/151-roro-jonggrang
Roro Jonggrang English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-Rara-Jonggrang-The-Legendof-Prambanan-Temple
Timun Emas English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/73-timun-emas
Timun Emas Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/163-timun-emas
Untung Suropati Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/192-untung-suropati
Untung Suropati English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/71-untung-suropati
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the background of study, the statement of
problem, the purpose of study, the scope and limitation, the significance of
study, and the definition of key terms.
1.1
Background of study
It is well-known that translation is a science which is under
coverage of linguistics. The relationship between translation and linguistics
itself covers some discussions among three classifications toward signs.
The classifications are described by Jakobson (2000), he states three kinds
of translation as follows:
1) Rewording (intralingual translation) is when the translators interpret
verbal signs through other verbal signs belonging to the similar language.
2) Translation proper (interlingual translation) is when the translators
interpret verbal signs through some other languages.
3) Transmutation (intersemiotic translation) is when the translators
interpret verbal signs through signs of nonverbal sign systems.
From those classifications, interlingual translation or translation
proper has the biggest role in translation since it replaces certain code-units
in source language by equivalent code-units in target language. It also
needs an interpretation in defining meaning and sign of target language.
Bearing this in mind, it is essential to be aware of the contradictions among
several major approaches in linguistics to reach a good translation.
1
2
It is dreadfully interesting to have a closer study on translation to
push communication forward. Relying on a basic concept of translation
which is translation procedure is a good start to avoid personal assumption
in rendering source language into target language. Accordingly, translation
procedure is translation strategy which is applied for translating word,
phrase, or sentences that cannot be separated into smaller unit (Suryawinata
and Hariyanto, 2003, p.67). It covers several types including transposition,
modulation, borrowing, calque, literal, etc that assemble into one; no
wonder if one document might encompass one or more translation
procedures.
Throughout several translation procedures, the enthralling one as
researcher’s concern is transposition. The highlight constituents of this term
are that it replaces grammatical structure, word class, as well as sentence
construction to achieve an equivalent translation product. It is likely that
transposition is simply used since the translators are not necessary
exploring their sense in changing point of view or selecting a proper diction
in target language. Additionally, there are some problematical disparities on
language rules since language to language has diverse rubrics as well.
Therefore, the researcher intends to know whether transposition is
workable to overcome this problem or not.
Transposition itself has advantages as well as disadvantages. This
statement is supported by Prasetyo (2011) that translation and modulation
have both features in terms of accuracy and acceptability. Modulation,
3
another translation procedure, is entailing a change in lexical elements and
a shift in the point of view. Meanwhile, he also explains that translation is
more accurate that modulation in translating “Buku Teori Budaya”, on the
contrary, modulation has a higher level of acceptability.
The forms of translation and modulation applied by the translators
impact on translation quality (Susilawati, 2010). It means that if there are
some translation errors, the target language cannot arrive at the equal
readability level to the source language. As stated by Prasetyani (2010), the
use of transposition and modulation influence the readability of translation
product. Some problems especially the ones affected unsuitable readability
of translation are: 1) the use of grammatical structure, 2) some deletion on
word and sentence, 3) the use of inappropriate changing of passive voice
into active voice, etc. The problematical terms above can be solved by
transposition since its functions have indeed relation to those problems. In
short, the existence of transposition cannot be discarded due to its urgency.
Based on the phenomena above, it is essential to point out that
transposition is a topical issue in translation seen from the year of those
studies were conducted. However, none of them analyses transposition in
terms of typology in detailed. Consequently, it leads the researcher to
investigating it, particularly from Bahasa Indonesia into English. The
researcher considers that the typology itself will enrich as well as enlarge a
knowledge of language rules both Bahasa Indonesia and English.
4
In addition, the researcher intends to investigate transposition on
folklores as it is likely that very few studies have been conducted to this
particular genre. Additionally, the treasure of a country is not always in the
form of tangible things, a story or folklores can be the one that is able to be
widely spread among countries. Indonesia is a motherland with various
unique folklores in each region. Folklores commonly turn out to be an
identity of a certain area that has communicative and expressive function.
The glorious and educative values from each folklore are aroused along
with some old culture in every area. Those cultures represented in the
folklores seem to orchestrate to eventually bring up the unique of
Indonesia.
To claim a translator as a great one, it depends on how good and
readable the translation product is. For instance, if there is a job in
translating document from Bahasa Indonesia into English, the translator has
to render it into English sense, not Bahasa Indonesia. Similarly, in
translating folklores, it sounds great when some cultural and moral values
of Bahasa Indonesia’s folklores are altered into English appropriately. At
this point, it is likely that transposition can be a way to equalize both sense.
The message of what source language intended will be delivered easily and
effectively as international in target language. In this case, the researcher is
directed to elaborate the typology of transposition more on folklores.
Overall, it comes to a conclusion that there are still few researches
conducted on transposition in folklores. In this regards, the researcher
5
wants to conduct a research which is entitled “An Analysis on
Transposition Applied in Translating Folklores from Bahasa Indonesia into
English”. The researcher believes that this topic is well-chosen since the
researcher is able to get the knowledge of transposition types in detailed
along with the knowledge of cultural and moral values inside the folklores.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In completing this study, the researcher focuses on transposition
applied in translating the folklores from Bahasa Indonesia into English. In
reference to this point, the researcher would like to put forward the problem
as follow:
∞ What are of transposition types applied in translating the folklores
from Bahasa Indonesia into English?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The problem of this study raises a purpose of study as follow:
∞ To discover transposition types applied in translating the folklores
from Bahasa Indonesia into English.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
This study of translation covers a lot of aspects. It needs to be set in
order to avoid misunderstanding. Considering the identification of problem,
the research focuses on the one point discussion toward four types of
transposition.
The limitation of this study concerns only on folklore of each 15
regions in Indonesia. The regions include East Java, Central Java, West
6
Java, Aceh, DKI Jakarta, Yogyakarta, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau
Island, Bali, Central Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, Papua, West
Kalimantan, and Bengkulu
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to be able to give contribution as linguistic
reference to several circumstances as follows:
∞ English Department Students
Translation is a particular study which is related to some aspects including
language, translation shift, translation strategy, idiom, etc. However, the
first important point to English department students is translation
procedure. In this study, the researcher offers some translation theories and
shows one of translation procedures that has a big role in translation.
Therefore, students are able to enlarge and enrich their knowledge about
translation procedure particularly transposition.
∞ Lecturers
Teaching translation is dealing with the methods, strategies, and
procedures. Based on this research, one of cases in translation is clearly
described toward its type and some supporting theories. Considering that, it
gives contribution to the lecturers in their teaching.
∞ Other Researchers
This research can be references for the following research related to
transposition.
7
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
a. Linguistic is the scientific of human language. (Lyons, 1968).
b. Translation is a way of rendering a source language (SL) text into the
target language (TL) to assure that the main message of the two will be
approximately similar. (Bassnett, 2002, p. 12).
c. Translation Procedure is translation strategy which is applied for
translating word, phrase, or sentences that cannot be separated into
smaller unit (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p. 67).
d. Transposition is a procedure that involves replacing one word class
with another without changing the meaning of the message or sense.
(Vinay & Darbelnet, 2004, p. 132).
e. Folklore or popular knowledge is the accumulated store of what
mankind has experienced, learned, and practiced across the ages as
popular and traditional knowledge, as distinguished from so-called
scientific knowledge (Espinosa, 2014).
FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH
THESIS
by:
IRA AYU ANDRILIA S
201110100311305
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
A STUDY ON TRANSPOSITION APPLIED IN TRANSLATING
FOLKLORES FROM BAHASA INDONESIA INTO ENGLISH
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana
Degree in English Education
by:
IRA AYU ANDRILIA S
201110100311305
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirrabbil‘alamin. The writer gives the best praise and gratitude
to Allah yaa Rabbul Izzati who gives her health, composure, forbearance along this
thesis working. Likewise, praise is also given to Rasul Muhammad SAW as the
fountain of inspiration throughout her life journey.
Along with this accomplished mission “thesis”, the writer would like to
thank to those who contributed in this thesis. Firstly, the writer thanks and
appreciates her first advisor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, M.A. who warmly guides and
supports her to be more cautious on language and a good thinker as well as
analyzer. Moreover, the writer would like to convey an appreciation and thank to
her second advisor, Ms. Nina Inayati, M.Ed. who trains her to expand her critical
thinking patiently. Furthermore, the writer thanks her beloved white campus
“University of Muhammadiyah Malang” for providing great lecturers and courses
that lead her to finish her bachelor degree.
Secondly, her biggest appreciation, salute, and respect are given for her best
partner (mother) Khotimah who is her first teacher and counselor for every action,
for her real boyfriend (father) Herry Suranta Sembiring who always trusts her life
choices, and her dearest brother M. Doni Ferdiansyah Sembiring who makes her
like a walking dictionary wherein it improves her English’s capability. Then, for
all her families, the writer sends uncountable thanks to them every time and
moment.
Third, the writer would like to thank her second parents in Malang Ms.
Sholihatin A-Fath, Mr. Achmad Fathoni, and all Al-Hijrah members who give
religious lesson, support, and guidance. Also, the writer thanks to Menje Agent
(Selvy, Rudy, Wipol, Ulin, Iensi, Bayu and Yosep) for traveling projects to fill her
jaded times in the middle of thesis working. Moreover, the writer sends a special
thanks to Endah, Ajeng, and Ufa for their kindness and support. Morover, for all F
class members especially Aldunate (Khoyyimah), Kiki, Priska, Nia, Tyara, Dana
and other class members Yustin (B class) and Yusrinda (E class), the writer thanks
for the joy and laughter they have brought to these past four years. They are
extremely kind and fun to talk to, not to mention their care and without them, her
Malang experience would be very different.
Finally, the writer expects this study would be advantageous for the readers and
the related individuals who are focusing on translation studies. Hopefully, there
will be an upgrading of translation studies itself along with some researches
conducted in the present and future.
Malang, September 3, 2015
The Writer,
Ira Ayu Andrilia S.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL ................................................................................................... iii
LEGALIZATION.......................................................................................... iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ...................................................................... v
ORIGINALITY DECLARATION ............................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. xi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study .................................................................................. 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................... 5
1.3 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.4 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................. 5
1.6 Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 6
1.7 Definition of Key Terms ............................................................................ 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Translation Theory ..................................................................................... 8
2.2 The Definition of Translation ..................................................................... 9
2.3 Function of Translation ............................................................................ 11
2.4 Process of translation ............................................................................... 12
2.5 Translation Procedures ............................................................................. 15
2.5.1 Translation Procedures According to Vinay and Darbelnet .............. 16
2.5.1.1 Direct Translation ................................................................. 16
2.5.1.1.1 Borrowing................................................................ 17
2.5.1.1.2 Calque ...................................................................... 18
2.5.1.1.3 Literal Translation ................................................... 19
2.5.1.2 Oblique Translation.............................................................. 20
2.5.1.2.1 Transposition .......................................................... 20
2.5.1.2.2 Modulation ............................................................. 21
2.5.1.2.3 Equivalence ............................................................ 22
2.5.1.2.4 Adaptation .............................................................. 23
2.5.2 Translation Procedures by Machali ................................................ 24
2.5.2.1 Transposition ....................................................................... 24
2.5.2.2 Modulation .......................................................................... 29
2.5.2.3 Adaptation ........................................................................... 30
2.5.2.4 Contextual Equivalence ...................................................... 31
2.5.2.5 Annotated Equivalence ....................................................... 32
2.6 Foklore ..................................................................................................... 32
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ....................................................................................... 34
3.2 Research Materials ................................................................................... 36
3.3 Data Collection ......................................................................................... 38
3.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Research Finding ...................................................................................... 42
4.1.1 Types of Transposition .................................................................... 42
4.1.1.1 A Shift in the Terms of Form ............................................ 43
4.1.1.2 Transposition on Grammatical Structure ........................... 48
4.1.1.3 The Alteration on Rigid Equivalence in Target Language 52
4.1.1.4 Transposition on Lexical Gaps by Using Grammatical
Structure ............................................................................ 58
4.2 Discussion ................................................................................................ 62
4.2.1 Proven Theory of Tranposition based on Machali 2009 ................. 62
4.2.2 The Disparity within Bahasa Indonesia and English on Grammatical
Rule ............................................................................................... 64
4.2.3 The Tendency of Language Used in Folklore ................................. 71
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 73
5.2 Suggestions............................................................................................... 75
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 78
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
The Whole Folklores .......................................................... 82
APPENDIX II Sample of the Collected Data ........................................... 101
APPENDIX III Table of Data Analysis ..................................................... 103
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The process of Translation.............................................................. 12
Figure 2: The Steps of Data Collection .......................................................... 38
Figure 3: The Steps of Data Analysis ............................................................. 40
Figure 4: Class Alteration .............................................................................. 63
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The Comparison of Translation Procedures between Vinay &
Darbelnet and Machali ..................................................................... 16
Table 2: Names of Folklore ............................................................................ 37
Table 3: The Classification of Folklore.......................................................... 40
Table 4: The Alteration of Singular and Plural Form .................................... 43
Table 5: The Alteration of Modifier of Noun into Noun Phrase .................... 45
Table 6: The Movement of Noun Phrase Containing A Series of
Adjectives ......................................................................................... 47
Table 7: The Alteration of Position Object .................................................... 49
Table 8: The Alteration of Position Verb ....................................................... 50
Table 9: The Alteration from noun into verb ................................................. 52
Table 10: The Alteration from Noun into an Adjective ................................ 54
Table 11: The Alteration from an Adjective into Noun ................................ 55
Table 12: The Alteration from Verb into Noun ............................................. 56
Table 13: The Alteration from Verb into an Adjective .................................. 57
Table 14: The Use of Lexical Gap –pun ........................................................ 59
Table 15: The Use of Lexical Gap –lah ......................................................... 59
Table 16: A Unit Alteration between Word and Phrase ................................ 61
Motto and Dedication
Motto
“Dan barang siapa yang bertakwa kepada Allah niscaya Allah
menjadikan baginya kemudahan dalam urusannya.”
“And for those who fear Allah, He will make their path easy.”
- At-Thalaaq: 4-
“Be kind of person who appreciates the action, process, and result of
everyone’s work, don’t be single-minded one.”
-Ira-
“Don’t be too serious, put a little sense of humor”
-Ira-
“If you don’t think, then you shouldn’t talk”
-Alice in Wonderland-
DEDICATION
My gorgeous Mother, Father, and
Brother
REFERENCES
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Research in Education (8th ed.). United States of America, USA: Wadsworth
Cengage Learning.
Bassnett, S. (2002) Translation studies. London: Routledge.
Catford. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University
Press.
Espinosa, A. (2014). The Science of Folklore: Aurelio Espinosa on Spain and the
American Southwest. The Journal of American Folklore, 127(506) 448-466.
Folklore, Culture, Language and Translation. Paper read, pp. 1-33.
Glass, G. V., Hopkins, K. D. (1984). Statistical Methods in Education and
Psychology (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Jakobson, R. (1959). ‘On linguistic aspects of translation’, in Venuti, L (ed.)
(2000)1st The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge,
pp. 113-118.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques (2nd revised
ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross
Language Equivalence. Lanham: University Press of America.
Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Machali, R. (2009). Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Ujungberung, Bandung: Kaifa
Macky, A., & Gass, S.M. (2005). Second Language Research: Methodology and
Design. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Munday, J. (2008). Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications (2nd
ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Nababan, M.R. (2003). Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar.
Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York:
Prentice Hall International (UK).
Newmark, Peter. (2000). A textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall.
Nida, E. A. & C. R. Taber (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden:
E. J. Brill.
Ordurari, Mahmud. (2007). Translation Procedures, Strategies and Method. Iran:
University Ahwaz.
Prasetyani, N. Y. (2010). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi Kalimat pada Buku
Terjemahan “Fisiologi Kedokteran” oleh Adji Dharma. (Pascasarjana Thesis,
University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Solo). Retrieved from
http://dglib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/15178/Analisis-transposisi-danmodulasi-kalimat-pada-buku-terjemahan-fisiologi-kedokteran-oleh-AdjiDharma
Prasetyo, J. (2011). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi pada Buku Teori Budaya
Terjemahan dari Buku Culture Theory. (Sarjana Thesis, State University of
Semarang, Semarang). Retrieved from
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/lingua/article/view/864
Sauerland, U., Gartner, H. M. (2007). Interfaces + recursion = language? :
Chomsky’s Minimalism and the View from Syntax-Semantics. Berlin: New
York.
Suryawinata, Z., Hariyanto, S. (2003). Translation: Bahasa Teori dan Penuntun
Praktis Menerjemahkan. Yogayakarta: Kanisius.
Susilawati, L. (2009). Analisis Transposisi dan Modulasi pada Terjemahan
Petunjuk Pemakaian Produk-Produk Oriflame. (Pascasarjana Thesis,
University of Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Solo). Retrieved from
http://pasca.uns.ac.id/?p=586
Venuti, Lawrence. (2000). The Translation Studies Readers. London: Routledge.
Vinay, J. P. & J. Darbelnet. (2004). Comparative Stylistics of French and English:
A Methodology for Translation. Hamel, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Widiyantari, Y. (2012). The Strategy to Translate Metaphor. Journal of Translation,
5(1), 57-77.
Wilss, Wolfram. (1977). The Science of Translation Problems and Methods.
Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
Wiratno, T. (2003). Text Deconstruction in English Language Teaching. The 2nd
International Seminar on English Language Studies. Universitas Sanata
Dharma: Yogyakarta.
Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York, London:
The Guilford Press.
Ande-Ande Lumut Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/183-ande-ande-lumut
Ande-Ande Lumut English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/74-ande-ande-lumut
Asal Mula Ikan Duyung Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/123-asal-mula-ikan-duyung
Asal Mula Ikan Duyung English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/43-the-origin-of-mermaid
Asal Mula Upacara Bau Nyale Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/42-Putri-Mandalika-Asal -MulaUpacara-Bau-Nyale-Nusa-Tenggara-Barat
Asal Mula Upacara Bau Nyale English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/41-princess-mandalika-theorigin-of-bau-nyale-festival
Asal Usul Nama Buleleng dan Singaraja Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/109-asal-usul-nama-buleleng-dansingaraja
Asal Usul Nama Buleleng dan Singaraja English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/48-the-origin-of-the-names-ofbuleleng-and-singaraja
Banta Berensyah Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/162-banta-berensyah
Banta Berensyah English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/162-banta-berensyah
Batu Menangis Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/57-batu-menangis
Batu Menangis English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/46-the-crying-stone
Legenda Batu Keramat Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/166-legenda-batu-keramat
Legenda Batu Keramat English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/166-legenda-batu-keramat
Legenda Lau Kawar Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/6-legenda-lau-kawar
Legenda Lau Kawar English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/12-west-sumatra
Legenda Pulau Senua Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/142-legenda-pulau-senua
Legenda Pulau Senua English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/68-the-legend-of-senua-isle
Lutung Kasarung Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/175-lutung-kasarung
Lutung Kasarung English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/80-lutung-kasarung
Putri Serindang Bulan Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/170-putri-serindang-bulan
Putri Serindang Bulan English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/69-putri-serindang-bulan
Rambun Pamenan Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/126-rambun-pamenan
Rambun Pamenan English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/67-rambun-pamenan
Roro Jonggrang Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/151-roro-jonggrang
Roro Jonggrang English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/82-Rara-Jonggrang-The-Legendof-Prambanan-Temple
Timun Emas English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/73-timun-emas
Timun Emas Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/163-timun-emas
Untung Suropati Bahasa Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/id/folklore/192-untung-suropati
Untung Suropati English Version. Retrieved from
http://ceritarakyatnusantara.com/en/folklore/71-untung-suropati
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the background of study, the statement of
problem, the purpose of study, the scope and limitation, the significance of
study, and the definition of key terms.
1.1
Background of study
It is well-known that translation is a science which is under
coverage of linguistics. The relationship between translation and linguistics
itself covers some discussions among three classifications toward signs.
The classifications are described by Jakobson (2000), he states three kinds
of translation as follows:
1) Rewording (intralingual translation) is when the translators interpret
verbal signs through other verbal signs belonging to the similar language.
2) Translation proper (interlingual translation) is when the translators
interpret verbal signs through some other languages.
3) Transmutation (intersemiotic translation) is when the translators
interpret verbal signs through signs of nonverbal sign systems.
From those classifications, interlingual translation or translation
proper has the biggest role in translation since it replaces certain code-units
in source language by equivalent code-units in target language. It also
needs an interpretation in defining meaning and sign of target language.
Bearing this in mind, it is essential to be aware of the contradictions among
several major approaches in linguistics to reach a good translation.
1
2
It is dreadfully interesting to have a closer study on translation to
push communication forward. Relying on a basic concept of translation
which is translation procedure is a good start to avoid personal assumption
in rendering source language into target language. Accordingly, translation
procedure is translation strategy which is applied for translating word,
phrase, or sentences that cannot be separated into smaller unit (Suryawinata
and Hariyanto, 2003, p.67). It covers several types including transposition,
modulation, borrowing, calque, literal, etc that assemble into one; no
wonder if one document might encompass one or more translation
procedures.
Throughout several translation procedures, the enthralling one as
researcher’s concern is transposition. The highlight constituents of this term
are that it replaces grammatical structure, word class, as well as sentence
construction to achieve an equivalent translation product. It is likely that
transposition is simply used since the translators are not necessary
exploring their sense in changing point of view or selecting a proper diction
in target language. Additionally, there are some problematical disparities on
language rules since language to language has diverse rubrics as well.
Therefore, the researcher intends to know whether transposition is
workable to overcome this problem or not.
Transposition itself has advantages as well as disadvantages. This
statement is supported by Prasetyo (2011) that translation and modulation
have both features in terms of accuracy and acceptability. Modulation,
3
another translation procedure, is entailing a change in lexical elements and
a shift in the point of view. Meanwhile, he also explains that translation is
more accurate that modulation in translating “Buku Teori Budaya”, on the
contrary, modulation has a higher level of acceptability.
The forms of translation and modulation applied by the translators
impact on translation quality (Susilawati, 2010). It means that if there are
some translation errors, the target language cannot arrive at the equal
readability level to the source language. As stated by Prasetyani (2010), the
use of transposition and modulation influence the readability of translation
product. Some problems especially the ones affected unsuitable readability
of translation are: 1) the use of grammatical structure, 2) some deletion on
word and sentence, 3) the use of inappropriate changing of passive voice
into active voice, etc. The problematical terms above can be solved by
transposition since its functions have indeed relation to those problems. In
short, the existence of transposition cannot be discarded due to its urgency.
Based on the phenomena above, it is essential to point out that
transposition is a topical issue in translation seen from the year of those
studies were conducted. However, none of them analyses transposition in
terms of typology in detailed. Consequently, it leads the researcher to
investigating it, particularly from Bahasa Indonesia into English. The
researcher considers that the typology itself will enrich as well as enlarge a
knowledge of language rules both Bahasa Indonesia and English.
4
In addition, the researcher intends to investigate transposition on
folklores as it is likely that very few studies have been conducted to this
particular genre. Additionally, the treasure of a country is not always in the
form of tangible things, a story or folklores can be the one that is able to be
widely spread among countries. Indonesia is a motherland with various
unique folklores in each region. Folklores commonly turn out to be an
identity of a certain area that has communicative and expressive function.
The glorious and educative values from each folklore are aroused along
with some old culture in every area. Those cultures represented in the
folklores seem to orchestrate to eventually bring up the unique of
Indonesia.
To claim a translator as a great one, it depends on how good and
readable the translation product is. For instance, if there is a job in
translating document from Bahasa Indonesia into English, the translator has
to render it into English sense, not Bahasa Indonesia. Similarly, in
translating folklores, it sounds great when some cultural and moral values
of Bahasa Indonesia’s folklores are altered into English appropriately. At
this point, it is likely that transposition can be a way to equalize both sense.
The message of what source language intended will be delivered easily and
effectively as international in target language. In this case, the researcher is
directed to elaborate the typology of transposition more on folklores.
Overall, it comes to a conclusion that there are still few researches
conducted on transposition in folklores. In this regards, the researcher
5
wants to conduct a research which is entitled “An Analysis on
Transposition Applied in Translating Folklores from Bahasa Indonesia into
English”. The researcher believes that this topic is well-chosen since the
researcher is able to get the knowledge of transposition types in detailed
along with the knowledge of cultural and moral values inside the folklores.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In completing this study, the researcher focuses on transposition
applied in translating the folklores from Bahasa Indonesia into English. In
reference to this point, the researcher would like to put forward the problem
as follow:
∞ What are of transposition types applied in translating the folklores
from Bahasa Indonesia into English?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The problem of this study raises a purpose of study as follow:
∞ To discover transposition types applied in translating the folklores
from Bahasa Indonesia into English.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
This study of translation covers a lot of aspects. It needs to be set in
order to avoid misunderstanding. Considering the identification of problem,
the research focuses on the one point discussion toward four types of
transposition.
The limitation of this study concerns only on folklore of each 15
regions in Indonesia. The regions include East Java, Central Java, West
6
Java, Aceh, DKI Jakarta, Yogyakarta, North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau
Island, Bali, Central Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, Papua, West
Kalimantan, and Bengkulu
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research is expected to be able to give contribution as linguistic
reference to several circumstances as follows:
∞ English Department Students
Translation is a particular study which is related to some aspects including
language, translation shift, translation strategy, idiom, etc. However, the
first important point to English department students is translation
procedure. In this study, the researcher offers some translation theories and
shows one of translation procedures that has a big role in translation.
Therefore, students are able to enlarge and enrich their knowledge about
translation procedure particularly transposition.
∞ Lecturers
Teaching translation is dealing with the methods, strategies, and
procedures. Based on this research, one of cases in translation is clearly
described toward its type and some supporting theories. Considering that, it
gives contribution to the lecturers in their teaching.
∞ Other Researchers
This research can be references for the following research related to
transposition.
7
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
a. Linguistic is the scientific of human language. (Lyons, 1968).
b. Translation is a way of rendering a source language (SL) text into the
target language (TL) to assure that the main message of the two will be
approximately similar. (Bassnett, 2002, p. 12).
c. Translation Procedure is translation strategy which is applied for
translating word, phrase, or sentences that cannot be separated into
smaller unit (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p. 67).
d. Transposition is a procedure that involves replacing one word class
with another without changing the meaning of the message or sense.
(Vinay & Darbelnet, 2004, p. 132).
e. Folklore or popular knowledge is the accumulated store of what
mankind has experienced, learned, and practiced across the ages as
popular and traditional knowledge, as distinguished from so-called
scientific knowledge (Espinosa, 2014).