51
syllable articulation was important to make speech or word understandable. Using contractions most can make learners misunderstand and difficult to get meaning
of speech or conversation.
4.2.3 Use of nouns rather than pronouns
Noun is a word used to indicate a person, thing, place or idea. These are clearly enough to understand. So, pronouns are used in place of nouns in a
sentence so that the noun is not repeated. It might make the learner think more than when heshe listen the nouns.
The native speaker used nouns rather than pronouns when he talked to non native speaker especially in learning. In giving input The native speaker must
speak clearly. By simple input, it is easier for the learner to understand what the teacher said. The use of nouns rather than pronouns is one of the features in
teacher talk. The example of the use of nouns rather than pronouns of simple inputs can be seen more clearly in the following
Excerpt 10 “ , , , Rule Number 2, rule number two is a surprise for many people,
Rule number two is simple , , , when you study grammar rules, when you
focus on grammar rules, you focus on analysing English , , , .
” Video I There are 2 utterances found in excerpt 10, they
are “Rule Number 2, rule number two is a surprise for many people, Rule number two is simple
” and “when you study grammar rules, when you focus on grammar rules
”. The first in the word
s “Rule Number two”, repeated in the next sentence without substituting it, the second phrase
“grammar rules” is also repeated in the next sentences without
52
using pronoun to substitute it. The modifications might appear in terms of making grammatical relationship more explicit, using less pre-verb modifications, etc.
These teachers use present verbs more than non-present verbs. Using nouns rather than pronouns can make the learner understand clearly enough what the native
speaker said.
Excerpt 11 “ , , , Rule number 4 is also very important. Rule number 4, again, is very
simple, and it is this: Learn deeply. Deep learning, , , So youre constantly going very fast, so you never mastered the past tense. You did not learn
the past tense
deeply, deeply, deeply like a native speaker, , , . ” Video II
In this video A.J Hoge used two utterances which used nouns rather than pronoun, firstly the phrase
“Rule number 4” in his utterance “Rule number 4 is also very important. Rule number 4, again, is very simple
”. Secondly, the prase “the past tense”. That phrase is repeated in the next sentence. In lexical use,
moreover, modifications are in the forms of using restricted vocabulary size, replacing difficult items with more frequently occurring ones, using fewer pro-
forms, and repeating words.
Excerpt 12
“ , , , The way of the superior Man, by David Deida, his last name is D-e-i-d-a. David Deida
, another very interesting book. I‟m trying to introducing you to a lot
of interesting books , , , t
he point is, every body has fear. So, he‟s saying that you
have to live with your fear. You have to see your fear. You have to recognize it. You have to welcome it. You have to accept it , , , every one has fear. All men and
woman have fear , , , .
” Audio
In excerpt 12, the researcher found 3 utterances, they are “David Deida” it
is a person‟s name, actually it can be changed to pronoun “He”. Secondly, the
53
phrase
“your fear” in “You have to live with your fear. You have to see your fear.
The phrase “your fear” can be substited with pronoun “that”. The last, the word
“fear” is also repeated in the next sentences without using pronoun to substitute it. By the use of nouns rather than pronouns is expected that the utterance can be
understood clearly. Thus, learners can easily understand the speech. Using pronouns is more difficult to understand because of the lack of recognizing word
boundaries.
4.2.4. Shorter sentences with simple grammar
