4.1.3.1 Turning direction to right side 41
4.1.3.2 Turning direction to left side 43
4.1.4 Experiment 4: Tracking Control of Follower Robot for Moving Leader Robot
45
4.1.4.1 Straight Line Trajectory 46
4.1.4.2 Straight Line Trajectory With Obstacles 48
4.1.4.3 S-shape Trajectory 50
4.1.4.4 S-shape Trajectory With Obstacles 52
4.1.4.5 U-shape Trajectory 54
4.1.4.6 U-shape Trajectory With Obstacles 56
4.1.4.7 Zigzag Trajectory 58
4.1.4.8 Zigzag Trajectory With Obstacles 60
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
62
5.1 Conclusion and Future Work 62
REFERENCE 63
APPENDICES 65
Appendix A – Gannt Chart for FYP 1 and FYP 2 66
Appendix B – Ultrasonic Sensor 67
Appendix C – Infrared Sensor 70
Appendix D – Program in Follower Robot 72
Appendix E – Tables 76
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE
Table 2.1 Comparison of overall criteria 12
Table 2.2 Comparison of sensor used 13
Table 3.1 Comparison between DC, Stepper and Servo Motor 20
Table 3.2 Product specification from its datasheet 21
Table 4.1 Sensitivity of infrared sensors 33
Table 4.2 Angle of detection by the infrared sensors 36
Table 4.3 Effective angles of ultrasonic sensor 39
Table 4.4 Right side angles obtained with different time 41
Table 4.5 Left side angles obtained with different time 43
Table 4.6 Summarize data of root mean square error for all the trajectories 45
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE
PAGE Figure 1.1
Fatalities in Mineral Exploration in Canada 1980 – 2012 2
Figure 2.1 Pioneer 2DX Mobile Robots
5 Figure 2.2
Block diagram of the infrared location system 7
Figure 2.3 The actual system and the illustration of mechanics
7 Figure 2.4
Occupancy grid for the sonar data 9
Figure 2.5 The X80 Robot
10 Figure 2.6
IR sensors on X80 Robot 10
Figure 2.7 YAMABICO robot
11 Figure 3.1
Overview of the whole project 16
Figure 3.2 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04
18 Figure 3.3
Infrared Sensor Sharp GP2Y0A21 19
Figure 3.4 Arduino Uno
20 Figure 3.5
Micro Metal Gearmotor 21
Figure 3.6 Aluminium Chassis
22 Figure 3.7
2Amp Motor Driver Shield 22
Figure 3.8 Top view of mobile robot
23 Figure 3.9
Front view of mobile robot 24
Figure 3.10 Side view of mobile robot 24
Figure 3.11 Back view of mobile robot 25
Figure 3.12 The experimental setup for sensitivity test 27
Figure 3.13 The experimental setup for angle detection 27
Figure 3.14 The experimental setup for determine effective angles of ultrasonic sensor.
28 Figure 3.15 The experimental setup for turning right side
29 Figure 3.16 The experimental setup for turning left side
30 Figure 4.1
Graph of sensitivity of the IR sensor when object at different distance
34
Figure 4.2 Graph of angle against voltage
37 Figure 4.3
Graph of angle against average distance from ultrasonic sensor 40
Figure 4.4 Graph of average angle against length of time for turning right
side 42
Figure 4.5 Graph of average angle against length of time for turning left
side 44
Figure 4.6 Trajectory in straight line
46 Figure 4.7
General view of graphical form of trajectory in straight line 47
Figure 4.8 Zoom in view of graphical form in straight line trajectory
47 Figure 4.9
Trajectory in straight line with obstacles 48
Figure 4.10 General view of graphical form of trajectory in straight line with obstacles
49 Figure 4.11 General view of graphical form of trajectory in straight line
with obstacles 49
Figure 4.12 Trajectory in S-shape 50
Figure 4.13 Graphical form of trajectory in S-shape 51
Figure 4.14 Trajectory in S-shape with obstacles 52
Figure 4.15 Graphical form of trajectory in S-shape with obstacles 53
Figure 4.16 Trajectory in U-shape 54
Figure 4.17 Graphical form of trajectory in U-shape 55
Figure 4.18 Trajectory in U-shape with obstacles 56
Figure 4.19 Graphical form of trajectory in U-shape with obstacles 57
Figure 4.20 Trajectory in Zigzag 58
Figure 4.21 Graphical form of trajectory in Zigzag 59
Figure 4.22 Trajectory in Zigzag with obstacles 60
Figure 4.23 Graphical form of trajectory in Zigzag with obstacles 61
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Gannt Chart for FYP 1 and Gannt Chart for FYP 2
66 B
Ultrasonic Sensor 67
C Infrared Sensor
70 D
Program in Follower Robot 72
E Tables
76
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Motivation
