vi
CONTENTS
Page Sheet of Agreement
i Biography
ii Abstract
iii Preface
iv Contents
vi List of Figure
ix List of Table
x List of Appendix
xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background
1 1.2.
Problem Identification 8
1.3. Problem Limitation
9 1.4.
Problem Formulation 9
1.5. Research Objectives
10 1.6.
Research Benefits 10
1.7. Operational Definitions
11 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.1. Theoretical Framework
12 2.1.1.
Mathematical Problems 12
2.1.2. Mathematical Problem Solving
13 2.1.3.
Mathematical Problem Solving Ability 15
2.2. Learning Approach
16 2.3.
Contextual Teaching and Learning CTL Approach 17
2.3.1. The Syntax of Contextual Teaching and Learning
18 2.3.2.
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Contextual Teaching 20 and Learning
2.4. Classroom Action Research CAR
21 2.4.1.
The Roles of Classroom Action Research for Teacher 21
2.4.2. Characteristic of Classroom Action Research
22 2.4.3.
The Purpose of Classroom Action Research 22
2.4.4. The Benefit of Classroom Action Research
23 2.5.
Learning Theory Support 23
2.6. Virtual Manipulative
24 2.7.
Content Materials 25
2.8. Relevant Research
29
vii
2.9. Conceptual Framework
30 2.10.
Hypothesis 31
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
3.1. Type of Research
32 3.2.
Location and Time of Research 32
3.3. Subject and Object of Research
32 3.3.1. Subject of Research
32 3.3.2. Object of Research
32 3.4.
Research Procedure 32
3.4.1 CYCLE I
33 3.4.1.1. Problem I
33 3.4.1.2. Action Plan I
34 3.4.1.3.Implementation I
34 3.4.1.4. Observation I
35 3.4.1.5. Data Analysis I
35 3.4.1.6.Reflection I
35 3.4.2
CYCLE II 38
3.4.2.1 Action Plan II
38 3.4.2.2
Implementation II 39
3.4.2.3 Observation II
39 3.4.2.4
Data Analysis II 40
3.4.2.5 Reflection II
40 3.5.
Data Collection Instruments 43
3.5.1. Test
43 3.5.1.1. Initial test of Problem Solving Ability
43 3.5.1.2. Mathematics Problem Solving Ability
44 3.5.2.
Non Test 47
3.6. Data Resources
48 3.7.
Data Analysis Technique 48
3.7.1. Data Reduction
49 3.7.2.
Data Interpretation 49
3.7.3. Conclusion
52 3.8.
Indicator of Success 52
viii
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
53
4.1 Result of Research
53 4.1.1
Description of Initial Test Result 53
4.1.2 Description of Action Research Cycle I
55 4.1.3
Description of Action Research Cycle II 67
4.2 Research Findings
78 4.3
Discussion of Research 78
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
80
5.1 Conclusion
80 5.2
Suggestion 81
REFERENCES 82
APPENDIX 85
DOCUMENTATION OF RESEARCH 177
x
LIST OF TABLE
Page Table 1.1
Table of Preliminary Diagnostic Test Table 2.1
The Syntax of Contextual Teaching and Learning Table 3.1
Table of Reflection I Table 3.2
Table of Reflection II Table 3.3
Blueprint of Initial Test of Problem Solving Ability Table 3.4 Blueprint of Problem Solving Test I
Table 3.5 Blueprint of Problem Solving Test II
Table 3.6 Guidance Scoring Mathematical Problem Solving Ability
6 18
36 40
44 45
45 46
Table 3.7 List of Interval Score and Predicate
Table 3.8 Interpretation of Gain Normalization
Table 3.9 Criteria of Average Assessment Table 4.1
Initial Test Result Table 4.2
The Result of Problem Solving Ability Test I Table 4.3
Description of Observation Teacher’s Activity in First Cycle
Table 4.4 Description of Observation Student’s Activity in First
Cycle Table 4.5
The Result of Cycle I Table 4.6
Result Test of Problem Solving Ability II Table 4.7
Description of Observation Teacher’s Activity in Second Cycle
Table 4.8 Description of Observation
Student’s Activity in Second Cycle
Table 4.9 Increasing Criteria of Students’ Problem Solving Ability
Table 4.10 The Result of Cycle II
50 51
51 54
57 59
60
65 70
72
73
75 76
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
