THE SEXISM IN JANE AUSTENS’S PRIDE AND PREJUDICE.
THE SEXISM IN JANE AUSTEN’S PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
WIRA BUANA MANALU
Registration Number: 2123220040
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
Praise the Lord, Jesus Christ for the mercy and the people who already
supporting the writer during his academic years in English and Literature
Department Faculty of Language and Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in
completing the thesis. Therefore, the writer would like to express his gratitude and
special thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M. Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and
Arts, State University of Medan.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M. Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department.
4. Syamsul Bahri, S. S., M. Hum., the Head of English Literature
program.
5. Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S., the first Advisor of the writer for
her best supports, corrections, suggestions, and comments during
accomplished this thesis.
6. Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M. Pd., the second Advisor of the writer
for his best guidance, supports, and corrections.
7. Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas, M. Hum., the Examiner for his
great advice, suggestions and corrections.
8. Prof. Dr. Zainuddin, DIP. TEFL., M. Hum., the Examiner for the
best corrections, comments, and time.
9. All the Lectures of English and Literature Department during his
academic year at State University of Medan who had given a great
knowledge and experience to the writer.
10. Eis Sri Wahyuni, M. Pd., the administration of English and Literture
Department who had helped the writer to complete the files to
complete this thesis.
iii
11. Sahat Manalu and Nelly Mart Pasaribu, his beloved parents who
had gave the writer so much love, pray, support, inspiration and
motivation.
12. Desi Ratna Sari Manalu and Junior Dio Manalu, his sister and
brother for their support, pray and their laugh.
13. His best PKK and KTB in PETRA SG (Bang Radius, Bang Hasian,
Kak Fenny, Putri Sembiring and Maria Situmorang)
14. His beloved KK Zefanya LGLP (Maria, Sevenra, Donna, Stevan,
Royanti, Lestari), KK SemuT (Mei, Melda, Evrin, Octa, Lastri,
Lisa, Pidelys), KK Domusavera (Benny, Benedict, Betty, Dumora,
Lasma, Gloria).
15. His beloved friends, brothers and sisters in Koord. Berenergi 2014
(Kak Evi, Kak Ria, Kak Ira, Kak Lea, Kak Vera, Kak Lisbet),
Koord. UP FBS 2015 (Bang Wilson, Kak Lewi, Kak Mesa,
Wemmy, Kak Evi U, Kak Nova, Kak Ester, Kak Mey, Kak Basa,
Kak Mei P, Kak Shanny, Kak Jelita, Kak Pesta, Aguni), Koord.
HuHa 2016 (Maria Betty, Wantika, Rita, Janwar, Gyo Vanny
Rika), PMK TPPM (Bang Janri, Hariati, Inra, Kak Winda,
Nanda, Harley, Okto, Adel, Leo, Irma, Sari, Bang Tian, Bang
Juppa, Bang Tohap) and all his bestfriend in PERKANTAS,
UKMKP and UKMKP UP FBS.
16. His besties Sixties (Gatot Tampubolon, Anggen Tampubolon,
Hendro Simamora, Edo Sinaga, and Shindy Tarigan)
17. All of his beloved friend of English Literature A, B and C 2012.
Medan,
March 2017
The Writer
Wira Buana Manalu
Reg. No. 2123220040
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURE ........................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1
A. The Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
B. The Problem of the Study................................................................................. 7
C. The Objective of The Study ............................................................................. 8
D. The Scope of The Study ................................................................................... 8
E. The Significance of The Study ......................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................................................. 9
A. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 9
1. Sociolinguistics ......................................................................................... 9
2. Sexism ...................................................................................................... 11
a. Gender and Language .......................................................................... 12
b. Sexist Language .................................................................................. 13
c. Types of Sexist Language .................................................................... 13
3. Novel ........................................................................................................ 16
4. Pride and Prejudice Summary.................................................................... 21
5. Jane Austen Biography .............................................................................. 28
B. Relevant Study .............................................................................................. 33
v
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD .................................................................... 35
A. Research Method ............................................................................................. 35
B. The Source of The Data ................................................................................... 35
C. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................................................... 36
D. The Technique of Analyzing The Data ............................................................. 36
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................... 37
A. The Data ............................................................................................................. 37
B. The Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 37
1. The Types of Sexist Language ...................................................................... 37
a. English Metaphors ................................................................................... 37
b. Marked and Unmarked ............................................................................ 40
c. Generalizations ....................................................................................... 43
2. The Discrimination of The Sex ...................................................................... 45
C. Research Findings .............................................................................................. 47
D. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................................. 50
A. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 50
B. Suggetions .......................................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 52
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................ 54
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 88
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Types of Sexist Language ............................................................................. 44
Table 4.2 Sexist Language on Women ......................................................................... 45
Table 4.3 Sexist Language on Men ............................................................................... 46
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Narrative Text Diagram .............................................................................. 18
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................... 54
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................... 88
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Types of Sexist Language ............................................................................. 44
Table 4.2 Sexist Language on Women ......................................................................... 45
Table 4.3 Sexist Language on Men ............................................................................... 46
vii
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................ 54
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 88
ix
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
Language is used by human being to build a communication where language is
used to express thought, emotions and feeling. Language can be influenced by
some factors, one of them is society. Society as the place of every human to
interact is the place where language develop. As known, in the society will be
founded the social class, sex, education and race which are influence language as
strong as language itself, and the strongest one is sex.
The study of language and society is discussed on the sociolinguistics.
Language which is used in the society will be developed. The developing of
languages in the society can change and give variations of language, and this is
learned on the sociolinguistic. Sumarsono (2002:1) says that sociolinguistic is the
study of language which is connected to the society conditions (especially in the
society of the social life).
There are two sexes which are acceptable on the society, they are women and
men. The differences of the two sexes are holding the development of language
tightly because it is a fundamental fact of human life and it is not surprising to
find them reflected language (Fasold, 1990:115).
Sex and gender is not same, where sex is something that human born with, it
is the nature of the human being and it is biologically. Sex is classified into
women and men, and the status of women and men can‟t be separated from the
human being itself. In the other side, gender is the social construction, where the
1
2
status of women and men changes into female/feminine and male/masculine.
Gender construct the „women‟ and „men‟ status based on the attitude of the
human being itself, for example: a men can be said as a feminine because of the
attitude of the men was dominantly women alike.
The differences of sex ar influenced the reflection of the sex in the language,
where the differences also make the reflection of the sex in the society. This is a
problem which is can be found on the society, where because of the sex, language
can be discriminated one of the sexes. The discrimination of sex by the language
in the society is known as sexism.
Sexism is the society phenomenon that can be founded in the society
activities. Sexism can be happened in language, culture, and literary work. There
are many researches that is held in culture, language, and literary work where all
of them is used to prove the existence of sexism on them and to prove the equality
of sex in the society view.
The first one is a research about sexism in language can be found in the
journal entitled Sexism in Language, conducted by Xiolan Lei in 2006. There, he
found that there are some words that are used to discriminate sex, and dominantly
– almost, it is discriminated women. The sexism in Xiolan research is found by
the sexist attitude, where sexist is the judgment attitude based on the sex, so the
point of view of sexist is not the attitude or the kindness, but focused on the sex.
He concluded that sexism is social problem that must be solved so the
discriminates of sex will be end.
3
Secondly, the research about sexism in culture is conducted by Nancy IkariaMaina, she explains her journal with the title Linguistic Sexism: A Case of Gikuyu
Language Discourse in Kenya. This research focused on how the patriarchal
culture that is consisted in Gikuyu language discriminates the one of the sex. Her
research tries to find how the culture influences the language, in this case
discriminates one of the sex, is women.
She found that there are any
discriminations of sex in Gikuyu language, where she concluded it from what she
found in Gikuyu language. Gikuyu language can be said as sexist because in the
structural of the language and the word is indicated the discrimination of one sex
that is women.
Sexism is not only found in culture and language, but both of the research will
be connected to the sexism found in literary works. There are so many kinds of
literary work. In this case the literary work will be specified into novel. One of the
researches of sexism in a novel is conducted by Octavia Tirafiah in her journal
entitled Sexism in Madasaris’s The Years of The Voiceless. This journal is her
thesis work to get her master degree. This research analyzes the sexism in the
novel, where she conducted it by the Feminism theory first, then continued it with
sexism theory.
She found that feminism perspectives are supported that there are sex
discriminations in the novel. She analyzed the sexism in the novel by two kinds of
sexism that she used in her research, they are Hostile and Benevolent Sexism. She
founds where there are sexist words and sexist attitude that discriminates women
4
as the weak sex. From what she found in her research, she concluded that there is
any sexism action in the novel.
The study about sexism is an interesting case on the society. Sexism is a
discrimination action based on the sex. It comes from the sexist attitudes, where
sexist attitudes are an attitude that is giving the stereotype and judgment based on
the sex. This attitude makes discrimination on the sex because of the stereotype
and judgment brings negative impact to the sex which is get the sexism. Sexism or
gender discrimination are prejudice or discrimination based on a person‟s sex.
Sexism can affect any sex, but it is particularly documented as affecting women
and girls (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism).
Holmes (2001:305) says that sexist is an attitude where the people giving
valuation or stereotype to a person based on the gender or sex rather than the
attitudes of the person itself. It means, sexist focuses on sex to judge person, even
the person has a good speech or good attitude they will get the negative stereotype
because of the sex. Sexist language encodes stereotyped attitudes to women and
man. Both of this theories will be conducted a new knowledge, that is language
can discriminates one sex. As the phenomenon sexist brings the discussion of
sexism, where sexism is the discussion of language which is discriminated one of
the sex by the language used the stereotype.
Society is a location where the discrimination of sex can be found. The
language which is used in the society will be reflected how the language
discriminates the sex. In this case, the data are taken from the Jane Austen‟s
novel, Pride and Prejudice.
Novel is one of media which is described the
5
conditions of a society, because a novel explains the story more detailed than a
short story or poet.
In fact, in Pride and Prejudice the word which is reflected sexism found
easily, it means there are sex discrimination act found in the story line. The
example of sexist language where found in Pride and Prejudice Novel was:
My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that
Netherfield Park is let at last?"
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.
"But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told
me all about it."
Mr = Mister/Master (Unmarked)
Mrs = Mistress (Marked)
The addressee of Mister and Mistress shows the status between women and
men. Mister is an addressee for men, where in this word the status of men is
hidden or we don‟t know that the status of the men is single or already married. In
other hand, Mistress is an addresser for women, which is taken from Mister. This
addressee shows the marital status of the women.
Based on the explanation above, the research about sexism is an important
research to get the point of sex equality. This study will be focused on analyzing
the sexism based on sexist language in Pride and Prejudice novel by Jane Austen
and this research uses the theory about sexism conducted by Holmes (2001)
Sexism can be happened in every condition and every situation, in this
research, the data taken from a novel which is supported this study. There are
6
many genres of novel, such as scientific fiction, romance, horror, criminal and etc.
In a novel we find a reflection of a life story, because a novel wrote the story in a
very detail one. In this research, the novel which is used is “Pride and prejudice”
by Jane Austen‟s. This novel is a romance novel where the novel predicate as the
most romantic novel till now and this is one of the reasons why this research uses
this novel as the data. The popularity of this novel make the novel as the favorite
novel to the readers and it is made the novel have a big impact to the readers.
Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular literary works and nominated
as an important novel in the history. There are some studies that held by some
researchers on analyzing this novel. The first by Murdianti, entitle Woman’s
Language Analysis on The Main Character in Jane Austen;s Novel Pride and
Prejudice. She used theory that is conducted by Lakoff in Janet Holmes book
titled An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 2nd Edition (2001). She found that there
were so many classifications of women‟s language in Pride and Prejudice novel
where it is made the women language more complicated than men language.
The last previous study analyzed sexism focused on the analysis of women
language, but this research focused on how sexism influences the story and to find
out the sexism in Pride and Prejudice novel. The analysis of sexism in novel
reflected the analysis of sexism that happened in the society. That is why this
study will help people to avoid the discrimination of sex in the society.
7
B. The Problem of Study
1. What types of sexist languages are found in Pride and Prejudice novel?
2. Which sex is discriminated by the sexist language in Pride and Prejudice?
C. The objective of the study
The objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the types of sexism used in Pride and Prejudice novel.
2. To find out the kind of sex which discriminated by sexist language in Pride
and Prejudice novel.
D. The Scope of the study
The scope of the study is focused on the stereotyped of sexism which is
conducted by Holmes (2001:305) which is said sexism involves behavior which
maintains social inequalities between women and man. She wrote there are a
number of ways in which it has been suggested that the English language
discriminates against women. They are
1. The English Metaphors
2. Marked and Unmarked.
3. Generalization
The data will be taken from the script from Pride and Prejudice novel. The
data will be limited from chapter I to chapter X in the Pride and Prejudice novel.
8
E. Significance of Study
The analysis of sexist in language will give an understanding about sexist in
language, and this will help the people to against the discrimination of sex role in
language. There are three significant benefits of this research, they are:
1. Theoretically, it develops the theories about sexism and giving the better
knowledge about sexism.
2. The English teachers will be helped to teach their student on topic sexism in
a novel, movie and etc.
Practically, it is as a reference to the researchers that is interesting to analyze the
sexism in the future.
50
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that:
1. The three types of sexist language, that is (1) English Metaphors, (2)
Marked and Unmarked and (3) Generalization were found in the novel
Pride and Prejudice. The dominant sexist language that is found in the
novel is (1) Marked and Unmarked (89,01%), (2) English Metaphors
(10,60) and the last one is (3) Generalization (0,37%)
2. Sexist language that is found in the novel Pride and Prejudice dominantly
against women as the weakest sex, where the sexist language was
represented women as negative sex in the English metaphors, then women
was the marked one where there is no one marked sexist language on men
and the last is generalization only found in men word.
B. Suggestions
1. Sexism is a discrimination which is give to a man or women. Based on
Holmes, the three types of sexist language can be represented negative
view and positive view of men and women. In this analysis, the women
was discriminated by the sexist language with there are so much negative
sexist language that is given on women. This phenomenon must be stop,
because language is a general tool which is used by the people, so that
4150
51
language must be equal on both of the sex.
2. This thesis can be an additional material for the other researches for
understanding sexism and also the other researches can developed the
analysis of sexist language on the modern literary works where the Pride
and Prejudice is an old novel.
52
REFERENCES
Al-Ramahi, R, Awad. (2013), Sexist Bias Manifested in the Language of Nursery
Rhymes: Analysis of Sexist Linguistic Features. Europan Scientific Journal
Vol.9 No. 29. Retrieved from:
eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/1922/1864.
Ary, Donald (2002), Introduction to Research in Education. USA: Wadsworth Group.
Carrol, et al 2001. Practice Hall: Writing and Grammar; Communication in Action.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Eckert, Penelope and McConnel-Ginet, Sally (2003). Language and Gender. UK:
Cambridge University Press
Editors, Biography.com (n.d). Jane Austen Biography [Web]. Retrieved from
htttp://www.biography.com/people/jane-austen-9192819#video-gallery
Fasold, R. (1990), The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Fromkin, V, R. Rodman and N. Hyams (2011), An Introduction to Language,
9th edition, International edition. Canada: Wadsworth.
Holmes, Janet. (2001). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 2nd Edition Malaysia:
Pearson Education.
Hooks, Bell (2000). Feminism is For Everybody: Passionate Politics. Canada: Gloria
Warkins.
Hudson, William Henry (2006). An Introduction To The Study of Literature, 2nd Ed.
New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors.
Ikaria-Maria, Nancy (2015). Linguistic Sexism: A Case of Gikuyu Language
Discourse in Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research, Vol 4
Issue 2. Retrieved from: http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i2/SUB15116.pdf.
Jendra, Made Iwan Irawan (2012), Sociolinguistics The Study of Societies Language.
Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu
Klarer, Mario (2004), An Introduction to Literary Studies, 2nd Ed. London: Routledge.
Lei, Xiaolan. (2006), Sexism In Language. Journal of Language and Linguistics,
Vol.5 No. 1. Retrieved from:
http://webspace.buckingham.ac.uk/kbernhardt/journal/5_1/5LingLei.pdf.
Mayerhof, Miriam (2006), Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge.
Pardiyono, 2007. Pasti Bisa, Teaching Genre-Based Writing. Yogyakarta: Andi
Offset.
53
Perez-Sabater, Carmen. (2015), Reesearch on Sexist Languagge in EFL Literature:
Towards a Non-Sexist Approach. Universitat Politecnica Valencia.
Pride and Prejudice. (n.d). in Wikipedia, Retrieved May 16, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrideandPrejudice
Rahayu, B, Sri. (2011), The Use of Sexist Language in Dagelan Account on
Instagram. Medan: State University of Medan.
Sexism. (n.d). In Wikipedia, Retrieved March 31, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism.
Sumarsono dan Partana, P. (2002), Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta. SABDA (Lembaga
dan Perdamaian dan Pustaka Pelajar.
Sunderland, Jane (2008), Language and Gender An advanced resource book. New
York: Routledge.
Walliman, Nicholas (2011), Research Methods The Basics. New York: Routledge
Wardhaugh, R. (1998), An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3rd Edition. United
Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
A THESIS
Submitted as the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
WIRA BUANA MANALU
Registration Number: 2123220040
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
Praise the Lord, Jesus Christ for the mercy and the people who already
supporting the writer during his academic years in English and Literature
Department Faculty of Language and Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in
completing the thesis. Therefore, the writer would like to express his gratitude and
special thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M. Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and
Arts, State University of Medan.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M. Pd., the Head of English and Literature
Department.
4. Syamsul Bahri, S. S., M. Hum., the Head of English Literature
program.
5. Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S., the first Advisor of the writer for
her best supports, corrections, suggestions, and comments during
accomplished this thesis.
6. Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M. Pd., the second Advisor of the writer
for his best guidance, supports, and corrections.
7. Dr. I Wayan Dirgeyasa Tangkas, M. Hum., the Examiner for his
great advice, suggestions and corrections.
8. Prof. Dr. Zainuddin, DIP. TEFL., M. Hum., the Examiner for the
best corrections, comments, and time.
9. All the Lectures of English and Literature Department during his
academic year at State University of Medan who had given a great
knowledge and experience to the writer.
10. Eis Sri Wahyuni, M. Pd., the administration of English and Literture
Department who had helped the writer to complete the files to
complete this thesis.
iii
11. Sahat Manalu and Nelly Mart Pasaribu, his beloved parents who
had gave the writer so much love, pray, support, inspiration and
motivation.
12. Desi Ratna Sari Manalu and Junior Dio Manalu, his sister and
brother for their support, pray and their laugh.
13. His best PKK and KTB in PETRA SG (Bang Radius, Bang Hasian,
Kak Fenny, Putri Sembiring and Maria Situmorang)
14. His beloved KK Zefanya LGLP (Maria, Sevenra, Donna, Stevan,
Royanti, Lestari), KK SemuT (Mei, Melda, Evrin, Octa, Lastri,
Lisa, Pidelys), KK Domusavera (Benny, Benedict, Betty, Dumora,
Lasma, Gloria).
15. His beloved friends, brothers and sisters in Koord. Berenergi 2014
(Kak Evi, Kak Ria, Kak Ira, Kak Lea, Kak Vera, Kak Lisbet),
Koord. UP FBS 2015 (Bang Wilson, Kak Lewi, Kak Mesa,
Wemmy, Kak Evi U, Kak Nova, Kak Ester, Kak Mey, Kak Basa,
Kak Mei P, Kak Shanny, Kak Jelita, Kak Pesta, Aguni), Koord.
HuHa 2016 (Maria Betty, Wantika, Rita, Janwar, Gyo Vanny
Rika), PMK TPPM (Bang Janri, Hariati, Inra, Kak Winda,
Nanda, Harley, Okto, Adel, Leo, Irma, Sari, Bang Tian, Bang
Juppa, Bang Tohap) and all his bestfriend in PERKANTAS,
UKMKP and UKMKP UP FBS.
16. His besties Sixties (Gatot Tampubolon, Anggen Tampubolon,
Hendro Simamora, Edo Sinaga, and Shindy Tarigan)
17. All of his beloved friend of English Literature A, B and C 2012.
Medan,
March 2017
The Writer
Wira Buana Manalu
Reg. No. 2123220040
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURE ........................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1
A. The Background of the Study ........................................................................... 1
B. The Problem of the Study................................................................................. 7
C. The Objective of The Study ............................................................................. 8
D. The Scope of The Study ................................................................................... 8
E. The Significance of The Study ......................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE............................................................. 9
A. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 9
1. Sociolinguistics ......................................................................................... 9
2. Sexism ...................................................................................................... 11
a. Gender and Language .......................................................................... 12
b. Sexist Language .................................................................................. 13
c. Types of Sexist Language .................................................................... 13
3. Novel ........................................................................................................ 16
4. Pride and Prejudice Summary.................................................................... 21
5. Jane Austen Biography .............................................................................. 28
B. Relevant Study .............................................................................................. 33
v
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD .................................................................... 35
A. Research Method ............................................................................................. 35
B. The Source of The Data ................................................................................... 35
C. The Technique of Collecting Data .................................................................... 36
D. The Technique of Analyzing The Data ............................................................. 36
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS ........................... 37
A. The Data ............................................................................................................. 37
B. The Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 37
1. The Types of Sexist Language ...................................................................... 37
a. English Metaphors ................................................................................... 37
b. Marked and Unmarked ............................................................................ 40
c. Generalizations ....................................................................................... 43
2. The Discrimination of The Sex ...................................................................... 45
C. Research Findings .............................................................................................. 47
D. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .............................................. 50
A. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 50
B. Suggetions .......................................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 52
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................ 54
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 88
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Types of Sexist Language ............................................................................. 44
Table 4.2 Sexist Language on Women ......................................................................... 45
Table 4.3 Sexist Language on Men ............................................................................... 46
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1 Narrative Text Diagram .............................................................................. 18
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................... 54
APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................... 88
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Types of Sexist Language ............................................................................. 44
Table 4.2 Sexist Language on Women ......................................................................... 45
Table 4.3 Sexist Language on Men ............................................................................... 46
vii
APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................ 54
APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................ 88
ix
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
Language is used by human being to build a communication where language is
used to express thought, emotions and feeling. Language can be influenced by
some factors, one of them is society. Society as the place of every human to
interact is the place where language develop. As known, in the society will be
founded the social class, sex, education and race which are influence language as
strong as language itself, and the strongest one is sex.
The study of language and society is discussed on the sociolinguistics.
Language which is used in the society will be developed. The developing of
languages in the society can change and give variations of language, and this is
learned on the sociolinguistic. Sumarsono (2002:1) says that sociolinguistic is the
study of language which is connected to the society conditions (especially in the
society of the social life).
There are two sexes which are acceptable on the society, they are women and
men. The differences of the two sexes are holding the development of language
tightly because it is a fundamental fact of human life and it is not surprising to
find them reflected language (Fasold, 1990:115).
Sex and gender is not same, where sex is something that human born with, it
is the nature of the human being and it is biologically. Sex is classified into
women and men, and the status of women and men can‟t be separated from the
human being itself. In the other side, gender is the social construction, where the
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status of women and men changes into female/feminine and male/masculine.
Gender construct the „women‟ and „men‟ status based on the attitude of the
human being itself, for example: a men can be said as a feminine because of the
attitude of the men was dominantly women alike.
The differences of sex ar influenced the reflection of the sex in the language,
where the differences also make the reflection of the sex in the society. This is a
problem which is can be found on the society, where because of the sex, language
can be discriminated one of the sexes. The discrimination of sex by the language
in the society is known as sexism.
Sexism is the society phenomenon that can be founded in the society
activities. Sexism can be happened in language, culture, and literary work. There
are many researches that is held in culture, language, and literary work where all
of them is used to prove the existence of sexism on them and to prove the equality
of sex in the society view.
The first one is a research about sexism in language can be found in the
journal entitled Sexism in Language, conducted by Xiolan Lei in 2006. There, he
found that there are some words that are used to discriminate sex, and dominantly
– almost, it is discriminated women. The sexism in Xiolan research is found by
the sexist attitude, where sexist is the judgment attitude based on the sex, so the
point of view of sexist is not the attitude or the kindness, but focused on the sex.
He concluded that sexism is social problem that must be solved so the
discriminates of sex will be end.
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Secondly, the research about sexism in culture is conducted by Nancy IkariaMaina, she explains her journal with the title Linguistic Sexism: A Case of Gikuyu
Language Discourse in Kenya. This research focused on how the patriarchal
culture that is consisted in Gikuyu language discriminates the one of the sex. Her
research tries to find how the culture influences the language, in this case
discriminates one of the sex, is women.
She found that there are any
discriminations of sex in Gikuyu language, where she concluded it from what she
found in Gikuyu language. Gikuyu language can be said as sexist because in the
structural of the language and the word is indicated the discrimination of one sex
that is women.
Sexism is not only found in culture and language, but both of the research will
be connected to the sexism found in literary works. There are so many kinds of
literary work. In this case the literary work will be specified into novel. One of the
researches of sexism in a novel is conducted by Octavia Tirafiah in her journal
entitled Sexism in Madasaris’s The Years of The Voiceless. This journal is her
thesis work to get her master degree. This research analyzes the sexism in the
novel, where she conducted it by the Feminism theory first, then continued it with
sexism theory.
She found that feminism perspectives are supported that there are sex
discriminations in the novel. She analyzed the sexism in the novel by two kinds of
sexism that she used in her research, they are Hostile and Benevolent Sexism. She
founds where there are sexist words and sexist attitude that discriminates women
4
as the weak sex. From what she found in her research, she concluded that there is
any sexism action in the novel.
The study about sexism is an interesting case on the society. Sexism is a
discrimination action based on the sex. It comes from the sexist attitudes, where
sexist attitudes are an attitude that is giving the stereotype and judgment based on
the sex. This attitude makes discrimination on the sex because of the stereotype
and judgment brings negative impact to the sex which is get the sexism. Sexism or
gender discrimination are prejudice or discrimination based on a person‟s sex.
Sexism can affect any sex, but it is particularly documented as affecting women
and girls (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism).
Holmes (2001:305) says that sexist is an attitude where the people giving
valuation or stereotype to a person based on the gender or sex rather than the
attitudes of the person itself. It means, sexist focuses on sex to judge person, even
the person has a good speech or good attitude they will get the negative stereotype
because of the sex. Sexist language encodes stereotyped attitudes to women and
man. Both of this theories will be conducted a new knowledge, that is language
can discriminates one sex. As the phenomenon sexist brings the discussion of
sexism, where sexism is the discussion of language which is discriminated one of
the sex by the language used the stereotype.
Society is a location where the discrimination of sex can be found. The
language which is used in the society will be reflected how the language
discriminates the sex. In this case, the data are taken from the Jane Austen‟s
novel, Pride and Prejudice.
Novel is one of media which is described the
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conditions of a society, because a novel explains the story more detailed than a
short story or poet.
In fact, in Pride and Prejudice the word which is reflected sexism found
easily, it means there are sex discrimination act found in the story line. The
example of sexist language where found in Pride and Prejudice Novel was:
My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that
Netherfield Park is let at last?"
Mr. Bennet replied that he had not.
"But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told
me all about it."
Mr = Mister/Master (Unmarked)
Mrs = Mistress (Marked)
The addressee of Mister and Mistress shows the status between women and
men. Mister is an addressee for men, where in this word the status of men is
hidden or we don‟t know that the status of the men is single or already married. In
other hand, Mistress is an addresser for women, which is taken from Mister. This
addressee shows the marital status of the women.
Based on the explanation above, the research about sexism is an important
research to get the point of sex equality. This study will be focused on analyzing
the sexism based on sexist language in Pride and Prejudice novel by Jane Austen
and this research uses the theory about sexism conducted by Holmes (2001)
Sexism can be happened in every condition and every situation, in this
research, the data taken from a novel which is supported this study. There are
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many genres of novel, such as scientific fiction, romance, horror, criminal and etc.
In a novel we find a reflection of a life story, because a novel wrote the story in a
very detail one. In this research, the novel which is used is “Pride and prejudice”
by Jane Austen‟s. This novel is a romance novel where the novel predicate as the
most romantic novel till now and this is one of the reasons why this research uses
this novel as the data. The popularity of this novel make the novel as the favorite
novel to the readers and it is made the novel have a big impact to the readers.
Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular literary works and nominated
as an important novel in the history. There are some studies that held by some
researchers on analyzing this novel. The first by Murdianti, entitle Woman’s
Language Analysis on The Main Character in Jane Austen;s Novel Pride and
Prejudice. She used theory that is conducted by Lakoff in Janet Holmes book
titled An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 2nd Edition (2001). She found that there
were so many classifications of women‟s language in Pride and Prejudice novel
where it is made the women language more complicated than men language.
The last previous study analyzed sexism focused on the analysis of women
language, but this research focused on how sexism influences the story and to find
out the sexism in Pride and Prejudice novel. The analysis of sexism in novel
reflected the analysis of sexism that happened in the society. That is why this
study will help people to avoid the discrimination of sex in the society.
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B. The Problem of Study
1. What types of sexist languages are found in Pride and Prejudice novel?
2. Which sex is discriminated by the sexist language in Pride and Prejudice?
C. The objective of the study
The objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the types of sexism used in Pride and Prejudice novel.
2. To find out the kind of sex which discriminated by sexist language in Pride
and Prejudice novel.
D. The Scope of the study
The scope of the study is focused on the stereotyped of sexism which is
conducted by Holmes (2001:305) which is said sexism involves behavior which
maintains social inequalities between women and man. She wrote there are a
number of ways in which it has been suggested that the English language
discriminates against women. They are
1. The English Metaphors
2. Marked and Unmarked.
3. Generalization
The data will be taken from the script from Pride and Prejudice novel. The
data will be limited from chapter I to chapter X in the Pride and Prejudice novel.
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E. Significance of Study
The analysis of sexist in language will give an understanding about sexist in
language, and this will help the people to against the discrimination of sex role in
language. There are three significant benefits of this research, they are:
1. Theoretically, it develops the theories about sexism and giving the better
knowledge about sexism.
2. The English teachers will be helped to teach their student on topic sexism in
a novel, movie and etc.
Practically, it is as a reference to the researchers that is interesting to analyze the
sexism in the future.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, it can be concluded that:
1. The three types of sexist language, that is (1) English Metaphors, (2)
Marked and Unmarked and (3) Generalization were found in the novel
Pride and Prejudice. The dominant sexist language that is found in the
novel is (1) Marked and Unmarked (89,01%), (2) English Metaphors
(10,60) and the last one is (3) Generalization (0,37%)
2. Sexist language that is found in the novel Pride and Prejudice dominantly
against women as the weakest sex, where the sexist language was
represented women as negative sex in the English metaphors, then women
was the marked one where there is no one marked sexist language on men
and the last is generalization only found in men word.
B. Suggestions
1. Sexism is a discrimination which is give to a man or women. Based on
Holmes, the three types of sexist language can be represented negative
view and positive view of men and women. In this analysis, the women
was discriminated by the sexist language with there are so much negative
sexist language that is given on women. This phenomenon must be stop,
because language is a general tool which is used by the people, so that
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language must be equal on both of the sex.
2. This thesis can be an additional material for the other researches for
understanding sexism and also the other researches can developed the
analysis of sexist language on the modern literary works where the Pride
and Prejudice is an old novel.
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