Utilization of Sunflower Seeds Oil and Sardine to Get Goat’s Milk Has Balanced Omega 3 and Omega 6 Ratio
Utilization of Sunflower Seeds Oil and Sardine to Get Goat’s Milk
Has Balanced Omega 3 and Omega 6 Ratio
A.I. Fajri1, *, M. Arifin1, E. Burton1, A.C. Romadhoni1, S. Syafaah2, &
R.R.A. Maheswari1
1
Department of Animal Production and Technology Science, Faculty of Animal
Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
2
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University,
Bogor 16680, Indonesia
*e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Sunflower seeds are the result of a suitable plantation in tropical, especially
in Indonesia. Production of the sardine (Sardinella longiceps) on average achieve
only 15,84 per year from the total production of all kinds of fish in Indonesia
(Bandie,1982). Sardine oil and sunflower seed are exploited as a source of oil. Both
of these ingredients have a material side of main product processing. Both of these
materials can be utilized more, because they have been proven to be sunflower seeds
contain a high omega 3 and lemuru oil with a high omega 6. The quality of the feed
can determine the quality of the production. PE (Peranakan Ettawah) is a local goat,
from kacang goat and etawa goat. It has the advantage of a good milk production. If
the goat is given the sunflower seeds meal (BBM) and sardine meal that is processed
into a mixture of carboxylic salt dry expected (CGKK) to contain omega 3 and
omega 6 are balanced. The research used 5 treatments in three times. There were
15 females of PE goats from Cordero Farm, Ciapus, Bogor. Each goat was given
the sunflower seeds meal and carboxylic salt dry expected with different percentage.
Research was done by giving feed adaptation for two weeks and feed treatment for
1 week. Fatty Acid of milk production was analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The
results showed that CGKK 1.8% and BBM 5% could produce omega 3 and omega
6 balanced, with an optimal ratio for body health 1: 4. Sunflower Seed and sardine
could be used as fodder for PE goats to produce goat milk with balanced omega 3
and omega 6 ratio.
Key words: omega 3 and omega 6, peranakan ettawah goat, sunflower seed meal,
sardine oil
528
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Introducton
The pattern of human lves demands a flurry of fast food and the selecton of
an opton n ths day and age. Fast food has a lot of weaknesses especally from
varous dseases caused by consumpton. Healthy and complete food contanng the
complete and healthy nutrton, one of the healthy food and complete s goat’s mlk.
Goat’s mlk s one of the products of lvestock has outcome nutrent complete and
healthy. The qualty of goat’s mlk s nfluenced from the qualty of the feed goats
provded. Goat’s mlk s a source of essental fatty acds. At least 50 knds of fatty
acds n mlk fat comprsng 60-75% are saturated, 25-30% s not saturated and
about 4-5% s polyunsaturated fatty acd, whle omega-3 fatty acds are more or
less 0.5% (Buckle et al., 2007). Because of fatty acd content unsaturated on mlk
goat just a lttle, t can be ncreased her womb through dstrbutng feed wth qualty
fatty acd content unsaturated a hgh especally the womb omega-3 and omega6 on mlk goat. Omega-3 can play role n the preventon atheroscleross, tumour
growth, thromboss, hypertrglcerdema and hgh blood pressure. Omega-6 can
ncrease effectveness nsuln from the pancreas, effected lower blood sugar levels,
and mportant n the process of growth and development of body.
The feed s added to ncrease the content of omega-3 and omega-6 on goat’s
mlk for usng ndustral waste. The feed materal that may be used s derved from
the sunflower seeds meal processng by-product of sunflower seeds ol. Sunflowers
are cultvated n the area n East Java, Malang or Sengkalng n the area of Bltar.
Producton of sunflower seeds n Bltar area s qute hgh, .e. 3 tonnes of seeds/acre.
In addton to sunflower seeds meal (SSM), added all the ngredents of fsh ol. Fsh
ol can be processed nto carboxylc salt dry mxture (CSDM). CSDM s added to
the raton of beef cattle to the concentraton of essental fatty acds such as EPA (20:
5) and DHA (22: 6). CSDM s the result of dryng the mxture wth onggok that uses
carboxylc sardne ol by hydrolyss (Tasse, 2010).
CSDM and sunflower seeds meal on a dary goat to supply essental fatty
acds are expected to be a precursor for the synthess of fatty acds n mlk that are
benefcal to the health of the omega-3 and omega-6. Omega-3 and omega-6 should
be balanced wth the optmal rato of omega-3 to omega-6 n human body s 1: 4 to
1: 110 (Brown, 1990). It s expected of the CSDM and sunflower seeds meal on the
PE goat’s raton of feed wll yeld mlk contanng omega-3 and omega-6.
Materals and Methods
Ths research has been conducted for four months from January to May 2012.
The locaton of PE goat mantenance s n Dary Goat Cordero Farm, Capus, Bogor.
Test of mlk qualty has been done n Dary Laboratory, Anmal Producton and
Technology Department, Faculty of Anmal Scence, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
529
Analyss of the fatty acd content of the feed s done n the Center for Agrcultural
Research and Development, Post Harvest, Cmanggu, Bogor and Yogyakarta.
Materals used n ths research were the goat mlk, CSDM, PE goat, sunflower
seeds meal (SSM), fsh ol, HCl, KOH, aquadest, H2SO4, NaCl, amlo alkohol, and
phenolptaln. Equpment for create CSDM, mlkotester, gas chromatography, oven,
scales, plastc packagng, and labellng.
Expermental Anmals used 15th dary goat Strats Ettawah. There are 15th PE
goats adapted for 14 days. CSDM: prncples of creaton of manufacture CSDM .e.
hydrolyss of fsh ol wth the acd soluton. Fsh ol mxed wth a soluton of HCl and
then beaten. Next, add aquadest and heated (60oC for 30 mnutes). Free fatty acd or
carboxylc acd resultng from acd hydrolyss of fsh ol was added to a soluton of
KOH frst and strred, then stored n room temperature. Salts were formed and then
mxed wth tapoca flour or onggok by comparson wth fsh ol onggok 1: 5 b/b.
It was dred n the oven (32°C). Experments desgn was random desgn complete
wth 5 treatments, each 3 replcaton. Research was conducted wthn 1 week wth
the perod of adaptaton n 2 weeks. As for treatment at goat lactaton as follows: A=
Basal Raton (dreg of tempe, molasses, and grass felds), B= Basal Raton CSDM
1.2%, C= Basal Raton SSM 3%, D= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2% and SSM 3%, E=
Basal Raton and CSDM 1.8% and SSM 5%. Deposts of the fatty acds Omega-3
and Omega-6: done wth lpd extracton from a sample then methylaton of fatty
acds n fat and fatty acd analyss wth gas chromatography.
Results and Dscusson
Added daly body weght gan (BWG) and goat mlk producton per day
obtaned durng treatment (Table 1). The treatments had no effect on body weght
and ncreasng of daly mlk producton per day. CSDM and sunflower seed meal
had a farly hgh fat content whch acts as an energy source for dary goat, CSDM
wth a lttle addton, was about 1.2-1.8%, and sunflower seeds meal 3-5% n mxed
fodder dd not gve the changes n the productvty of mlk per day and body weght
gan.
Table1. Productvty PE goat wth dfferent treatments
Treatmentss
Parameterss
Body weght
gan (kg)
Mlk producton
per day (ml)
A
B
C
D
E
0.47±0.27
(-0.022)±0.29
0.39±0.26
0.17±0.20
0.34±0.15
1138.89±367.17
622.22±390.99
611.11±53.58
438.89±371.31
322.22±19.25
Note: A= Basal Raton (dreg of tempe, molasses, and grass felds), B= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2%, C= Basal
Raton SSM 3%, D= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2% and SSM 3%, E= Basal Raton and CSDM 1.8% and
SSM 5%.
530
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Although there was no sgnfcantly dfferent on treatments, but mlk
producton and body weght gan n daly treatment A (control) was constant, whle
grous treatment goats were lower productvty because the goat should adapt to the
new feed as well as some goats had dry perods and entered the pregnancy perods.
Durng ths perod, the goat requred to prepare for the brth the nutrents consumed
were absorbed for foetus growth soo that only a small proporton of nutrents for
lvestock used for productvty both n the form of added weght loss or produce
mlk. The dfference tme of lactaton n group treatments also caused a dfference n
productvty of mlk produced. Deposts of the fatty acds omega-3 and omega-6 n
goat mlk are presented n Table 2. Deposts of the fatty acds omega-3 and omega-6
n the goat’s mlk wth the addton of treatment CSDM and sunflower seeds meal n
the feed shows the varaton n statstcs were not sgnfcantly dfference.
Table 2. Essental fatty acd omega-3 and omega-6 n mlk of PE goat wth dfferent
treatments
Parameters
Treatment
A
B
C
D
E
Omega 3
1.65±1.03
16.81±3.83
5.88±4.32
4.67±2.62
1.97± 2.34
Omega 6
6.20±1.35
18.23±1.37
16.81±3.83
15.19±9.95
9.09±10.77
Note: A= Basal Raton (dreg of tempe, molasses, and grass felds), B= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2%,
C= Basal Raton SSM 3%, D= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2% and SSM 3%, E= Basal Raton and CSDM
1.8% and SSM 5%.
Although there was no sfnfantly dfference statstc, but there was tendency
of ncreasng Omega 3 and Omega-6 n treatments B, C and D compared wth control (Treatment A) and D. Treatment B was gven extra feed CSDM by as much as
1.2% average content of fatty acds produces the hghest among the other levels
of 16.81% of omega 3 and omega 6 18.23%. The nfluence of the admnstraton
of CSDM affected on fatty acds n plasma on raton became ncorporated n the
goat’s mlk fat (Tasse, 2010). Treatment C, of feed gven as much sun seed SSM
3% produced mlk wth qute hgh of omega-6, so sunflower seed meal can be used
as source of omega 6 on Dary Goat feed. Ths s supported by Astawan (2009) that
sunflower seeds are a source of omega-6 fatty acds. On treatment of the D and E, a
combnaton of CSDM and sunflower seed meal produced the expected content of
omega-3 and omega-6 balanced. The balance of these two knds of fatty acds are
very mportant, because each of the fatty acds have opposte functons, such as the
omega-3 that served as a btter taste and omega-6 as the cause of nflammaton s
when one of the fatty acd content of unbalanced wll cause losses. The composton
of the omega that s optmal for body wth a comparson of omega-3 and omega-6
.e. 1: 4 (Brown, 1990), then the most approachng for such purposes was the treat-
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
531
ment of D wth the addton of SSM 3% and CSDM 1.2%. The fat content n mlk s
nfluenced by several factors of nutrents among other thngs: (1) the concentraton,
consumpton, and the source of carbohydrates nstead of fber; (2) the feed partcle
sze; (3) the use of probotcs; (4) the number of, the physcal form, and composton
of fatty acds n feed; (5) the avalablty of precursors of trans-10, cs-12 conjugated
lnolec acd that can decrease the levels of fat (Pulna et al., 2008).
Conclusons
Fsh ol and sunflower seed meal can be used as anmal feed. The results of
ths research wth fsh ol and sunflower utlzaton could ncrease the content of
unsaturated fatty acds n goat mlk and get a balance of omega-3 and omega-6.
Acknowledgement
Ths research was funded by Drectorate General of Hgher Educaton (DIKTI)
Republc of Indonesa.
References
Astawan, Made. 2009. Kacang dan Biji – Bijian. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Brown,M.L. 1990. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. International Life Sciences.
Washngton, D.C: Insttute Nutrton Foundaton.
Buckle KA. Edwards R.A, Feelt GH, Wooton M. 2007. Ilmu Pangan. UI Press.
Jakarta.
Pulna, G.A Nudda, G. Battacone, S. Fancellu, A. H. D. Francescon. 2008. Nutrton and Qualty of Goat’s Mlk. D dalam: Cannas A dan Pulna G Edtor.
Dary Goat and sheep mlk. Small Rmu Res (68): 88-113.
Tasse AM. 2010. Tampilan asam lemak dalam susu sapi hasil pemberian ransum
mengandung campuran garam campuran karboksilat atau metal ester kering.
[Dsertas]. Faculty of Anmal Scence. Bogor Agrcultural Unversty. Bogor.
532
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Has Balanced Omega 3 and Omega 6 Ratio
A.I. Fajri1, *, M. Arifin1, E. Burton1, A.C. Romadhoni1, S. Syafaah2, &
R.R.A. Maheswari1
1
Department of Animal Production and Technology Science, Faculty of Animal
Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
2
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University,
Bogor 16680, Indonesia
*e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Sunflower seeds are the result of a suitable plantation in tropical, especially
in Indonesia. Production of the sardine (Sardinella longiceps) on average achieve
only 15,84 per year from the total production of all kinds of fish in Indonesia
(Bandie,1982). Sardine oil and sunflower seed are exploited as a source of oil. Both
of these ingredients have a material side of main product processing. Both of these
materials can be utilized more, because they have been proven to be sunflower seeds
contain a high omega 3 and lemuru oil with a high omega 6. The quality of the feed
can determine the quality of the production. PE (Peranakan Ettawah) is a local goat,
from kacang goat and etawa goat. It has the advantage of a good milk production. If
the goat is given the sunflower seeds meal (BBM) and sardine meal that is processed
into a mixture of carboxylic salt dry expected (CGKK) to contain omega 3 and
omega 6 are balanced. The research used 5 treatments in three times. There were
15 females of PE goats from Cordero Farm, Ciapus, Bogor. Each goat was given
the sunflower seeds meal and carboxylic salt dry expected with different percentage.
Research was done by giving feed adaptation for two weeks and feed treatment for
1 week. Fatty Acid of milk production was analyzed by Gas Chromatography. The
results showed that CGKK 1.8% and BBM 5% could produce omega 3 and omega
6 balanced, with an optimal ratio for body health 1: 4. Sunflower Seed and sardine
could be used as fodder for PE goats to produce goat milk with balanced omega 3
and omega 6 ratio.
Key words: omega 3 and omega 6, peranakan ettawah goat, sunflower seed meal,
sardine oil
528
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Introducton
The pattern of human lves demands a flurry of fast food and the selecton of
an opton n ths day and age. Fast food has a lot of weaknesses especally from
varous dseases caused by consumpton. Healthy and complete food contanng the
complete and healthy nutrton, one of the healthy food and complete s goat’s mlk.
Goat’s mlk s one of the products of lvestock has outcome nutrent complete and
healthy. The qualty of goat’s mlk s nfluenced from the qualty of the feed goats
provded. Goat’s mlk s a source of essental fatty acds. At least 50 knds of fatty
acds n mlk fat comprsng 60-75% are saturated, 25-30% s not saturated and
about 4-5% s polyunsaturated fatty acd, whle omega-3 fatty acds are more or
less 0.5% (Buckle et al., 2007). Because of fatty acd content unsaturated on mlk
goat just a lttle, t can be ncreased her womb through dstrbutng feed wth qualty
fatty acd content unsaturated a hgh especally the womb omega-3 and omega6 on mlk goat. Omega-3 can play role n the preventon atheroscleross, tumour
growth, thromboss, hypertrglcerdema and hgh blood pressure. Omega-6 can
ncrease effectveness nsuln from the pancreas, effected lower blood sugar levels,
and mportant n the process of growth and development of body.
The feed s added to ncrease the content of omega-3 and omega-6 on goat’s
mlk for usng ndustral waste. The feed materal that may be used s derved from
the sunflower seeds meal processng by-product of sunflower seeds ol. Sunflowers
are cultvated n the area n East Java, Malang or Sengkalng n the area of Bltar.
Producton of sunflower seeds n Bltar area s qute hgh, .e. 3 tonnes of seeds/acre.
In addton to sunflower seeds meal (SSM), added all the ngredents of fsh ol. Fsh
ol can be processed nto carboxylc salt dry mxture (CSDM). CSDM s added to
the raton of beef cattle to the concentraton of essental fatty acds such as EPA (20:
5) and DHA (22: 6). CSDM s the result of dryng the mxture wth onggok that uses
carboxylc sardne ol by hydrolyss (Tasse, 2010).
CSDM and sunflower seeds meal on a dary goat to supply essental fatty
acds are expected to be a precursor for the synthess of fatty acds n mlk that are
benefcal to the health of the omega-3 and omega-6. Omega-3 and omega-6 should
be balanced wth the optmal rato of omega-3 to omega-6 n human body s 1: 4 to
1: 110 (Brown, 1990). It s expected of the CSDM and sunflower seeds meal on the
PE goat’s raton of feed wll yeld mlk contanng omega-3 and omega-6.
Materals and Methods
Ths research has been conducted for four months from January to May 2012.
The locaton of PE goat mantenance s n Dary Goat Cordero Farm, Capus, Bogor.
Test of mlk qualty has been done n Dary Laboratory, Anmal Producton and
Technology Department, Faculty of Anmal Scence, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
529
Analyss of the fatty acd content of the feed s done n the Center for Agrcultural
Research and Development, Post Harvest, Cmanggu, Bogor and Yogyakarta.
Materals used n ths research were the goat mlk, CSDM, PE goat, sunflower
seeds meal (SSM), fsh ol, HCl, KOH, aquadest, H2SO4, NaCl, amlo alkohol, and
phenolptaln. Equpment for create CSDM, mlkotester, gas chromatography, oven,
scales, plastc packagng, and labellng.
Expermental Anmals used 15th dary goat Strats Ettawah. There are 15th PE
goats adapted for 14 days. CSDM: prncples of creaton of manufacture CSDM .e.
hydrolyss of fsh ol wth the acd soluton. Fsh ol mxed wth a soluton of HCl and
then beaten. Next, add aquadest and heated (60oC for 30 mnutes). Free fatty acd or
carboxylc acd resultng from acd hydrolyss of fsh ol was added to a soluton of
KOH frst and strred, then stored n room temperature. Salts were formed and then
mxed wth tapoca flour or onggok by comparson wth fsh ol onggok 1: 5 b/b.
It was dred n the oven (32°C). Experments desgn was random desgn complete
wth 5 treatments, each 3 replcaton. Research was conducted wthn 1 week wth
the perod of adaptaton n 2 weeks. As for treatment at goat lactaton as follows: A=
Basal Raton (dreg of tempe, molasses, and grass felds), B= Basal Raton CSDM
1.2%, C= Basal Raton SSM 3%, D= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2% and SSM 3%, E=
Basal Raton and CSDM 1.8% and SSM 5%. Deposts of the fatty acds Omega-3
and Omega-6: done wth lpd extracton from a sample then methylaton of fatty
acds n fat and fatty acd analyss wth gas chromatography.
Results and Dscusson
Added daly body weght gan (BWG) and goat mlk producton per day
obtaned durng treatment (Table 1). The treatments had no effect on body weght
and ncreasng of daly mlk producton per day. CSDM and sunflower seed meal
had a farly hgh fat content whch acts as an energy source for dary goat, CSDM
wth a lttle addton, was about 1.2-1.8%, and sunflower seeds meal 3-5% n mxed
fodder dd not gve the changes n the productvty of mlk per day and body weght
gan.
Table1. Productvty PE goat wth dfferent treatments
Treatmentss
Parameterss
Body weght
gan (kg)
Mlk producton
per day (ml)
A
B
C
D
E
0.47±0.27
(-0.022)±0.29
0.39±0.26
0.17±0.20
0.34±0.15
1138.89±367.17
622.22±390.99
611.11±53.58
438.89±371.31
322.22±19.25
Note: A= Basal Raton (dreg of tempe, molasses, and grass felds), B= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2%, C= Basal
Raton SSM 3%, D= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2% and SSM 3%, E= Basal Raton and CSDM 1.8% and
SSM 5%.
530
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Although there was no sgnfcantly dfferent on treatments, but mlk
producton and body weght gan n daly treatment A (control) was constant, whle
grous treatment goats were lower productvty because the goat should adapt to the
new feed as well as some goats had dry perods and entered the pregnancy perods.
Durng ths perod, the goat requred to prepare for the brth the nutrents consumed
were absorbed for foetus growth soo that only a small proporton of nutrents for
lvestock used for productvty both n the form of added weght loss or produce
mlk. The dfference tme of lactaton n group treatments also caused a dfference n
productvty of mlk produced. Deposts of the fatty acds omega-3 and omega-6 n
goat mlk are presented n Table 2. Deposts of the fatty acds omega-3 and omega-6
n the goat’s mlk wth the addton of treatment CSDM and sunflower seeds meal n
the feed shows the varaton n statstcs were not sgnfcantly dfference.
Table 2. Essental fatty acd omega-3 and omega-6 n mlk of PE goat wth dfferent
treatments
Parameters
Treatment
A
B
C
D
E
Omega 3
1.65±1.03
16.81±3.83
5.88±4.32
4.67±2.62
1.97± 2.34
Omega 6
6.20±1.35
18.23±1.37
16.81±3.83
15.19±9.95
9.09±10.77
Note: A= Basal Raton (dreg of tempe, molasses, and grass felds), B= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2%,
C= Basal Raton SSM 3%, D= Basal Raton CSDM 1.2% and SSM 3%, E= Basal Raton and CSDM
1.8% and SSM 5%.
Although there was no sfnfantly dfference statstc, but there was tendency
of ncreasng Omega 3 and Omega-6 n treatments B, C and D compared wth control (Treatment A) and D. Treatment B was gven extra feed CSDM by as much as
1.2% average content of fatty acds produces the hghest among the other levels
of 16.81% of omega 3 and omega 6 18.23%. The nfluence of the admnstraton
of CSDM affected on fatty acds n plasma on raton became ncorporated n the
goat’s mlk fat (Tasse, 2010). Treatment C, of feed gven as much sun seed SSM
3% produced mlk wth qute hgh of omega-6, so sunflower seed meal can be used
as source of omega 6 on Dary Goat feed. Ths s supported by Astawan (2009) that
sunflower seeds are a source of omega-6 fatty acds. On treatment of the D and E, a
combnaton of CSDM and sunflower seed meal produced the expected content of
omega-3 and omega-6 balanced. The balance of these two knds of fatty acds are
very mportant, because each of the fatty acds have opposte functons, such as the
omega-3 that served as a btter taste and omega-6 as the cause of nflammaton s
when one of the fatty acd content of unbalanced wll cause losses. The composton
of the omega that s optmal for body wth a comparson of omega-3 and omega-6
.e. 1: 4 (Brown, 1990), then the most approachng for such purposes was the treat-
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
531
ment of D wth the addton of SSM 3% and CSDM 1.2%. The fat content n mlk s
nfluenced by several factors of nutrents among other thngs: (1) the concentraton,
consumpton, and the source of carbohydrates nstead of fber; (2) the feed partcle
sze; (3) the use of probotcs; (4) the number of, the physcal form, and composton
of fatty acds n feed; (5) the avalablty of precursors of trans-10, cs-12 conjugated
lnolec acd that can decrease the levels of fat (Pulna et al., 2008).
Conclusons
Fsh ol and sunflower seed meal can be used as anmal feed. The results of
ths research wth fsh ol and sunflower utlzaton could ncrease the content of
unsaturated fatty acds n goat mlk and get a balance of omega-3 and omega-6.
Acknowledgement
Ths research was funded by Drectorate General of Hgher Educaton (DIKTI)
Republc of Indonesa.
References
Astawan, Made. 2009. Kacang dan Biji – Bijian. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Brown,M.L. 1990. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. International Life Sciences.
Washngton, D.C: Insttute Nutrton Foundaton.
Buckle KA. Edwards R.A, Feelt GH, Wooton M. 2007. Ilmu Pangan. UI Press.
Jakarta.
Pulna, G.A Nudda, G. Battacone, S. Fancellu, A. H. D. Francescon. 2008. Nutrton and Qualty of Goat’s Mlk. D dalam: Cannas A dan Pulna G Edtor.
Dary Goat and sheep mlk. Small Rmu Res (68): 88-113.
Tasse AM. 2010. Tampilan asam lemak dalam susu sapi hasil pemberian ransum
mengandung campuran garam campuran karboksilat atau metal ester kering.
[Dsertas]. Faculty of Anmal Scence. Bogor Agrcultural Unversty. Bogor.
532
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012