Yield evaluation of 17 chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lines in Bogor, West Java.
YIELD EVALUATION OF 17 CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum annuum L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
A24080068
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2012
SUMMARY
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI. Yield Evaluation of 17 Chili Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) Lines in Bogor, West Java. (Supervised by
MUHAMAD SYUKUR and SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH).
This yield evaluation research was done to evaluate and select the
potential new chili pepper line created by the Plant Breeding Program in the
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture of Bogor Agricultural University. The
objectives of this research were to evaluate the variability and yield of 17 new
lines compared to three commercial varieties, and calculate estimated character
broad sense heritability values.
This research had been done from November 2011 until May 2012 in Plant
Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor
Agricultural University (IPB) and Leuwikopo Experimental Station, Dramaga
(6o56’34’’S, 106o72’56’’E). The genetic materials used in this research were 17
open pollinated chili pepper lines and three commercial varieties. The chili peper
lines were IPB 110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a,
IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 110005-91-4-8, IPB 120005-1-117, IPB 120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB 009019-34-10, IPB 009019-3-4-7, Pesona I-1, Pesona I-2, IPB 002046-2-5-8, IPB 0020462-14c-14 and IPB 002001-4-3b-5. While the three commercial varieties were
Lembang I, Trisula and Tit Super.
This research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It
used 20 different chili genotypes with three replications, therefore there were 60
experimental units. Analysis of quantitative data was done by using analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett test with α = 5%. Estimated broad sense
heritability value was also calculated to measure the role of genetic factors in the
phenotype.
Result showed that genotype had a very significant influence in almost all
character, except for the variable of total marketable fruit weight per plant and
fruit length. The lines Pesona I-1, Pesona I-2, IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB 120005-
1-1-17, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 009019-3-4-10 and IPB 110005-91-13-4 are new
chili pepper lines that had higher yield than the compared varieties.
All of the quantitative character that were observed had high estimated
broad sense heritability value. This shows that environmental factors were not as
influential as genetic factors in the chili pepper plant phenotype. There are also
characters that had positive and significant correlation with chili pepper plant
height, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, fruit per plant and
potential productivity.
YIELD EVALUATION OF 17 CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum annuum L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
The undergraduate thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture in Bogor
Agricultural University as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of
Agricultural Science degree
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
A24080068
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2012
Title
: YIELD EVALUATION OF 17 CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum annuum L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
Name : FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
NIM
: A24080068
Approved by,
First Supervisor
Second Supervisor
Dr. Muhamad Syukur, SP., MSi
NIP. 19720102 200003 1 001
Dr. Ir. Syarifah Iis Aisyah, MSc.Agr
NIP. 19670318 199103 2 001
Acknowledged by,
Head of Department of Agronomy and Horticulture
Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University
Dr. Ir. Agus Purwito, MSc.Agr
NIP. 19611101 198703 1 003
Date of Final Test :
BIOGRAPHY
The author was born in Jakarta on March 3 1990. She is the first child out
of two children from Dr. Ir. Anas Dinurrohman Susila, MSi and Ir. Dinarini
Kisworo. She spent her childhood in Bogor, West Java and Gainesville, Florida,
United States of America.
The author finished her elementary studies in Joseph Williams Elementary
School in 2001 and SDN Polisi 4 Bogor in 2002. Then she finished her secondary
studies in SMPN 2 Bogor in 2005 and her upper secondary studies in SMAN 6
Bogor in 2008. The author was enrolled as an undergraduate student in the
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University in
2008 through USMI (Bogor Agricultural University -IPB- student admission
invitation).
During her studies, the author was active in many intra-curricular and
extracurricular student activities. She was active in Agronomy and Horticulture
Student Association (HIMAGRON) and International Association of Students in
Agricultural and Related Sciences (IAAS). The author joined organizing
committee of events such as Department of Agronomy and Horticulture Student
Orientation “ORGANIK 46”, Festival Tanaman XXXI and XXXII, IPB Farmer’s
Field Day and Agronomy & Horticulture STEVIA 2011 Fieldtrip.
The author became course assistant in several classes which are
Agriculture Ecology, Basic Horticulture, Plant Propagation and Genetics for Plant
Breeding. Some of her achievements were 2nd Place Outstanding Student Award
in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture in 2011 and being one of the
Indonesian delegates in the 55th IAAS World Congress in Belgium-Germany
2012.
PREFACE
The author is grateful to Allah SWT for all His blessing so the author can
finish the thesis “Yield Evaluation of 17 Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Lines in Bogor, West Java”. This research is a part of a series of research to
assemble open polinated chili pepper varieties conducted by the chili pepper
breeding team of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Division in the Department of
Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB).
The author would like to thank all those who have assisted in this
undergraduate thesis research:
1. Dr. Muhamad Syukur, SP., MSi and Dr. Ir. Syarifah Iis Aisyah, MSc.Agr
as supervisors who gave support, knowledge, guidance and advice in the
reseach and thesis writting process.
2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sobir, MSi, as an examiner, for the advice and support in
improving this undergraduate thesis.
3. Dr. Ir. Anas Dinurrohman Susila, MSi, Ir. Dinarini Kisworo and Fidelia
Danasworo Putri for the love and support.
4. Almh Prof. Dr. Ir. Sriani Sujiprihati and Almh Dr. Rahmi Yunianti, SP.,
M.Si for all the knowledge, guidance and advice during the research.
5. Prof. Dr. Ir. Munif Ghulamahdi, MS as the author’s academic counselor
for the help during her undergraduate studies.
6. Undang SP., Abdul Hakim SP., Tiara Yudilastari SP., Arya Widura
Ritonga SP., M. Ridha Alfarabi SP., Agus, Ryanda and Mr. Darwa who
have helped during research in the field and laboratory.
7. Arga, Dito, Nisa, Nida, Ika, Tama, Adis, Syhab, Andri, Naili, Elin, Andre,
Wulan, Yudi, Ikhsan, Miftah, Rene, Roby, Disil, Yesy, all the Indigenous
AGH 45 and IAAS family for all the kindness, help and support.
Bogor, October 2012
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................
x
LIST OF APPENDIX ...............................................................................
xi
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................
Background ......................................................................................
Objectives ........................................................................................
Hypothesis .......................................................................................
1
1
2
2
LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................
Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) .............................................
Breeding of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)............................
Yield Evaluation .............................................................................
3
3
5
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS ..............................................................
8
RESULT AND DISCUSSION..................................................................
General Condition ............................................................................
Quantitative Character......................................................................
Qualitative Character .................................................................... ..
Estimated Heritability Value ............................................................
Correlation .......................................................................................
14
14
15
27
31
33
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ......................................................
Conclusion ......................................................................................
Suggestion .......................................................................................
35
35
35
REFERENCES .........................................................................................
36
APPENDICES ..........................................................................................
39
LIST OF TABLES
Number
1. List of 17 chili pepper lines and 3 commercial chili pepper
varieties…......................................................................................…...
Page
8
2. Analysis of variance for randomized complete block design................ 10
3. Quantitative character analysis of variance recapitulation…........…...
16
4. Average days to flowering and days to harvest of chili pepper
genotypes............................................................................................... 18
5. Average plant height, dichotomous height, canopy width and
stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes....................................……... 19
6. Average fruit weight, fruit length and fruit wall thickness of chili
pepper genotypes................................................................................... 21
7. Average fruit base, middle and tip diameter of chili pepper
genotypes……....................................................................................... 23
8. Average total marketable fruits per plant and total fruits per plant
of chili pepper genotypes....................................................................... 25
9. Average total marketable fruits weight per plant, total fruits weight
per plant and potential productivity of chili pepper…...................…...
26
10. Plant growth habit, leaf shape and leaf color character of chili pepper
genotypes............................................................................................... 28
11. Flower characteristic of chili pepper genotypes.........................……... 29
12. Fruit shape, fruit surface and fruit color of chili pepper genotypes.....
30
13. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment, calyx margin and fruit shape
at blossom end of chili pepper genotypes …..................................…... 31
14. Estimated character heritability value.................................................... 32
15. Chili pepper character correlation.......................................................... 33
LIST OF FIGURES
Number
Page
1. Plants Infected By Diseases................................................................... 15
LIST OF APPENDICES
Number
Page
1. Character Description........................................................................... 40
2. Climate data of Dramaga, Bogor, West Java on Januari-May 2012..... 41
3. Analysis of variance on day to flowering of chili pepper genotypes.... 41
4. Analysis of variance on day to harvest of chili pepper genotypes........ 41
5. Analysis of variance on plant height of chili pepper genotypes........... 41
6. Analysis of variance on dichotomous height of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 42
7. Analysis of variance on canopy width of chili pepper genotypes........ 42
8. Analysis of variance on stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes........ 42
9. Analysis of variance on fruit weight of chili pepper genotypes........... 42
10. Analysis of variance on fruit length of chili pepper genotypes............ 43
11. Analysis of variance on fruit base diameter of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 43
12. Analysis of variance on fruit middle diameter of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 43
13. Analysis of variance on fruit tip diameter of chili pepper genotypes..
43
14. Analysis of variance on fruit wall thickness of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 44
15. Analysis of variance on total marketable fruit per plant of chili
pepper genotypes.................................................................................. 44
16. Analysis of variance on total fruit per plant of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 44
17. Analysis of variance on total marketable fruit weight per plant of chili
pepper genotypes.................................................................................. 44
18. Analysis of variance on total fruit weight per plant of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 45
19. Analysis of variance on productivity of chili pepper genotypes........... 45
20. Table of correlation...........................................................................
46
21. Genotype description...........................................................................
47
Appendix Figures
Number
Page
1. Leaf shape..................................................................................……...
40
2. Plant growth habit................................................................................
40
3. Flower position…...........................................................................…... 40
4. Calyx margin.........................................................................................
40
5. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment..................................................…...
40
6. IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12...........................................................……... 47
7. IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4........................................................................ 48
8. IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a..............................................................…... 49
9. IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3........................................................................ 50
10. IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6.........................................................................
51
11. IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8..................................................................…...
52
12. IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17.........................................................................
53
13. IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1........................................................................
54
14. IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2.........................................................................
55
15. IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3...................................................................…... 56
16. IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7............................................................................ 57
17. IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 11...................................................................…... 58
18. Pesona I – 1............................................................................................ 59
19. Pesona I – 2............................................................................................ 60
20. IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8...................................................................…...
61
21. IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14....................................................................... 62
22. IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5...................................................................…... 63
23. Lembang 1............................................................................................. 64
24. Trisula.................................................................................................... 65
25. Tit Super................................................................................................. 66
INTRODUCTION
Background
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of Indonesia’s important
vegetable that has a high economic value. Indonesia Vegetable Crop Research
Center categorizes chili pepper as one of the leading vegetable commodities
(Soetiarso et al., 2011).
Most Indonesian consumes it fresh, while some
consumes it in dry or processed form. The average household in Java consumes
chili pepper as much as 2.20 kg/capita/year (Bank of Indonesia, 2007).
In addition, many types of chili pepper are used for food and medicine
materials. Among those industries that use it as raw materials are noodles, bread,
soy sauce, food seasoning and other modern or traditional food industries. The
demand for chili pepper tends to increase from year to year. This is in accordance
with the rising demand that comes from industrial and household needs.
Chili pepper production and productivity in Indonesia fluctuates each year.
According to the Central Bureau of Statistic (2012), chili pepper production in
2009 was 1,378,727 tons and then decreases to 1,328,864 tons. In 2011, chili
pepper production rises to 1,440,214 tons. Productivity also fluctuates from 5.89
tons/ha in 2009, to 5.6 tons/ha in 2010 and 6.07 tons/ha in 2011.
Suharsono et al. (2009) stated that at certain times, chili pepper demand in
the community grows so high that the national production is unable to meet the
increasing demand. It affects the country's economy directly and indirectly in
ways such as the occurrence of inflation as well as an increase in the imports of
chili pepper.
Various efforts in increasing chili pepper productivity should be done to
meet the increasing demand. One of the ways to increase productivity is through
releasing new and improved variety. These varieties are then expected to have
superior characteristic and can be grown in various regions in Indonesia.
Plant breeding is a systematic process in releasing new superior variety.
There are three main activities, which are (1) creating basic population that has a
diverse genetic diversity for character improvement; (2) creating breeding lines as
a selection unit from the basic population; and (3) evaluating the breeding line
2
selection. Yield evaluation needs to be done to understand the characteristic of the
new breeding lines.
This yield evaluation research was done to evaluate and select potential
new chili pepper lines created by the Plant Breeding Program in the Department
of Agronomy and Horticulture of Bogor Agricultural University. If a line has
satisfactory result, then it can be recommended for further research. Those lines
are then expected to be developed and become a new chili pepper variety.
Objectives
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the variability and yield of
17 new chili pepper lines compared to three commercial varieties, and estimate
character heritability values.
Hypothesis
1. There were chili pepper lines that have a higher or equal yield compared to
the commercial varieties.
2. There were characters that have a high heritability value.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)
Botany
Chili pepper is native to tropical and subtropical region in America.
Spanish and Portuguese traders play a role in the spreading of chili peppers all
around the world. It is a part of the Plantae kingdom, Solanales order, Solanaceae
family, Capsicum genus with scientific name Capsicum annuum. Capsicum
annuum is the most widely cultivated species. It includes sweet and spicy fruits
with various shapes and sizes. Some of the most know varieties are var. minima,
var. acuminatum, var. longum, var. abbreviatum, var. cerasiformae dan var.
grossum (Williams et al., 1991).
Chili pepper is a tropical herbaceous perennial plant that is usually grown
as an annual plant. It grows upright with heigth ranging from 0.5 - 1.5 m, has
many branches and has a fully developed strong taproot. It has smooth surface
leaves with various shapes (Rubatzky, 1998). The color of the corolla varies from
white to purple. The fruit color varies and can change colors to red, orange or
yellow as it matures. The shape also varies from linear, conical and round.
Cultivation
Red chili pepper can be cultivated in upland or lowland regions. However
it is best to cultivate in 500-1,200 m above sea level. The average rainfall that is
suitable for chili pepper cultivation is around 600-1,250 mm. It is most suitable to
plant chili pepper in clay soil that has good drainage system (Poulos, 1994). Soil
acidity (pH) for cultivation should range from 6.5-7 (Williams et al., 1991).
According to Williams et al. (1991), the ideal temperature for chili pepper
growth is 20-25oC in daytime and under 20oC at night. Meanwhile the optimum
temperature for pollination is 20- 25oC. However, Amati et al. (2002) stated that
the optimum temperature for chili pepper growth is around 20-30oC with
difference of 5oC between night and day. The minimum temperature for chili
pepper growth is 16oC and the maximum temperature is 35oC.
4
Plant spacing varies within each cultivar, but it is often used 25,000 until
30,000 plants in each hectare. The common plant spacing is 40-50 cm inside the
row and 70 cm between the rows. Narrow plant spacing can reduce the size of the
fruit but can prevent the fruit from sunburn (Rubatzky, 1998). Chili pepper is
often cultivated in a small scale in Asia. The planting areas that are used are about
0.1-0.5 hectares for agriculture cultivation (Poulos, 1994).
Chili pepper plant is responsive to fertilization. Additional nitrogen
fertilizers are usually added before planting and during the first flowering
(Williams et al., 1991). Soil ameliorant recommendations for this plant are 10-20
ton extra organic materials, 130 kg of N/ha, 80 kg of P/ha and 110 kg of K/ha
(Poulos, 1994). The amount of fertilizers given for chili pepper plant that is
cultivated using drip irrigation and mulch can be up to a dose of 453 kg of N/ha,
207 kg of P2O5/ha and 360 kg of K2O/ha (Alviana and Susila, 2009).
Chili pepper fruit harvesting is affected by genetic factor and environment
factors. One of the genetic factors is days to flowering. According to Sujiprihati et
al. (2010), faster days to flowering can result in a faster harvest time.
Environment factors that affect difference of harvest time are climate and
cultivation technique.
Harvest interval of chili pepper is once every 2-3 days or depending on the
market demand. For yield evaluation, chili pepper fruits should be harvested every
week when the fruit’s color turns red (Berke and Gniffke, 2006),
Pest and disease are factors that cause low productivity. Chili pepper
diseases are caused by fungi, nematodes and virus. The most common disease in
chili pepper producing countries is anthracnose that is caused by Colletotrichum
sp. (Syukur et al., 2010). Virus and plant damage can be caused by pest such as
aphids, mite, thrips and fleas. In addition, physiology factors such as blossom end
rot, salinity and sun overexposure can also cause damage to the plant. Excess of
pesticide also can cause damage to chili pepper plant (Black et al., 1991).
Types of Chili Pepper
Big chili pepper is one of common leading red chili pepper variety. It has a
high market demand, especially the superior variety. The big chili pepper standard
5
according to the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (1998) is fruits
that have blunt or pointed fruit tip, thick fruit skin, smooth surface and spicy taste.
Fruit length ranges from 9-14 cm and fruit diameter is up to 17 mm.
Big red chili peppers that are suitable with the producers and the
consumer’s preference are surveyed by Syukur et al. (2010) in Bekasi Cibitung
Market, Jakarta Kramat Jati Main Market and in the farmers. Consumers want big
red chili pepper with spicy taste, smooth surface and thick fruit skin. The shape
resembles Prembun, Tit Super or Hot Beauty variety. The desired length is 10-11
cm with a diameter of 13-15 mm. It has a better yield and faster harvest time than
Jatilaba and Hot Beauty variety.
Curly chili pepper is one of the red chili pepper varieties. A good curly
chili pepper fruit quality according to the National Standardization Agency of
Indonesia (1998) is fruits that have pointed fruit tip, wavy fruit surface, thin fruit
skin and spicy taste. Fruit length ranges from 10-17 cm and fruit diameter is up to
17 mm.
Curly chili peppers that are suitable with the producer and the consumer’s
preference are also surveyed by Syukur et al. (2010) in Bekasi Cibitung Market,
Jakarta Kramat Jati Main Market and in the farmers. Consumers want curly chili
that has spicy taste and a dark red color. The yield is better than LV-3044 or LV3188. The harvest time is short her than LV-3044. The fruit have a slender shape
with length around 11-15 cm and a diameter of 8-10 mm.
Breeding of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Chili pepper breeding is needed to develop superior variety seeds. It is
expected that the new variety has a high yield and resistant to pest and diseases.
According to Greenleaf (1986), objectives in chili pepper breeding are to generate
superior horticultural character, yield improvement and resistance to pest and
diseases. Some of the horticultural characters stated are the days to anthesis or
flowering, shape and size of fruits, fruit quality, taste, pungency and fruit’s color.
However according to Welsh (1981), the main objective of every breeding
program is yield evaluation.
6
Yield evaluation and horticultural characteristic of chili pepper are done
according to the consumer’s desire. Information regarding the need of consumers
can be used as a reference to decide on the breeding target. Williams et al. (1991)
stated that in the tropical countries, chili pepper is often selected based on aroma
than appearance.
Stages in chili pepper plant breeding are collecting germ-plasm and
characterizing, selecting or choosing the suitable breeding lines, breeding line
purification, crossing and evaluating yield. The steps to cross chili pepper flowers
are preparation, castration or removing unused parts, emasculation or removing
the male genitals on the female parents, pollination, isolation and labeling (Syukur
et al., 2012).
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture in Bogor Agricultural
University (IPB) has been generating chili pepper variety since 2003. Some
prospective breeding lines had been evaluated, such as the crossing between IPB
C110 and IPB C5 that resulted in a shorter days to flowering and harvest time
(Ferdiansyah, 2010). The selection process also resulted in a higher yield breeding
line such as breeding line 5 in the crossing between IPB C120 with IPB C5
(Hermawati, 2010). Some lines such as IPB 120005, IPB 009019 and IPB 002046
are also in the first quality category for fruit length variable after being evaluated
in three different locations (Mastaufan, 2011).
Yield Evaluation
Yield evaluation is one of the ways to test genetic material of the
population in further generation. Selected breeding lines need to be evaluated to
see if it correlates with the breeding objective. The chosen lines are then put
through a yield evaluation to test the growth and productivity (Suhartina, 2005).
Field testing is an important part to be conducted by breeders who want to
evaluate breeding lines with commercial variety (Greenleaf, 1986).
Preliminary and further yield evaluations are done in the last stage of plant
breeding process. The number of breeding lines in the preliminary evaluation are
much more than the ones in the further evaluation. Evaluation can be done in
7
one or multiple locations and seasons. Both evaluations are targeted to evaluate
the plant’s response to uncontrolled environment factors (Yudiwanti, 2008). If
one breeding line has a satisfactory yield evaluation result, then the line can be
recommended for further research to become a new high yielding variety.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The planting materials used in this research were 17 new open pollinated
chili pepper lines. Those lines were produced by the Department of Agronomy
and Horticulture and came from the crossing of big chili pepper with curly chili
pepper. The three commercial variety used as comparisons were Trisula, Lembang
1 and Tit Super. There were three types of chili pepper used, namely big chili
pepper, semi-curly chili pepper and curly chili pepper. The list of lines and
varieties are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. List of 17 chili pepper lines and 3 commercial chili pepper varieties
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Genotype
IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12
IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 4
IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a
IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3
IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6
IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 8
IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 - 17
IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1
IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2
IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3
IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 10
IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 7
Pesona I – 1
Pesona I – 2
IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8
IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14
IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5
Lembang I
Trisula
Tit Super
Information
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Curly chili pepper from Balitsa Lembang
Big chili pepper from UD Ridwan Tani
Big chili pepper from PT. East West Seed Indonesia
9
Materials used in chili production were planting media, goat manure, urea
(45% N), SP-36 (36% P2O5), KCl (50% K2O), leaf fertilizers (20-15-15) and pearl
NPK (16-16-16). Pesticides used were fungicide with 70% propineb, fungicide
with 80%, mankozeb, insectiside with 50% profenofos, granule insecticide with
3% karbofuran, bactericide with 20% streptomisin sulfate, attractant with 80%
metil eugenol and acariside with 35% dicofol. The tools needed were chili pepper
cultivation tools, plastic mulch, bamboo stick, label, seedlings tray, measuring
tools such as ruler, digital scale and digital caliper, hand sprayer, plastic bags,
digital camera and stationaries.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis
This research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It
used 20 different chili genotypes with three replications; therefore there were 60
experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of a 5 x 1 meter plot with 10
plant sample out of 20 plant population.
The mathematical model used for Randomized Complete Block Design
analysis was :
= +
+
+
Description :
i
= 1, 2, …, 60
j
= 1, 2, 3
= observation on the effect of i chili genotype and j replication
= general mean effect
= effect of i = 1, 2, …, 20 genotype
= effect of j =1, 2, 3 replication
= plot error in i genotype and j replication
Analysis of quantitative data was done by using analysis of variance
(ANOVA). If result shows differences in the treatment, the Dunnett test was
performed with α = 5%. Analysis of variance was arranged according to Gomes
and Gomez (1995) which is shown in Table 2. Data analysis with SAS 9.1.3 was
used for analysis of variance and Dunnett test.
10
Table 2. Analysis of variance for randomized complete block design
Source of
Variation
Corrected Factor
Replication (R)
Genotype (G)
Error
Degrees of
Freedom
(df)
1
r-1
g-1
(r-1)(g-1)
Sum of
Squares
(SS)
Mean
Squares
(MS)
SSR
SSG
SSE
MSR
MSG
MSE
Expected
Mean Square
+
E+
E
F-Value
R
G
KTG/KTE
E
Estimated broad sense heritability is used to measure the role of genetic
factors in the phenotype. Heritability can give needed genetic information in the
selection process (Ariani et al., 2009). Estimated heritability value can be
classified as low (h2 < 20%), moderate (20% ≤ h2 < 50%) and high (h2 ≥ 50%).
Estimated broad sense heritability can be calculated using the equation:
h2bs =
Genotype variance (
G)
2G
2 P
x 100%
and phenotype variance (
P)
can be calculated in the
+
analysis of variance by using:
E=
G=
P
=
G+
E
therefore
P=
Correlation analysis is a analysis to describe the degree of relationship
between two or more variable. Data analysis with Minitab 14 was used to
calculate the correlation between each of the quantitative character.
Field Experiment
This research took place in Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of
Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Leuwikopo
Experimental Station, Dramaga (6o56’34’’S, 106o72’56’’E). This research was
conducted from November 2011 until May 2012.
Chili pepper seeds were sown in seedling trays using sterile planting
medium. The media was filled into the tray with holes and two seeds were planted
in each hole. Watering, fertilizing and controling pest were applied during the
11
seedlings handling period. Watering was done twice a day when the media was
dry. Fertilization began when two leaves appeared in the seedlings. It was done by
spraying leaf fertilizers with the dose of 1-2 g/l water each week. Each week, 2 g/l
water insecticide with 50% profenofos and 1 g/l water acariside with 35% dicofol
were applied from the fourth week after sowing. After the sixth week of sowing,
pearl NPK with the dose of 5 g/l water was applied each week.
Land preparation was done two weeks prior to planting. The basic
fertilizers used were goat manure with the dose of 30 tons/ha, urea with the dose
of 200 kg/ha, SP-36 with the dose of 200 kg/ha and KCl with the dose of 150
kg/ha. Beddings with 1 meter width, 5 meter long and 30 cm high were made with
spacing of 50 cm between each bed. Plastic mulch was installed one week prior to
transplanting.
Transplanting in the field was done 8 weeks after sowing. Plant spacing
used were 50 cm x 50 cm. Planting was done by placing one plant in each hole
and adding granule insecticide with 3% karbofuran with dose 1-2 g/plant.
Plantlets were then tied to bamboo sticks to prevent falling. Plant handling in the
field includes replanting, fertilizing, watering, weeding, removing unproductive
branches, controlling pest and diseases. Replanting was conducted one week after
transplanting to plants that died in the field. As much as 10 g/l water of pearl NPK
was applied each week with the dose of 250 ml/plant.
Watering was done every morning and late afternoon. Removing
unproductive branches under dichotomous were done. Manual weeding was done
regularly. Integrated pest control was done using manual and chemical techniques.
Pesticides were applied twice every week.
Harvest was done twice every week when fruit size was at its maximum
size and 75%-100% ripe red. Each genotype had 9 weeks of harvesting period
starting from each genotype’s day of harvest.
Character Observation
Qualitative and quantitative characters were observed. Character
observation in the field refers to the description in the International Plant Genetic
12
Resource Institute Descriptor for Capsicum (IPGRI, 1995) which has been
adjusted to the purposes for variety release.
Quantitative characters observed :
1. Plant height (cm): measured from the soil surface to the top of the plant
after the second harvest.
2. Dichotomous height (cm): measured from the soil surface to the first
branching after the second harvest.
3. Canopy width (cm): measured from the longest canopy width after the
second harvest.
4. Stem diameter (mm): measured in the middle height of the stem before the
dichotomous after the second harvest.
5. Days to flowering (Days After Planting - DAP): the number of days until
50% of the population have a full blooming flower.
6. Days to harvest (DAP): the number of days until 50% of the population
have the first fruit that are ready to harvest.
7. Fruit length (cm): average length of ten ripe fruits in the second harvest.
8. Fruit diameter (cm): average top, middle and tip diameter of ten ripe fruits
in the second harvest.
9. Fruit wall thickness (mm): average wall thickness of ten ripe fruits in the
second harvest.
10. Fruit weight (g): average fruit weight of ten ripe fruits in the second
harvest.
11. Total fruits per plant: the number of fruits per plant from the first until
ninth harvest.
12. Total marketable fruits per plant: the number of marketable fruits per plant
from the first until the ninth harvest.
13. Total fruits weight per plant (g): total fruit weight per plant from the first
until the ninth harvest.
14. Total marketable fruits weight per plant (g): total marketable fruit weight
per plant from the first until the ninth harvest.
15. Potential productivity (ton/ha):
weight per plant.
( %)
x total fruit
13
Qualitative character observed :
1. Leaf shape : observed after the second harvest and categorized into
deltoid, ovate or lanceolate (Appendix figure 1).
2. Leaf color: observed after the second harvest and categorized into yellow,
light green, green, dark green, light purple, purple or variegated.
3. Plant growth habit: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
prostrate, intermediate or erect (Appendix figure 2).
4. Corolla color: observed at flowering time and categorized into white, light
yellow, yellow, yellow-green, purple with white base, white with purple
base, white with purple margin and purple.
5. Anther color: observed at flowering time and categorized into white,
yellow, pale blue, blue and purple.
6. Stigma color: observed at flowering time.
7. Flower position: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
pendant, intermediate or erect (Appendix figure 3).
8. Fruit color at intermediate stage: observed before fruit becomes mature
and categorized into light green, green or dark green.
9. Fruit color at mature stage : observed when fruit becomes mature and
categorized into white, lemon-yellow, pale orange-yellow, orange-yellow,
pale orange, orange, light red, red, dark red, purple, brown or black.
10. Fruit surface: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
smooth, semi-curly or curly.
11. Fruit shape: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
elongate, almost round, triangular, campanulate or blocky.
12. Calyx margin: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
entire, intermediate or dentate (Appendix figure 4).
13. Fruit shape at blossom end: observed after the second harvest and
categorized into pointed, blunt, sunken, or sunken and pointed.
14. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment: observed after the second harvest and
categorized into acute, obtuse, truncate, cordate or lobate (Appendix figure
5).
14
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
General Condition
This research was divided into nursery and field activities. Seeds were
sown on November 8, 2011 and were transplanted to the field on January 1, 2012.
The seedlings were 8 weeks old when they were transplanted. Overall, the growth
of the seedlings were uniform and in good condition. However, line IPB 11000591-4-8 was not uniformed when transplanted since only 44.58% of the seeds were
germinated.
Climate data during the research were taken from Dramaga Climatology
Station in Bogor. From January until May 2012, rainfall ranges from 136-548.9
mm. Humidity were around 80-87% and temperatures were around 25.1-26.2°C.
Data is shown in appendix 1. This condition was suitable for chili pepper growth,
even though a high amount of rainfall can affect the state of the flowers.
Plants adapt well in the environment during transplant. Not many plant
died during the process. Seedlings that were not uniformed were the main cause of
plant death at an early stage because relatively small seedlings can not adapt well
in the environment. Replanting was done one and two week after with a total of
48 plants replanted out of a population of 1200 plants. The highest number of
replanting was done to the line IPB 110005-91-4-8 with as much as 11 plants.
Pests found in the nursery and the field were thrips (Thrips sp.), aphids
(Myzus persicae), mite (Tetranyhus innabarinus Boisd), grasshopper (Valanga
sp.), leafworm (Spodoptera litura F.) and fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Thrips
and aphids attacked chili plants in the nursery and in the field. Mite attacked
during nursery period. Symptoms of mite attack were curling in the edge of the
leaves. In addition, heavy attack may cause the bud to turn black and die (Black,
et al., 2010). Grasshopper, leafworm and fruit flies attack was not much in the
early planting stage. However during the end of harvest, fruit flies tend to attach
big red chilis. Pest prevention and control was done by spraying pestiside
regularely and also by putting fly traps and physical barrier.
Diseases that attacked plants in the field were Fusarium wilt (Fusarium
oxysporum), antrachnose (Colletotrichum spp), Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora
15
capsici) and mosaic gemini virus. Fusarium wilt and Cercospora leaf spot (Figure
6. A) did not happen much, meanwhile mosaic gemini virus infected plants in the
early stage (Figure 6. B) . It disturbed the plant growth where the infected plants
have a bright yellow leaves that curled upright (Black et al., 2010). If a plant is
heavily infected, it can stun the plant and fruit growth. Prevention and control
were done by removing infected plant at an early stage to decrease the disease
spread.
A
B
C
Figure 6. Plants infected by diseases: A) Cercospora leaf spot, B) mosaic
gemini virus, C) fruit infected by antrachnose
Anthracnose (Figure 6. C) had infected many fruits nearing the end of the
harvesting period. This was caused by the increased rainfall. Young and mature
fruits were infected by this disease. To decrease the number of infected fruits,
harvesting were done more often. Also, at the end of the planting period, some
plants underwent calcium deficiency that caused fruits to break open.
Each chili pepper genotypes had nine week of harvest period. Harvest
starts depending on each genotype’s day of harvest. The fastest harvest were IPB
110005-91-17–3, IPB 009019-3-4–7, Trisula and Tit Super which started on
March 9, 2012 and ended on May 3, 2012. Meanwhile the lines that had longest
harvest time were line IPB 110005-91-4–8, IPB 120005-1-1–17, Pesona I-1 and
Pesona I-2 which started on March 29, 2012 and ended on May 23, 2012.
Quantitative Character
The quantitative characters observed were fruit weight, total marketable
fruit weight per plant, fruit weight per plant, stem diameter, fruit base diameter,
16
fruit middle diameter, fruit tip diameter, total marketable fruit per plant, total fruit
per plant, canopy width, fruit length, fruit wall thickness, dichotomous height,
plant height, productivity, days to flowering and days to harvest.
Analysis of variance recapitulation showed that genotype treatment had a
very significant influence in almost all character, expect for the variable total
marketable fruit weight per plant and fruit length. Genotype treatment only
showed significant influence in total marketable fruit weight per plant and fruit
length (Table 3). Quantitative character analysis of variance is shown in appendix
2-18.
Table 3. Quantitative character analysis of variance recapitulation
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Character
Days to flowering
Days to harvest
Plant height
Dichotomous height
Canopy width
Stem diameter
Fruit weight
Fruit length
Fruit base diameter
Fruit middle diameter
Fruit tip diameter
Fruit wall thickness
Total marketable fruit
per plant
Total fruit per plant
Total marketable fruit
weight per plant
Total fruit weight
per plant
Potential productivity
Mean
Squares
10.11
64.14
174.24
24.01
72.49
2.34
14.99
2.23
21.53
15.65
7.36
0.07
F-Value
5.41**
12.61**
3.59**
10.46**
3.42**
4.31**
11.47**
2.15*
13.05**
12.78**
14.44**
3.21**
Coefficient of
Variance
Probability
(Capsicum annuum L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
A24080068
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2012
SUMMARY
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI. Yield Evaluation of 17 Chili Pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) Lines in Bogor, West Java. (Supervised by
MUHAMAD SYUKUR and SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH).
This yield evaluation research was done to evaluate and select the
potential new chili pepper line created by the Plant Breeding Program in the
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture of Bogor Agricultural University. The
objectives of this research were to evaluate the variability and yield of 17 new
lines compared to three commercial varieties, and calculate estimated character
broad sense heritability values.
This research had been done from November 2011 until May 2012 in Plant
Breeding Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor
Agricultural University (IPB) and Leuwikopo Experimental Station, Dramaga
(6o56’34’’S, 106o72’56’’E). The genetic materials used in this research were 17
open pollinated chili pepper lines and three commercial varieties. The chili peper
lines were IPB 110005-91-13-12, IPB 110005-91-13-4, IPB 110005-91-17-18a,
IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB 110005-91-4-6, IPB 110005-91-4-8, IPB 120005-1-117, IPB 120005-5-11-1, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 120005-5-19-3, IPB 009019-34-10, IPB 009019-3-4-7, Pesona I-1, Pesona I-2, IPB 002046-2-5-8, IPB 0020462-14c-14 and IPB 002001-4-3b-5. While the three commercial varieties were
Lembang I, Trisula and Tit Super.
This research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It
used 20 different chili genotypes with three replications, therefore there were 60
experimental units. Analysis of quantitative data was done by using analysis of
variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett test with α = 5%. Estimated broad sense
heritability value was also calculated to measure the role of genetic factors in the
phenotype.
Result showed that genotype had a very significant influence in almost all
character, except for the variable of total marketable fruit weight per plant and
fruit length. The lines Pesona I-1, Pesona I-2, IPB 110005-91-17-3, IPB 120005-
1-1-17, IPB 120005-5-11-2, IPB 009019-3-4-10 and IPB 110005-91-13-4 are new
chili pepper lines that had higher yield than the compared varieties.
All of the quantitative character that were observed had high estimated
broad sense heritability value. This shows that environmental factors were not as
influential as genetic factors in the chili pepper plant phenotype. There are also
characters that had positive and significant correlation with chili pepper plant
height, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, fruit per plant and
potential productivity.
YIELD EVALUATION OF 17 CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum annuum L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
The undergraduate thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture in Bogor
Agricultural University as partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of
Agricultural Science degree
FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
A24080068
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2012
Title
: YIELD EVALUATION OF 17 CHILI PEPPER
(Capsicum annuum L.) LINES IN BOGOR, WEST JAVA
Name : FARADILA DANASWORO PUTRI
NIM
: A24080068
Approved by,
First Supervisor
Second Supervisor
Dr. Muhamad Syukur, SP., MSi
NIP. 19720102 200003 1 001
Dr. Ir. Syarifah Iis Aisyah, MSc.Agr
NIP. 19670318 199103 2 001
Acknowledged by,
Head of Department of Agronomy and Horticulture
Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University
Dr. Ir. Agus Purwito, MSc.Agr
NIP. 19611101 198703 1 003
Date of Final Test :
BIOGRAPHY
The author was born in Jakarta on March 3 1990. She is the first child out
of two children from Dr. Ir. Anas Dinurrohman Susila, MSi and Ir. Dinarini
Kisworo. She spent her childhood in Bogor, West Java and Gainesville, Florida,
United States of America.
The author finished her elementary studies in Joseph Williams Elementary
School in 2001 and SDN Polisi 4 Bogor in 2002. Then she finished her secondary
studies in SMPN 2 Bogor in 2005 and her upper secondary studies in SMAN 6
Bogor in 2008. The author was enrolled as an undergraduate student in the
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University in
2008 through USMI (Bogor Agricultural University -IPB- student admission
invitation).
During her studies, the author was active in many intra-curricular and
extracurricular student activities. She was active in Agronomy and Horticulture
Student Association (HIMAGRON) and International Association of Students in
Agricultural and Related Sciences (IAAS). The author joined organizing
committee of events such as Department of Agronomy and Horticulture Student
Orientation “ORGANIK 46”, Festival Tanaman XXXI and XXXII, IPB Farmer’s
Field Day and Agronomy & Horticulture STEVIA 2011 Fieldtrip.
The author became course assistant in several classes which are
Agriculture Ecology, Basic Horticulture, Plant Propagation and Genetics for Plant
Breeding. Some of her achievements were 2nd Place Outstanding Student Award
in the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture in 2011 and being one of the
Indonesian delegates in the 55th IAAS World Congress in Belgium-Germany
2012.
PREFACE
The author is grateful to Allah SWT for all His blessing so the author can
finish the thesis “Yield Evaluation of 17 Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Lines in Bogor, West Java”. This research is a part of a series of research to
assemble open polinated chili pepper varieties conducted by the chili pepper
breeding team of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Division in the Department of
Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB).
The author would like to thank all those who have assisted in this
undergraduate thesis research:
1. Dr. Muhamad Syukur, SP., MSi and Dr. Ir. Syarifah Iis Aisyah, MSc.Agr
as supervisors who gave support, knowledge, guidance and advice in the
reseach and thesis writting process.
2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Sobir, MSi, as an examiner, for the advice and support in
improving this undergraduate thesis.
3. Dr. Ir. Anas Dinurrohman Susila, MSi, Ir. Dinarini Kisworo and Fidelia
Danasworo Putri for the love and support.
4. Almh Prof. Dr. Ir. Sriani Sujiprihati and Almh Dr. Rahmi Yunianti, SP.,
M.Si for all the knowledge, guidance and advice during the research.
5. Prof. Dr. Ir. Munif Ghulamahdi, MS as the author’s academic counselor
for the help during her undergraduate studies.
6. Undang SP., Abdul Hakim SP., Tiara Yudilastari SP., Arya Widura
Ritonga SP., M. Ridha Alfarabi SP., Agus, Ryanda and Mr. Darwa who
have helped during research in the field and laboratory.
7. Arga, Dito, Nisa, Nida, Ika, Tama, Adis, Syhab, Andri, Naili, Elin, Andre,
Wulan, Yudi, Ikhsan, Miftah, Rene, Roby, Disil, Yesy, all the Indigenous
AGH 45 and IAAS family for all the kindness, help and support.
Bogor, October 2012
Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................
x
LIST OF APPENDIX ...............................................................................
xi
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................
Background ......................................................................................
Objectives ........................................................................................
Hypothesis .......................................................................................
1
1
2
2
LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................
Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) .............................................
Breeding of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)............................
Yield Evaluation .............................................................................
3
3
5
6
MATERIALS AND METHODS ..............................................................
8
RESULT AND DISCUSSION..................................................................
General Condition ............................................................................
Quantitative Character......................................................................
Qualitative Character .................................................................... ..
Estimated Heritability Value ............................................................
Correlation .......................................................................................
14
14
15
27
31
33
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ......................................................
Conclusion ......................................................................................
Suggestion .......................................................................................
35
35
35
REFERENCES .........................................................................................
36
APPENDICES ..........................................................................................
39
LIST OF TABLES
Number
1. List of 17 chili pepper lines and 3 commercial chili pepper
varieties…......................................................................................…...
Page
8
2. Analysis of variance for randomized complete block design................ 10
3. Quantitative character analysis of variance recapitulation…........…...
16
4. Average days to flowering and days to harvest of chili pepper
genotypes............................................................................................... 18
5. Average plant height, dichotomous height, canopy width and
stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes....................................……... 19
6. Average fruit weight, fruit length and fruit wall thickness of chili
pepper genotypes................................................................................... 21
7. Average fruit base, middle and tip diameter of chili pepper
genotypes……....................................................................................... 23
8. Average total marketable fruits per plant and total fruits per plant
of chili pepper genotypes....................................................................... 25
9. Average total marketable fruits weight per plant, total fruits weight
per plant and potential productivity of chili pepper…...................…...
26
10. Plant growth habit, leaf shape and leaf color character of chili pepper
genotypes............................................................................................... 28
11. Flower characteristic of chili pepper genotypes.........................……... 29
12. Fruit shape, fruit surface and fruit color of chili pepper genotypes.....
30
13. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment, calyx margin and fruit shape
at blossom end of chili pepper genotypes …..................................…... 31
14. Estimated character heritability value.................................................... 32
15. Chili pepper character correlation.......................................................... 33
LIST OF FIGURES
Number
Page
1. Plants Infected By Diseases................................................................... 15
LIST OF APPENDICES
Number
Page
1. Character Description........................................................................... 40
2. Climate data of Dramaga, Bogor, West Java on Januari-May 2012..... 41
3. Analysis of variance on day to flowering of chili pepper genotypes.... 41
4. Analysis of variance on day to harvest of chili pepper genotypes........ 41
5. Analysis of variance on plant height of chili pepper genotypes........... 41
6. Analysis of variance on dichotomous height of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 42
7. Analysis of variance on canopy width of chili pepper genotypes........ 42
8. Analysis of variance on stem diameter of chili pepper genotypes........ 42
9. Analysis of variance on fruit weight of chili pepper genotypes........... 42
10. Analysis of variance on fruit length of chili pepper genotypes............ 43
11. Analysis of variance on fruit base diameter of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 43
12. Analysis of variance on fruit middle diameter of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 43
13. Analysis of variance on fruit tip diameter of chili pepper genotypes..
43
14. Analysis of variance on fruit wall thickness of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 44
15. Analysis of variance on total marketable fruit per plant of chili
pepper genotypes.................................................................................. 44
16. Analysis of variance on total fruit per plant of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 44
17. Analysis of variance on total marketable fruit weight per plant of chili
pepper genotypes.................................................................................. 44
18. Analysis of variance on total fruit weight per plant of chili pepper
genotypes.............................................................................................. 45
19. Analysis of variance on productivity of chili pepper genotypes........... 45
20. Table of correlation...........................................................................
46
21. Genotype description...........................................................................
47
Appendix Figures
Number
Page
1. Leaf shape..................................................................................……...
40
2. Plant growth habit................................................................................
40
3. Flower position…...........................................................................…... 40
4. Calyx margin.........................................................................................
40
5. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment..................................................…...
40
6. IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12...........................................................……... 47
7. IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 – 4........................................................................ 48
8. IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a..............................................................…... 49
9. IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3........................................................................ 50
10. IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6.........................................................................
51
11. IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 – 8..................................................................…...
52
12. IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 – 17.........................................................................
53
13. IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1........................................................................
54
14. IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2.........................................................................
55
15. IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3...................................................................…... 56
16. IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 – 7............................................................................ 57
17. IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 11...................................................................…... 58
18. Pesona I – 1............................................................................................ 59
19. Pesona I – 2............................................................................................ 60
20. IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8...................................................................…...
61
21. IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14....................................................................... 62
22. IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5...................................................................…... 63
23. Lembang 1............................................................................................. 64
24. Trisula.................................................................................................... 65
25. Tit Super................................................................................................. 66
INTRODUCTION
Background
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of Indonesia’s important
vegetable that has a high economic value. Indonesia Vegetable Crop Research
Center categorizes chili pepper as one of the leading vegetable commodities
(Soetiarso et al., 2011).
Most Indonesian consumes it fresh, while some
consumes it in dry or processed form. The average household in Java consumes
chili pepper as much as 2.20 kg/capita/year (Bank of Indonesia, 2007).
In addition, many types of chili pepper are used for food and medicine
materials. Among those industries that use it as raw materials are noodles, bread,
soy sauce, food seasoning and other modern or traditional food industries. The
demand for chili pepper tends to increase from year to year. This is in accordance
with the rising demand that comes from industrial and household needs.
Chili pepper production and productivity in Indonesia fluctuates each year.
According to the Central Bureau of Statistic (2012), chili pepper production in
2009 was 1,378,727 tons and then decreases to 1,328,864 tons. In 2011, chili
pepper production rises to 1,440,214 tons. Productivity also fluctuates from 5.89
tons/ha in 2009, to 5.6 tons/ha in 2010 and 6.07 tons/ha in 2011.
Suharsono et al. (2009) stated that at certain times, chili pepper demand in
the community grows so high that the national production is unable to meet the
increasing demand. It affects the country's economy directly and indirectly in
ways such as the occurrence of inflation as well as an increase in the imports of
chili pepper.
Various efforts in increasing chili pepper productivity should be done to
meet the increasing demand. One of the ways to increase productivity is through
releasing new and improved variety. These varieties are then expected to have
superior characteristic and can be grown in various regions in Indonesia.
Plant breeding is a systematic process in releasing new superior variety.
There are three main activities, which are (1) creating basic population that has a
diverse genetic diversity for character improvement; (2) creating breeding lines as
a selection unit from the basic population; and (3) evaluating the breeding line
2
selection. Yield evaluation needs to be done to understand the characteristic of the
new breeding lines.
This yield evaluation research was done to evaluate and select potential
new chili pepper lines created by the Plant Breeding Program in the Department
of Agronomy and Horticulture of Bogor Agricultural University. If a line has
satisfactory result, then it can be recommended for further research. Those lines
are then expected to be developed and become a new chili pepper variety.
Objectives
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the variability and yield of
17 new chili pepper lines compared to three commercial varieties, and estimate
character heritability values.
Hypothesis
1. There were chili pepper lines that have a higher or equal yield compared to
the commercial varieties.
2. There were characters that have a high heritability value.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)
Botany
Chili pepper is native to tropical and subtropical region in America.
Spanish and Portuguese traders play a role in the spreading of chili peppers all
around the world. It is a part of the Plantae kingdom, Solanales order, Solanaceae
family, Capsicum genus with scientific name Capsicum annuum. Capsicum
annuum is the most widely cultivated species. It includes sweet and spicy fruits
with various shapes and sizes. Some of the most know varieties are var. minima,
var. acuminatum, var. longum, var. abbreviatum, var. cerasiformae dan var.
grossum (Williams et al., 1991).
Chili pepper is a tropical herbaceous perennial plant that is usually grown
as an annual plant. It grows upright with heigth ranging from 0.5 - 1.5 m, has
many branches and has a fully developed strong taproot. It has smooth surface
leaves with various shapes (Rubatzky, 1998). The color of the corolla varies from
white to purple. The fruit color varies and can change colors to red, orange or
yellow as it matures. The shape also varies from linear, conical and round.
Cultivation
Red chili pepper can be cultivated in upland or lowland regions. However
it is best to cultivate in 500-1,200 m above sea level. The average rainfall that is
suitable for chili pepper cultivation is around 600-1,250 mm. It is most suitable to
plant chili pepper in clay soil that has good drainage system (Poulos, 1994). Soil
acidity (pH) for cultivation should range from 6.5-7 (Williams et al., 1991).
According to Williams et al. (1991), the ideal temperature for chili pepper
growth is 20-25oC in daytime and under 20oC at night. Meanwhile the optimum
temperature for pollination is 20- 25oC. However, Amati et al. (2002) stated that
the optimum temperature for chili pepper growth is around 20-30oC with
difference of 5oC between night and day. The minimum temperature for chili
pepper growth is 16oC and the maximum temperature is 35oC.
4
Plant spacing varies within each cultivar, but it is often used 25,000 until
30,000 plants in each hectare. The common plant spacing is 40-50 cm inside the
row and 70 cm between the rows. Narrow plant spacing can reduce the size of the
fruit but can prevent the fruit from sunburn (Rubatzky, 1998). Chili pepper is
often cultivated in a small scale in Asia. The planting areas that are used are about
0.1-0.5 hectares for agriculture cultivation (Poulos, 1994).
Chili pepper plant is responsive to fertilization. Additional nitrogen
fertilizers are usually added before planting and during the first flowering
(Williams et al., 1991). Soil ameliorant recommendations for this plant are 10-20
ton extra organic materials, 130 kg of N/ha, 80 kg of P/ha and 110 kg of K/ha
(Poulos, 1994). The amount of fertilizers given for chili pepper plant that is
cultivated using drip irrigation and mulch can be up to a dose of 453 kg of N/ha,
207 kg of P2O5/ha and 360 kg of K2O/ha (Alviana and Susila, 2009).
Chili pepper fruit harvesting is affected by genetic factor and environment
factors. One of the genetic factors is days to flowering. According to Sujiprihati et
al. (2010), faster days to flowering can result in a faster harvest time.
Environment factors that affect difference of harvest time are climate and
cultivation technique.
Harvest interval of chili pepper is once every 2-3 days or depending on the
market demand. For yield evaluation, chili pepper fruits should be harvested every
week when the fruit’s color turns red (Berke and Gniffke, 2006),
Pest and disease are factors that cause low productivity. Chili pepper
diseases are caused by fungi, nematodes and virus. The most common disease in
chili pepper producing countries is anthracnose that is caused by Colletotrichum
sp. (Syukur et al., 2010). Virus and plant damage can be caused by pest such as
aphids, mite, thrips and fleas. In addition, physiology factors such as blossom end
rot, salinity and sun overexposure can also cause damage to the plant. Excess of
pesticide also can cause damage to chili pepper plant (Black et al., 1991).
Types of Chili Pepper
Big chili pepper is one of common leading red chili pepper variety. It has a
high market demand, especially the superior variety. The big chili pepper standard
5
according to the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (1998) is fruits
that have blunt or pointed fruit tip, thick fruit skin, smooth surface and spicy taste.
Fruit length ranges from 9-14 cm and fruit diameter is up to 17 mm.
Big red chili peppers that are suitable with the producers and the
consumer’s preference are surveyed by Syukur et al. (2010) in Bekasi Cibitung
Market, Jakarta Kramat Jati Main Market and in the farmers. Consumers want big
red chili pepper with spicy taste, smooth surface and thick fruit skin. The shape
resembles Prembun, Tit Super or Hot Beauty variety. The desired length is 10-11
cm with a diameter of 13-15 mm. It has a better yield and faster harvest time than
Jatilaba and Hot Beauty variety.
Curly chili pepper is one of the red chili pepper varieties. A good curly
chili pepper fruit quality according to the National Standardization Agency of
Indonesia (1998) is fruits that have pointed fruit tip, wavy fruit surface, thin fruit
skin and spicy taste. Fruit length ranges from 10-17 cm and fruit diameter is up to
17 mm.
Curly chili peppers that are suitable with the producer and the consumer’s
preference are also surveyed by Syukur et al. (2010) in Bekasi Cibitung Market,
Jakarta Kramat Jati Main Market and in the farmers. Consumers want curly chili
that has spicy taste and a dark red color. The yield is better than LV-3044 or LV3188. The harvest time is short her than LV-3044. The fruit have a slender shape
with length around 11-15 cm and a diameter of 8-10 mm.
Breeding of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Chili pepper breeding is needed to develop superior variety seeds. It is
expected that the new variety has a high yield and resistant to pest and diseases.
According to Greenleaf (1986), objectives in chili pepper breeding are to generate
superior horticultural character, yield improvement and resistance to pest and
diseases. Some of the horticultural characters stated are the days to anthesis or
flowering, shape and size of fruits, fruit quality, taste, pungency and fruit’s color.
However according to Welsh (1981), the main objective of every breeding
program is yield evaluation.
6
Yield evaluation and horticultural characteristic of chili pepper are done
according to the consumer’s desire. Information regarding the need of consumers
can be used as a reference to decide on the breeding target. Williams et al. (1991)
stated that in the tropical countries, chili pepper is often selected based on aroma
than appearance.
Stages in chili pepper plant breeding are collecting germ-plasm and
characterizing, selecting or choosing the suitable breeding lines, breeding line
purification, crossing and evaluating yield. The steps to cross chili pepper flowers
are preparation, castration or removing unused parts, emasculation or removing
the male genitals on the female parents, pollination, isolation and labeling (Syukur
et al., 2012).
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture in Bogor Agricultural
University (IPB) has been generating chili pepper variety since 2003. Some
prospective breeding lines had been evaluated, such as the crossing between IPB
C110 and IPB C5 that resulted in a shorter days to flowering and harvest time
(Ferdiansyah, 2010). The selection process also resulted in a higher yield breeding
line such as breeding line 5 in the crossing between IPB C120 with IPB C5
(Hermawati, 2010). Some lines such as IPB 120005, IPB 009019 and IPB 002046
are also in the first quality category for fruit length variable after being evaluated
in three different locations (Mastaufan, 2011).
Yield Evaluation
Yield evaluation is one of the ways to test genetic material of the
population in further generation. Selected breeding lines need to be evaluated to
see if it correlates with the breeding objective. The chosen lines are then put
through a yield evaluation to test the growth and productivity (Suhartina, 2005).
Field testing is an important part to be conducted by breeders who want to
evaluate breeding lines with commercial variety (Greenleaf, 1986).
Preliminary and further yield evaluations are done in the last stage of plant
breeding process. The number of breeding lines in the preliminary evaluation are
much more than the ones in the further evaluation. Evaluation can be done in
7
one or multiple locations and seasons. Both evaluations are targeted to evaluate
the plant’s response to uncontrolled environment factors (Yudiwanti, 2008). If
one breeding line has a satisfactory yield evaluation result, then the line can be
recommended for further research to become a new high yielding variety.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The planting materials used in this research were 17 new open pollinated
chili pepper lines. Those lines were produced by the Department of Agronomy
and Horticulture and came from the crossing of big chili pepper with curly chili
pepper. The three commercial variety used as comparisons were Trisula, Lembang
1 and Tit Super. There were three types of chili pepper used, namely big chili
pepper, semi-curly chili pepper and curly chili pepper. The list of lines and
varieties are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. List of 17 chili pepper lines and 3 commercial chili pepper varieties
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Genotype
IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 12
IPB 110005 - 91 - 13 - 4
IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 18a
IPB 110005 - 91 - 17 - 3
IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 6
IPB 110005 - 91 - 4 - 8
IPB 120005 - 1 - 1 - 17
IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 1
IPB 120005 - 5 - 11 - 2
IPB 120005 - 5 - 19 - 3
IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 10
IPB 009019 - 3 - 4 - 7
Pesona I – 1
Pesona I – 2
IPB 002046 - 2 - 5 - 8
IPB 002046 - 2 - 14c - 14
IPB 002001 - 4 - 3b - 5
Lembang I
Trisula
Tit Super
Information
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) line
Curly chili pepper from Balitsa Lembang
Big chili pepper from UD Ridwan Tani
Big chili pepper from PT. East West Seed Indonesia
9
Materials used in chili production were planting media, goat manure, urea
(45% N), SP-36 (36% P2O5), KCl (50% K2O), leaf fertilizers (20-15-15) and pearl
NPK (16-16-16). Pesticides used were fungicide with 70% propineb, fungicide
with 80%, mankozeb, insectiside with 50% profenofos, granule insecticide with
3% karbofuran, bactericide with 20% streptomisin sulfate, attractant with 80%
metil eugenol and acariside with 35% dicofol. The tools needed were chili pepper
cultivation tools, plastic mulch, bamboo stick, label, seedlings tray, measuring
tools such as ruler, digital scale and digital caliper, hand sprayer, plastic bags,
digital camera and stationaries.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis
This research was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design. It
used 20 different chili genotypes with three replications; therefore there were 60
experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of a 5 x 1 meter plot with 10
plant sample out of 20 plant population.
The mathematical model used for Randomized Complete Block Design
analysis was :
= +
+
+
Description :
i
= 1, 2, …, 60
j
= 1, 2, 3
= observation on the effect of i chili genotype and j replication
= general mean effect
= effect of i = 1, 2, …, 20 genotype
= effect of j =1, 2, 3 replication
= plot error in i genotype and j replication
Analysis of quantitative data was done by using analysis of variance
(ANOVA). If result shows differences in the treatment, the Dunnett test was
performed with α = 5%. Analysis of variance was arranged according to Gomes
and Gomez (1995) which is shown in Table 2. Data analysis with SAS 9.1.3 was
used for analysis of variance and Dunnett test.
10
Table 2. Analysis of variance for randomized complete block design
Source of
Variation
Corrected Factor
Replication (R)
Genotype (G)
Error
Degrees of
Freedom
(df)
1
r-1
g-1
(r-1)(g-1)
Sum of
Squares
(SS)
Mean
Squares
(MS)
SSR
SSG
SSE
MSR
MSG
MSE
Expected
Mean Square
+
E+
E
F-Value
R
G
KTG/KTE
E
Estimated broad sense heritability is used to measure the role of genetic
factors in the phenotype. Heritability can give needed genetic information in the
selection process (Ariani et al., 2009). Estimated heritability value can be
classified as low (h2 < 20%), moderate (20% ≤ h2 < 50%) and high (h2 ≥ 50%).
Estimated broad sense heritability can be calculated using the equation:
h2bs =
Genotype variance (
G)
2G
2 P
x 100%
and phenotype variance (
P)
can be calculated in the
+
analysis of variance by using:
E=
G=
P
=
G+
E
therefore
P=
Correlation analysis is a analysis to describe the degree of relationship
between two or more variable. Data analysis with Minitab 14 was used to
calculate the correlation between each of the quantitative character.
Field Experiment
This research took place in Plant Breeding Laboratory, Department of
Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) and Leuwikopo
Experimental Station, Dramaga (6o56’34’’S, 106o72’56’’E). This research was
conducted from November 2011 until May 2012.
Chili pepper seeds were sown in seedling trays using sterile planting
medium. The media was filled into the tray with holes and two seeds were planted
in each hole. Watering, fertilizing and controling pest were applied during the
11
seedlings handling period. Watering was done twice a day when the media was
dry. Fertilization began when two leaves appeared in the seedlings. It was done by
spraying leaf fertilizers with the dose of 1-2 g/l water each week. Each week, 2 g/l
water insecticide with 50% profenofos and 1 g/l water acariside with 35% dicofol
were applied from the fourth week after sowing. After the sixth week of sowing,
pearl NPK with the dose of 5 g/l water was applied each week.
Land preparation was done two weeks prior to planting. The basic
fertilizers used were goat manure with the dose of 30 tons/ha, urea with the dose
of 200 kg/ha, SP-36 with the dose of 200 kg/ha and KCl with the dose of 150
kg/ha. Beddings with 1 meter width, 5 meter long and 30 cm high were made with
spacing of 50 cm between each bed. Plastic mulch was installed one week prior to
transplanting.
Transplanting in the field was done 8 weeks after sowing. Plant spacing
used were 50 cm x 50 cm. Planting was done by placing one plant in each hole
and adding granule insecticide with 3% karbofuran with dose 1-2 g/plant.
Plantlets were then tied to bamboo sticks to prevent falling. Plant handling in the
field includes replanting, fertilizing, watering, weeding, removing unproductive
branches, controlling pest and diseases. Replanting was conducted one week after
transplanting to plants that died in the field. As much as 10 g/l water of pearl NPK
was applied each week with the dose of 250 ml/plant.
Watering was done every morning and late afternoon. Removing
unproductive branches under dichotomous were done. Manual weeding was done
regularly. Integrated pest control was done using manual and chemical techniques.
Pesticides were applied twice every week.
Harvest was done twice every week when fruit size was at its maximum
size and 75%-100% ripe red. Each genotype had 9 weeks of harvesting period
starting from each genotype’s day of harvest.
Character Observation
Qualitative and quantitative characters were observed. Character
observation in the field refers to the description in the International Plant Genetic
12
Resource Institute Descriptor for Capsicum (IPGRI, 1995) which has been
adjusted to the purposes for variety release.
Quantitative characters observed :
1. Plant height (cm): measured from the soil surface to the top of the plant
after the second harvest.
2. Dichotomous height (cm): measured from the soil surface to the first
branching after the second harvest.
3. Canopy width (cm): measured from the longest canopy width after the
second harvest.
4. Stem diameter (mm): measured in the middle height of the stem before the
dichotomous after the second harvest.
5. Days to flowering (Days After Planting - DAP): the number of days until
50% of the population have a full blooming flower.
6. Days to harvest (DAP): the number of days until 50% of the population
have the first fruit that are ready to harvest.
7. Fruit length (cm): average length of ten ripe fruits in the second harvest.
8. Fruit diameter (cm): average top, middle and tip diameter of ten ripe fruits
in the second harvest.
9. Fruit wall thickness (mm): average wall thickness of ten ripe fruits in the
second harvest.
10. Fruit weight (g): average fruit weight of ten ripe fruits in the second
harvest.
11. Total fruits per plant: the number of fruits per plant from the first until
ninth harvest.
12. Total marketable fruits per plant: the number of marketable fruits per plant
from the first until the ninth harvest.
13. Total fruits weight per plant (g): total fruit weight per plant from the first
until the ninth harvest.
14. Total marketable fruits weight per plant (g): total marketable fruit weight
per plant from the first until the ninth harvest.
15. Potential productivity (ton/ha):
weight per plant.
( %)
x total fruit
13
Qualitative character observed :
1. Leaf shape : observed after the second harvest and categorized into
deltoid, ovate or lanceolate (Appendix figure 1).
2. Leaf color: observed after the second harvest and categorized into yellow,
light green, green, dark green, light purple, purple or variegated.
3. Plant growth habit: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
prostrate, intermediate or erect (Appendix figure 2).
4. Corolla color: observed at flowering time and categorized into white, light
yellow, yellow, yellow-green, purple with white base, white with purple
base, white with purple margin and purple.
5. Anther color: observed at flowering time and categorized into white,
yellow, pale blue, blue and purple.
6. Stigma color: observed at flowering time.
7. Flower position: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
pendant, intermediate or erect (Appendix figure 3).
8. Fruit color at intermediate stage: observed before fruit becomes mature
and categorized into light green, green or dark green.
9. Fruit color at mature stage : observed when fruit becomes mature and
categorized into white, lemon-yellow, pale orange-yellow, orange-yellow,
pale orange, orange, light red, red, dark red, purple, brown or black.
10. Fruit surface: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
smooth, semi-curly or curly.
11. Fruit shape: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
elongate, almost round, triangular, campanulate or blocky.
12. Calyx margin: observed after the second harvest and categorized into
entire, intermediate or dentate (Appendix figure 4).
13. Fruit shape at blossom end: observed after the second harvest and
categorized into pointed, blunt, sunken, or sunken and pointed.
14. Fruit shape at pedicel attachment: observed after the second harvest and
categorized into acute, obtuse, truncate, cordate or lobate (Appendix figure
5).
14
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
General Condition
This research was divided into nursery and field activities. Seeds were
sown on November 8, 2011 and were transplanted to the field on January 1, 2012.
The seedlings were 8 weeks old when they were transplanted. Overall, the growth
of the seedlings were uniform and in good condition. However, line IPB 11000591-4-8 was not uniformed when transplanted since only 44.58% of the seeds were
germinated.
Climate data during the research were taken from Dramaga Climatology
Station in Bogor. From January until May 2012, rainfall ranges from 136-548.9
mm. Humidity were around 80-87% and temperatures were around 25.1-26.2°C.
Data is shown in appendix 1. This condition was suitable for chili pepper growth,
even though a high amount of rainfall can affect the state of the flowers.
Plants adapt well in the environment during transplant. Not many plant
died during the process. Seedlings that were not uniformed were the main cause of
plant death at an early stage because relatively small seedlings can not adapt well
in the environment. Replanting was done one and two week after with a total of
48 plants replanted out of a population of 1200 plants. The highest number of
replanting was done to the line IPB 110005-91-4-8 with as much as 11 plants.
Pests found in the nursery and the field were thrips (Thrips sp.), aphids
(Myzus persicae), mite (Tetranyhus innabarinus Boisd), grasshopper (Valanga
sp.), leafworm (Spodoptera litura F.) and fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). Thrips
and aphids attacked chili plants in the nursery and in the field. Mite attacked
during nursery period. Symptoms of mite attack were curling in the edge of the
leaves. In addition, heavy attack may cause the bud to turn black and die (Black,
et al., 2010). Grasshopper, leafworm and fruit flies attack was not much in the
early planting stage. However during the end of harvest, fruit flies tend to attach
big red chilis. Pest prevention and control was done by spraying pestiside
regularely and also by putting fly traps and physical barrier.
Diseases that attacked plants in the field were Fusarium wilt (Fusarium
oxysporum), antrachnose (Colletotrichum spp), Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora
15
capsici) and mosaic gemini virus. Fusarium wilt and Cercospora leaf spot (Figure
6. A) did not happen much, meanwhile mosaic gemini virus infected plants in the
early stage (Figure 6. B) . It disturbed the plant growth where the infected plants
have a bright yellow leaves that curled upright (Black et al., 2010). If a plant is
heavily infected, it can stun the plant and fruit growth. Prevention and control
were done by removing infected plant at an early stage to decrease the disease
spread.
A
B
C
Figure 6. Plants infected by diseases: A) Cercospora leaf spot, B) mosaic
gemini virus, C) fruit infected by antrachnose
Anthracnose (Figure 6. C) had infected many fruits nearing the end of the
harvesting period. This was caused by the increased rainfall. Young and mature
fruits were infected by this disease. To decrease the number of infected fruits,
harvesting were done more often. Also, at the end of the planting period, some
plants underwent calcium deficiency that caused fruits to break open.
Each chili pepper genotypes had nine week of harvest period. Harvest
starts depending on each genotype’s day of harvest. The fastest harvest were IPB
110005-91-17–3, IPB 009019-3-4–7, Trisula and Tit Super which started on
March 9, 2012 and ended on May 3, 2012. Meanwhile the lines that had longest
harvest time were line IPB 110005-91-4–8, IPB 120005-1-1–17, Pesona I-1 and
Pesona I-2 which started on March 29, 2012 and ended on May 23, 2012.
Quantitative Character
The quantitative characters observed were fruit weight, total marketable
fruit weight per plant, fruit weight per plant, stem diameter, fruit base diameter,
16
fruit middle diameter, fruit tip diameter, total marketable fruit per plant, total fruit
per plant, canopy width, fruit length, fruit wall thickness, dichotomous height,
plant height, productivity, days to flowering and days to harvest.
Analysis of variance recapitulation showed that genotype treatment had a
very significant influence in almost all character, expect for the variable total
marketable fruit weight per plant and fruit length. Genotype treatment only
showed significant influence in total marketable fruit weight per plant and fruit
length (Table 3). Quantitative character analysis of variance is shown in appendix
2-18.
Table 3. Quantitative character analysis of variance recapitulation
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Character
Days to flowering
Days to harvest
Plant height
Dichotomous height
Canopy width
Stem diameter
Fruit weight
Fruit length
Fruit base diameter
Fruit middle diameter
Fruit tip diameter
Fruit wall thickness
Total marketable fruit
per plant
Total fruit per plant
Total marketable fruit
weight per plant
Total fruit weight
per plant
Potential productivity
Mean
Squares
10.11
64.14
174.24
24.01
72.49
2.34
14.99
2.23
21.53
15.65
7.36
0.07
F-Value
5.41**
12.61**
3.59**
10.46**
3.42**
4.31**
11.47**
2.15*
13.05**
12.78**
14.44**
3.21**
Coefficient of
Variance
Probability